Chemical profiling and probiotic viability assessment in Gueuze-style beer: Fermentation dynamics, metabolite and sensory characterization, and in vitro digestion resistance.

Probiotic viability, metabolite concentrations, physicochemical parameters, and volatile compounds were characterized in Gueuze beers formulated with probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast. Additionally, the sensory profile of the beers and the resistance of the probiotics to digestion were determined. The use of 2 International Bitterness Units resulted in high concentrations of probiotic LAB but a decline in probiotic yeast as pH decreased. Secondary fermentation led to the consumption of maltose, citric acid, and malic acid, and the production of lactic and propionic acids. Carbonation and storage at 4 °C had minimal impact on probiotic viability. The addition of probiotic LAB resulted in a distinct aroma profile with improved sensory characteristics. Our results demonstrate that sour beers produced with probiotic LAB and a probiotic yeast, and fermented using a two-step fermentation process, exhibited optimal physicochemical parameters, discriminant volatile compound profiles, promising sensory characteristics, and high probiotic concentrations after digestion.

Human milk fat globule delivers entrapped probiotics to the infant's gut and acts synergistically to ameliorate oxidative and pathogenic stress.

The human milk fat globule membrane (hMFGM) and Lactobacillus modulate the infant's gut and benefit health. Hence, the current study assesses the probiotic potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (MRK3), Limosilactobacillus ferementum (MK1) isolated from infant feces, and its interaction with hMFGM during conditions mimicking infant digestive tract. Both strains showed high tolerance to gastrointestinal conditions, cell surface hydrophobicity, and strong anti-pathogen activity against Staphylococcus aureus. During digestion, hMFGM significantly exhibited xanthine oxidase activity, membrane roughness, and surface topography. In the presence of hMFGM, survival of MRK3 was higher than MK1, and electron microscopic observation revealed successful entrapment of MRK3 in the membrane matrix throughout digestion. Interestingly, probiotic-membrane matrix interaction showed significant synergy to alleviate oxidative stress and damage induced by cell-free supernatant of Escherichia coli in Caco-2 cells. Our results show that a probiotic-encapsulated membrane matrix potentially opens the functional infant formula development pathway.

The preventive effects of native probiotic and postbiotic on inflammation and oxidative stress in DSS-induced colitis with normal diet: Which of these agents may offer greater advantages?

Background: Maintaining a well-rounded and healthy diet is essential to promote the well-being and optimal performance of the body, especially for those suffering from Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The objective of this study is to examine whether probiotics and postbiotics can modulate oxidative stress and inflammation, and to evaluate the properties of these compounds. Methods: A total of eighty eight strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were assessed for their antioxidant activities. C57BL/6 mice were allocated into four groups: normal diet (ND) + PBS, ND + DSS, ND + DSS + 109 cfu/ml of probiotics, and ND + DSS + 109 cfu/ml of postbiotics. Biochemical antioxidant assays, along with colitis indices, were evaluated. The ELISA assay was conducted to measure oxidant/antioxidant properties and cytokines. Additionally, the genes enrolled in NF-kB and Nrf2 signaling pathways was analyzed. Results: In comparison to the groups exposed to DSS alone, mice that received our native agents in addition to DSS demonstrated an improvement in the negative effects induced by DSS on DAI and pathological scores, as well as on colon length and body weight. The levels of cytokines and antioxidant markers have also been normalized following the administration of our native agents, along with molecular markers. It should also be noted that our native postbiotic was able to develop more pronounced and significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in comparison to the probiotic strains. Conclusion: In this study, our native postbiotic has demonstrated a more pronounced ability to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This finding is particularly important for individuals with impaired immune function, for whom the use of live bacteria could be risky. Therefore, the utilization of agents like probiotics and postbiotics, which come with minimal side effects in compared to chemical drugs, could be essential in managing symptoms in IBD patients.

Prebiotic potential of spent brewery grain - In vitro study.

Spent brewery grain (SBG) is a by-product of the brewery industry. The study aimed to investigate the prebiotic potential of SBG. The chemical composition and fermentation capacity of SBG were checked. The gut microbiota response to SBG was assessed in two in vitro models (batch fermentation and dynamic system). Substances with prebiotic properties, including arabinoxylans (16.7 g/100 g) and polyphenols (49.1 mg/100 g), were identified in SBG. Suitable growth and fermentation by probiotic bacteria were observed. The modulatory effect of gut microbiota depends on the in vitro system used. In batch fermentation, there was no stimulation of Bifidobacterium or lactic acid bacteria (LAB), but short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and branched short-chain fatty acids (BCFA) synthesis increased. In dynamic, SBG exhibited a moderate bifidogenic effect, promoting Akkermansia and LAB growth while reducing Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella. SCFA stabilisation and reduction of BCFA content were noted. Moderate prebiotic effects were observed.

Synergy between Lactobacillus murinus and anti-PcrV antibody delivered in the airways to boost protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Therapeutic antibodies (Ab) have revolutionized the management of multiple illnesses including respiratory tract infections (RTIs). However, anti-infectious Ab displayed several limitations including antigen restrictiveness, narrowed therapeutic windows, and limited dose in the vicinity of the target when delivered by parenteral routes. Strategies enhancing further Ab-dependent containment of infection are currently needed. Here we showed that a combination of inhaled anti-infectious Ab and probiotics is an efficient formulation to protect against lung infection. Using a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia, we demonstrated a synergistic effect reducing both bacterial burden and pro-inflammatory response affording protection against primary and secondary infections. This is the first study showing that the local combination in the airways of anti-infective Ab and probiotics subverts suboptimal potency of Ab monotherapy and provides protection against respiratory pathogen.

Molecular cross-talk among human intestinal bifidobacteria as explored by a human gut model.

Bifidobacteria are well known as common and abundant colonizers of the human gut and are able to exert multiple beneficial effects on their host, although the cooperative and competitive relationships that may occur among bifidobacterial strains are still poorly investigated. Therefore, to dissect possible molecular interactions among bifidobacterial species that typically colonize the human gut, three previously identified bifidobacterial prototypes, i.e., B. bifidum PRL2010, B. breve PRL2012, and B. longum PRL2022 were cultivated individually as well as in bi- and tri-association in a human gut-simulating medium. Transcriptomic analyses of these co-associations revealed up-regulation of genes predicted to be involved in the production of extracellular structures including pili (i.e., flp pilus assembly TadE protein gene), exopolysaccharides (i.e., GtrA family protein gene) and teichoic acids (i.e., ABC transporter permease), along with carbohydrate, amino acid and vitamin metabolism-related genes (i.e., exo-alpha-sialidase; beta-galactosidase and pyridoxamine kinase), suggesting that co-cultivation of bifidobacteria induces a response, in individual bifidobacterial strains, aimed at enhancing their proliferation and survival, as well as their ability to cooperate with their host to promote their persistence. Furthermore, exposure of the selected prototypes to human cell line monolayers unveiled the ability of the bifidobacterial tri-association to communicate with their host by increasing the expression of genes involved in adherence to/interaction with intestinal human cells. Lastly, bifidobacterial tri-association promoted the transcriptional upregulation of genes responsible for maintaining the integrity and homeostasis of the intestinal epithelial barrier.

Impact of Partial Replacement of Clover by Anise, Basil, Mint and Fennel Remnants in Rabbits Diet on Blood Constituents.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The clover plant (alfalfa) is considered the primary fiber source in the rabbit diet in Mediterranean Sea countries like Egypt, so researchers are always trying to find alternatives and aromatic and medicinal plant remnants could be one of them. So, this study was designed to determine the effects of some aromatic and medicinal plant remnants on New Zealand white rabbits' blood hematological and biochemical aspects. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 108 weaned white New Zealand rabbits at five weeks of age were used to consider the effect of using remnants of mint, fennel, basil and anise with or without probiotics to replace 50% from alfalfa hay in rabbits' diets. Four remnants were obtained after etheric oil distillation and were incorporated in rabbit diets at level 17.5% without probiotics and with probiotics (replacement 50% of alfalfa hay). Rabbits were randomly assigned into nine experimental groups; the experimental period lasted eight weeks. Rabbit blood hematological and blood biochemical were analyzed. <b>Results:</b> The highest values of RBC 6.03 µL, HCT 37.13%, WBC 12.70 µL and lymph percentage were found in the basil+probiotics group. In contrast, the highest value of hemoglobin (HGB 10,50 g/dL), MCV 64.13 fl, MCH 23.27pg, MCHC 36.40 g/dL, PLT 463 µL, urea 50.33 mg/dL and creatinine 1.30 mg/dL were found in anise+probiotic group. In contrast, RDW-CV 33.17%, Mid 13.17 µL, granulocytes (Gran 7.13 µL) and PDW 16.73 in the mint group. Furthermore, RDW-SD (34.40 fl) and procalcitonin (PCT 0.35%) were found in the control group and the highest values ALT 142 IU/L and AST 77.33 IU/L were found in the fennel group. The highest albumin value (3.10 g/dL) was found in the anise group and the highest total protein (TP 5.23 g/dL) was found in the mint+probiotic group. <b>Conclusion:</b> The results proved that using these medicinal plant remnants and probiotics as substitutes for half the amount of alfalfa used in the diet of New Zealand white rabbits did not have a negative effect and improved their health condition.

Antioxidant Peptides Derived from Cheese Products via Single and Mixed Lactobacillus Strain Fermentation.

Probiotics are used in cheese fermentation to endow the product with unique functional properties, such as enhanced flavor and aroma development through proteolysis and lipolysis. In this study, two probiotic Lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus plantarum A3 and Lactobacillus reuteri WQY-1, were selected to develop new probiotic cheeses in the form of single- and mixed-strain starters. The results demonstrated that the L. plantarum A3 single-strain group and the L. plantarum A3/L. reuteri WQY-1 mixed fermentation group exhibited superior product performance, particularly the release of functional hydrolysates during cheese ripening. Furthermore, Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis revealed 26 unique antioxidant peptides in the L. plantarum A3 single-strain group and 53 in the L. plantarum A3/L. reuteri WQY-1 mixed fermentation group. Among these, CMENSAEPEQSLACQCL (ß-lactoglobulin), CMENSAEPEQSLVCQCL (ß-lactoglobulin), and IQYVLSR (κ-casein) have been found to possess potential antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo. This confirmed that milk-derived protein peptides in cheese products exhibit potential antioxidant functions through the hydrolysis of probiotic strains.

Dual-layer probiotic encapsulation using metal phenolic network with gellan gum-tamarind gum coating for colitis treatment.

Probiotic oral therapy has been recognised as an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the efficacy of probiotics is often diminished due to their limited resistance to harsh gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, the importance of designing innovative strategies for oral probiotic delivery for the effective treatment of IBD is increasingly recognised. In this study, we present a novel encapsulation strategy of Lactobacillus plantarum (L.P) using the dual-layer system consisting of a tannic acid­calcium network and polysaccharide coating (gellan gum-tamarind gum) named L.P-C/T-G/T. This double-layer encapsulation system not only does not affect the normal proliferation of probiotics and provide protection, but also endows probiotics with more functions. More specifically, the acid resistance ability of the encapsulated probiotics is increased by 10 times, the free radical scavenging rate is enhanced by 5 times, and the intestinal retention time can be prolonged by 6-12 h. In the DSS-induced murine colitis model, it significantly alleviated colon shortening, inhibited ROS overexpression, and promoted the repair and regeneration of the mucus layer. This dual-layer encapsulation approach for a single probiotic demonstrates a significant advancement in probiotic delivery technology, offering hope for a comprehensive approach to the treatment of colitis and potentially other gastrointestinal disorders.

A novel mucoadhesive film containing probiotic extract for oral candidiasis treatment: Formulation and antifungal evaluation.

Probiotic strains offer a novel and potentially effective approach to treat oral candidiasis. Buccal mucoadhesive films have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their unique ability to adhere and persist on the oral mucosa, while gradually releasing their encapsulated drug content. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop mucoadhesive films containing probiotic extract for treatment of oral candidiasis. Mucoadhesive films were fabricated with hydrophilic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). Then, films were evaluated regarding their thickness, pH, tensile strength and elongation, swelling, in vitro release and antifungal activity. The type of polymer used had an impact on the mechanical properties, swelling and release of the films. Films prepared using PVA showed significantly higher tensile strength and elongation at break values compared to those prepared using HPMC. However, swelling index increased with enhancing HPMC concentration in the films. The release of probiotic extract from the film prepared with HPMC occurred slowly. Based on these results, films containing 54 % HPMC and 26 % PVA were selected as optimal formulation. Moreover, it was found that optimal film containing probiotic extract could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Regarding to the obtained results, probiotic oral adhesive mucoadhesive films can be considered as a promising alternative to traditional methods in the treatment of candidiasis.

Effects of solid-state fermentation product of yeast supplementation on liver and intestinal health, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against spring viraemia carp virus.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of solid-state fermentation products of yeast (SFPY) on liver and intestinal health and disease resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total of 200 common carp with an initial average weight of 2.55 ± 0.004 g were divided into 5 groups (4 replications per group and 10 fish per replication), and were fed with one of five diets, including a control diet and 4 diets supplemented with 2‰ (Y2), 3‰ (Y3), 4‰ (Y4), or 5‰ (Y5) SFPY, respectively, for 8 weeks. Results indicated that, the addition of SFPY to the diet of common carp did not affect the growth performance or survival rate of fish (P = 0.253). Interestingly, with the addition of SFPY, the triacylglycerol (TAG) content of the liver presented a linear decreasing tendency (P = 0.004), with significantly decreased in Y4 and Y5 groups (P = 0.035) compared with control. Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity presented a negative linear relationship with the addition of SFPY (P = 0.015, P = 0.030), while serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) content first decreased and then increased (P < 0.001). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the intestine of fish increased continuously with increasing SFPY supplementation (P = 0.026), reaching the highest level in Y5 group. The villus height in all experimental groups were significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, compared to the control, adding 3‰ SFPY to the control diet of common carp significantly increased the relative abundance of Fusobacteria (P = 0.018) and decreased that of Proteobacteria (P = 0.039) at phylum level, and increased the relative abundance of Cetobacterium (P= 0.018) and decreased that of Shewanella (P = 0.013) at genus level. Compared with the control, the relative mRNA expression level of spring viraemia of carp virus N protein (SVCV -n) in the kidney was lower than that of the control group without significance and bottomed out in Y4 group (P = 0.138). In conclusion, dietary SFPY enhanced the SVCV resistance capacity of common carp by improving liver and intestinal health and modulating the gut microbiota. Thus, SFPY is a potential feed additive to be used in aquaculture to reduce the huge economic loss of common carp due to SVCV disease. Based on liver TAG content and intestinal villus height, the optimal addition level of SFPY was 3.02‰ and 2.72‰, respectively.

Lactobacillus casei displaying MCP2α and FlaC delivered by PLA microspheres effectively enhances the immune protection of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) against LMBV infection.

Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) seriously affects the development of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) industry and causes huge economic losses. Oral vaccine can be a promising method for viral disease precaution. In this study, MCP2α was identified as a valuable epitope region superior to MCP and MCP2 of LMBV by neutralizing antibody experiments. Then, recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing the fusion protein MCP2αC (MCP2α as antigen, C represents flagellin C from Aeromonas hydrophila as adjuvant) on surface was constructed and verified. Further, PLA microsphere vaccine loading recombinant MCP2αC L. casei was prepared. The PLA microspheres vaccine were observed by scanning electron microscopy and showed a smooth, regular spherical surface with a particle size distribution between 100 and 200 µm. Furthermore, we evaluated the tolerance of PLA-MCP2αC vaccine in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid, and the results showed that PLA-MCP2αC can effectively resist the gastrointestinal environment. Moreover, the protective effect of PLA-MCP2αC against LMBV was evaluated after oral immunization and LMBV challenge. The results showed that PLA-MCP2αC effectively up-regulated the activity of serum biochemical enzymes (T-SOD, T-AOC, LZM, complement C3) and induced the mRNA expression of representative immune genes (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MHC-IIα, Mx, IgM) in spleen and head kidney tissues. The survival rate of largemouth bass vaccinated with PLA-MCP2αC increased from 24 % to 68 %. Meanwhile, PLA-MCP2αC inhibited the LMBV burden in spleen, head kidney and liver tissues and attenuated tissue damage in spleen. These results suggested that PLA-MCP2αC can be used as a candidate oral vaccine against LMBV infection in aquaculture.

Colonic long-term retention and colonization of probiotics by double-layer chitosan/tannic acid coating and microsphere embedding for treatment of ulcerative colitis and radiation enteritis.

Oral probiotics can alleviate enteric inflammations but their rapid transit through the gut limits their retention and colonization in the colon. Here, a novel strategy integrating the bacterial double-layer coating and hydrogel microsphere embedding techniques was used to highly enhance the colonic retention and colonization efficiency of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). LGG was coated by the double layers of chitosan (CS) and tannic acid (TA), and then embedded in calcium alginate (CA) hydrogel microspheres to form LGG@CT@CA. The microspheres resisted gastric liquids, improving LGG safe transit through the stomach to reach the colon. LGG@CT was rapidly released in the colon due to the good swelling of hydrogel microspheres. More importantly, LGG exhibited long-term retention up to 7 days in the colon and colonized the deep site of the colonic mucosa. LGG@CT@CA had a high therapeutic efficiency of ulcer colitis with the long colon and the low intestinal permeability of colonic tissues. LGG@CT@CA also alleviated the small intestinal damage induced by irradiation and the survival rates were improved. The mechanisms included local ROS decrease, IL-10 increase, and ferroptosis reduction in the small intestine. The oral colon-targeted system holds promise for oral probiotic therapy by the long-term retention and colonization in the colon.

Novel pectin-carboxymethylcellulose-based double-layered mucin/chitosan microcomposites successfully protect the next-generation probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila through simulated gastrointestinal transit and alter microbial communities within colonic ex vivo bioreactors.

The rapid acceleration of microbiome research has identified many potential Next Generation Probiotics (NGPs). Conventional formulation processing methods are non-compatible, leading to reduced viability and unconfirmed incorporation into intestinal microbial communities; consequently, demand for more bespoke formulation strategies of such NGPs is apparent. In this study, Akkermansia muciniphila (A.muciniphila) as a candidate NGP was investigated for its growth and metabolism properties, based on which a novel microcomposite-based oral formulation was formed. Initially, a chitosan-based microcomposite was coated with mucin to establish a surface culture of A.muciniphila. This was followed by 'double encapsulation' with pectin (PEC) using a novel Entrapment Deposition by Prilling method to create core-shell double-encapsulated microcapsules. The formulation of A.muciniphila was verified to require no oxygen-restriction properties, and additionally, biopolymers were selected, including carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), that support and enhance its growth; consequently, a high viability (6 log CFU/g) of A.muciniphila microencapsulated in PEC-CMC double-encapsulates was obtained. Subsequently, the high stability of the PEC-CMC double-encapsulates was verified in simulated gastric fluid, successfully protecting and then releasing the A.muciniphila under intestinal conditions. Finally, employing a model of gastrointestinal transit and faecal-inoculated colonic bioreactors, significant alterations in microbial communities following administration and successful establishment of A.muciniphila were demonstrated.

Carboxymethyl chitosan-dialdehyde glucan/polydopamine carrier targeted delivery Bacillus subtilis on enhancing oral utilization and intestinal colonization in mice.

Most probiotics are difficult to resist the invasion of gastrointestinal physiological and pathological environments, which limits their beneficial effects. The design of a pH-responsive and adhesive double-layer carrier (Carboxymethyl chitosan polyaldehyde polysaccharide, CMCS-DHG/PDA) aims to safeguard the activity of probiotics and enhance their intestinal colonization. The results obtained from UV-vis spectroscopy and XPS analysis revealed the formation of a polydopamine nanocoating surrounding Bacillus subtilis, and the outer carrier formed a Schiff base covalent bond, providing sufficient mechanical properties for the carrier. The carrier exhibited a significantly higher degree of swelling under pH 1.2 compared to pH 7.4, indicating its pronounced pH responsiveness. The CMCS-DHG/PDA carrier not only provided protection for B. subtilis against simulated digestive fluids, but also improved its tolerance to bile and antibiotics. In addition, carrier-protected probiotics showed extraordinary mucosal adhesion, which could significantly improve oral bioavailability and intestinal colonization. Finally, the impact of carrier-protected B. subtilis on gut microbiota was explored, revealing that the carrier protected B. subtilis could significantly improve the diversity, richness, and composition of gut microbiota. Concurrently, it promoted the formation of short chain fatty acids, creating a more beneficial environment for intestinal health.

Improving Vaccine Response through Probiotics and Micronutrient Supplementation: Evaluating the Role of TLR5 in Adult Female BALB/c Mice.

BACKGROUND: The role of probiotics and micronutrients in improving immune system function and response to vaccination has been proven. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics enriched with micronutrients on the immunogenicity of PastoCovac® vaccine. METHODS: The probiotic supplement BioBoost® and PastoCovac® vaccine, which contain six expressed receptor-binding domains (RBD) and conjugated with tetanus toxin, were administered concurrently. The safety and efficacy were assessed by determining Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers to RBD and cytokines, mRNA expression of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) 5, and clinical symptoms. RESULTS: Results revealed that the administration of the probiotics enriched with micronutrients and vitamins for 14 days before the first vaccine dose, followed by continued supplementation for 14 days after the first dose, and in conjunction with the second vaccine dose, yielded the most significant elevation in interleukin 4 (IL-4), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF alpha), Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG levels within the supernatant samples collected from spleen cultures with the highest expression of TLR5 genes in intestinal samples, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that the inclusion of probiotics enriched with micronutrients and vitamins significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of the PastoCovac® vaccine. Based on the recommendation to administer third and fourth vaccine doses, particularly for vulnerable and elderly individuals, the utilization of supplements containing probiotics is expected to favorably influence immune responses.

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis YLGB-1496-Toxicological evaluation.

Bifidobacterium infantis YLGB-1496, originally isolated from breast milk from a Taiwanese mother, is under study for use as a probiotic. As part of safety assessment, an Ames, in vivo mouse micronucleus, and in vivo mouse spermatocyte chromosome aberration assay were conducted along with a 13-week oral rat toxicity study. B. infantis YLGB-1496 had no activity in any of the genotoxicity assays. Administration of the bacteria to Sprague-Dawley rats at doses ranging from 0 to 1.5 g/kg bw/day had no treatment-related effects on any of the endpoints measured. There appear to be no concerns for translocation or pathogenicity of B. infantis YLGB-1496 based on extensive experience with the species in general. The results of the current investigations support potential use of B. infantis YLGB-1496 as a probiotic in infant formula.

Evaluation of probiotic efficacy of indigenous yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-89 isolated from a traditional fermented beverage of West Bengal, India having protective effect against DSS-induced colitis in experimental mice.

Increasing awareness regarding health promotion and disease prevention has driven inclusion of fermented foods and beverages in the daily diet. These are the enormous sources of beneficial microbes, probiotics. This study aims to isolate yeast strains having probiotic potential and effectivity against colitis. Initially, ninety-two yeast strains were isolated from Haria, an ethnic fermented beverage of West Bengal, India. Primary screening was done by their acid (pH 4) and bile salt (0.3%) tolerance ability. Four potent isolates were selected and found effective against Entamoeba histolytica, as this human pathogen is responsible to cause colitis. They were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They showed luxurious growth even at 37 oC, tolerance up to 5% of NaCl, resistance to gastric juice and high bile salt (2.0%) and oro-gastrointestinal transit tolerance. They exhibited good auto-aggregation and co-aggregation ability and strong hydrophobicity. Finally, heat map and principal component analysis revealed that strain Y-89 was the best candidate. It was further characterised and found to have significant protective effects against DSS-induced colitis in experimental mice model. It includes improvement in colon length, body weight and organ indices; reduction in disease activity index; reduction in cholesterol, LDL, SGPT, SGOT, urea and creatinine levels; improvement in HDL, ALP, total protein and albumin levels; decrease in coliform count and restoration of tissue damage. This study demonstrates that the S. cerevisiae strain Y-89 possesses remarkable probiotic traits and can be used as a potential bio-therapeutic candidate for the prevention of colitis.

Dynamic hydrazone crosslinked salecan/chondroitin sulfate hydrogel platform as a promising wound healing Strategy: A comparative study on antibiotic and probiotic delivery.

Natural polysaccharide-based active-ingredient carriers have been a source of great concern for a long time. In order to explore potential antibiotics and probiotics carriers, a novel injectable chondroitin sulfate/salecan (CS) hydrogel was constructed by forming dynamic hydrazone bonds. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), bacteriostatic test, and rheological experiments were used to investigate the chemical structure, inherent morphology, and enzymatic corruption of the hydrogel in vitro. The resulting hydrogels exhibited ideal probiotics loading capacity, drug release behavior, excellent antimicrobial activity and variable properties. Crucially, owing to its exceptional biocompatibility and reversible crosslinking network, this hydrogel can function as a three-dimensional extracellular matrix for cells, enabling cells to maintain high vitality and proliferation, and promote wound healing. The aforementioned findings indicated that this novel hydrogel can be a promising candidate as an active-ingredient carrier and scaffold material for tissue engineering.