Meaning Co-Construction: Facilitating Shared Family Meaning-Making in Bereavement.

Meaning-oriented approaches to grief therapy have made substantial contributions by defining the internal processes of meaning-making and, more recently, clinical scholars have introduced relational approaches as means for continuing bonds with the deceased and increasing social support for the bereaved. However, the complicated interactive processes of interpersonal meaning-making pose added challenges as family members attempt to coregulate each other's grief experiences. While systemic therapists have consistently emphasized the essential role of familial relationships in fostering resilience through interpersonally constructed meaning, there remains a need for clarity in terms of the specific processes by which this occurs. The Meaning Reconstruction Model and Emotionally Focused Therapy provide process-oriented therapeutic strategies for facilitating interpersonal interactions that foster deep relational connection and self-identity transformation. In this article, we explore how these models can be integrated and applied to the dynamic needs of families who are adjusting to loss. Future clinical and research directions are also discussed.

Los enfoques de la terapia de duelo orientados al significado han hecho aportes significativos mediante la definición de los procesos internos de la creación de significado y, más recientemente, los investigadores clínicos han incorporado enfoques relacionales como medio para continuar los vínculos con el fallecido y aumentar el apoyo social para el doliente. Sin embargo, los complicados procesos interactivos de la creación de significado interpersonal plantean nuevos desafíos mientras los familiares intentan corregular las experiencias de duelo de cada uno. Si bien los terapeutas sistémicos han enfatizado uniformemente el papel fundamental que desempeñan las relaciones familiares a la hora de fomentar la resiliencia mediante un significado construido interpersonalmente, queda la necesidad de aclarar los procesos específicos por los cuales esto ocurre. El modelo de reconstrucción de significado y la terapia centrada en las emociones ofrecen estrategias terapéuticas orientadas al proceso para facilitar interacciones interpersonales que fomentan una conexión relacional profunda y la transformación de la identidad propia. En este artículo, analizamos cómo estos modelos pueden integrarse y aplicarse a las necesidades dinámicas de las familias que se están adaptando a una pérdida. También se comentan las direcciones clínicas y científicas futuras.

Explaining the Asian American Youth Paradox: Universal Factors versus Asian American Family Process Among Filipino and Korean American Youth.

This study used longitudinal survey data of Filipino American and Korean American youth to examine ways in which universal factors (e.g., peer antisocial behaviors and parent-child conflict) and Asian American (AA) family process variables (e.g., gendered norms) independently and collectively predict grade point average (GPA), externalizing, and internalizing problems. We aimed to explain the "Asian American youth paradox" in which low externalizing problems and high GPA coexist with high internalizing problems. We found that universal factors were extensively predictive of youth problems and remained robust when AA family process was accounted for. AA family process also independently explained youth development and, in part, the AA youth paradox. For example, gendered norms increased mental distress. Academic controls did the opposite of what it is intended, that is, had a negative impact on GPA as well as other developmental domains. Family obligation, assessed by family-centered activities and helping out, was beneficial to both externalizing and internalizing youth outcomes. Parental implicit affection, one of the distinct traits of AA parenting, was beneficial, particularly for GPA. This study provided important empirical evidence that can guide cross-cultural parenting and meaningfully inform intervention programs for AA youth.

Este estudio utilizó datos de una encuesta longitudinal de jóvenes filipinoamericanos y coreanoamericanos para analizar las maneras en las que los factores universales (p. ej.:las conductas antisociales entre pares y el conflicto entre padres e hijos) y las variables de los procesos familiares asiáticoamericanos (p. ej.: las normas de género) predicen independientemente y colectivamente el promedio de calificaciones y los problemas interiorizados y exteriorizados. Nos propusimos explicar la "paradoja de los jóvenes asiáticoamericanos" en la cual un bajo grado de problemas exteriorizados y un alto promedio de calificaciones coexisten con un alto grado de problemas interiorizados. Descubrimos que los factores universales fueron en gran parte predictivos de los problemas de los jóvenes y se mantuvieron firmes cuando se tuvo en cuenta el proceso familiar asiáticoamericano. El proceso familiar asiáticoamericano también explicó independientemente el desarrollo de los jóvenes y, en parte, la paradoja de los jóvenes asiáticoamericanos. Por ejemplo, las normas de género aumentaron el distrés mental. Los controles académicos hicieron lo opuesto a lo deseado, por ejemplo, tuvieron un efecto negativo en el promedio de calificaciones así como en otras áreas del desarrollo. La obligación familiar, evaluada por actividades centradas en la familia y por la colaboración, fue beneficiosa tanto para los resultados exteriorizados como interiorizados de los jóvenes. El afecto implícito de los padres, uno de los rasgos distintivos de la crianza de los asiáticoamericanos, fue beneficioso, particularmente para el promedio de calificaciones. Este estudio ofreció importante conocimiento empírico que puede guiar la crianza intercultural y respaldar de manera significativa programas de intervención para jóvenes asiáticoamericanos.

Normativity and Desirability in Observational Assessments of Family Interaction.

Issues of normativity (responding in a typical or average fashion) and desirability (the tendency for raters to endorse positive characteristics rather than neutral or more negative ones) are common in areas of the social sciences that frequently utilize profile correlations to measure dyadic similarity. They have implications for family scholars as well. In the present study, a pre-existing data set was used to make an initial, though limited, investigation into potential confounds of normativity and desirability for macrolevel observational assessments of family interaction. An empirical example is presented using q-sort ratings of family interaction, with variance in observational assessments decomposed into component parts. High levels of both normativity and desirability were found, indicating possible problems in terms of both reliability and validity of assessment. While the results provide an interesting beginning, they are limited due to the use of a q-sort methodology as well as an instrument with limited background and use. These limitations are discussed, as well as alternative interpretations for normativity and desirability and implications for future research.

Las cuestiones de normatividad (responder de una forma típica o promedio) y de deseabilidad (la tendencia de los calificadores a avalar características positivas en lugar de neutras o más negativas) son comunes en las áreas de las ciencias sociales que con frecuencia utilizan las correlaciones de los perfiles para medir la similitud diádica. Pero estas también tienen consecuencias para los investigadores de las familias. En el presente estudio se utilizó un conjunto preexistente de datos para llevar a cabo una investigación inicial, aunque limitada, sobre posibles factores de confusión de la normatividad y la deseabilidad en las evaluaciones observacionales a nivel macro de la interacción familiar. Se presenta un ejemplo práctico utilizando las calificaciones de la técnica de Q-sort de la interacción familiar, con la varianza de las evaluaciones observacionales dividida en componentes. Se encontraron niveles altos tanto de normatividad como de deseabilidad, lo cual indica posibles problemas en relación con la fiabilidad y la validez de la evaluación. Si bien los resultados ofrecen un comienzo interesante, son limitados debido al uso de una metodología Q-sort así como de un instrumento con pocos antecedentes y uso. Se debaten estas limitaciones así como interpretaciones alternativas de la normatividad y la deseabilidad, y las consecuencias para futuras investigaciones.

Coparental Affect, Children's Emotion Dysregulation, and Parent and Child Depressive Symptoms.

Children's emotion dysregulation and depressive symptoms are known to be affected by a range of individual (parent, child) and systemic (parent-child, marital, and family) characteristics. The current study builds on this literature by examining the unique role of coparental affect in children's emotion dysregulation, and whether this association mediates the link between parent and child depressive symptoms. Participants were 51 mother-father-child triads with children aged 7 to 12 (M age = 9.24 years). Triads discussed a time when the child felt sad and a time when the child felt happy. Maternal and paternal displays of positive affect were coded, and sequential analyses examined the extent to which parents were congruent in their displays of positive affect during the emotion discussions. Results indicated that interparental positive affect congruity (IPAC) during the sadness discussion, but not the happiness discussion, uniquely predicted parent-reported child emotion dysregulation, above and beyond the contributions of child negative affect and parental punitive reactions. The degree of IPAC during the sadness discussion and child emotion dysregulation mediated the association between maternal, but not paternal, depressive symptoms and child depressive symptoms. Findings highlight the unique role of coparental affect in the socialization of sadness in youth and offer initial support for low levels of IPAC as a risk factor for the transmission of depressive symptoms in youth.

Family Resource Allocation after Firstborns Leave Home: Implications for Secondborns' Academic Functioning.

This study assessed secondborn adolescents' perceptions of changes in the allocation of family resources following their firstborn siblings' departure from home after high school, and whether perceived changes were related to changes over 1 year in secondborns' academic functioning. Participants were secondborn siblings (mean age = 16.58, SD = 0.91) from 115 families in which the older sibling had left the family home in the previous year. Allocation of resources was measured via coded qualitative interviews. Most (77%) secondborns reported increases in at least one type of family resource (i.e., parental companionship, attention, material goods), and many reported an increase in multiple types of resources in the year following their older sibling's departure. Consistent with resource dilution theory, perceptions of increases in fathers' companionship, fathers' attention, and mothers' companionship were related to improvements over time in secondborns' academic functioning.

Parent Management Training-Oregon Model: Adapting Intervention with Rigorous Research.

Parent Management Training-Oregon Model (PMTO(®) ) is a set of theory-based parenting programs with status as evidence-based treatments. PMTO has been rigorously tested in efficacy and effectiveness trials in different contexts, cultures, and formats. Parents, the presumed agents of change, learn core parenting practices, specifically skill encouragement, limit setting, monitoring/supervision, interpersonal problem solving, and positive involvement. The intervention effectively prevents and ameliorates children's behavior problems by replacing coercive interactions with positive parenting practices. Delivery format includes sessions with individual families in agencies or families' homes, parent groups, and web-based and telehealth communication. Mediational models have tested parenting practices as mechanisms of change for children's behavior and found support for the theory underlying PMTO programs. Moderating effects include children's age, maternal depression, and social disadvantage. The Norwegian PMTO implementation is presented as an example of how PMTO has been tailored to reach diverse populations as delivered by multiple systems of care throughout the nation. An implementation and research center in Oslo provides infrastructure and promotes collaboration between practitioners and researchers to conduct rigorous intervention research. Although evidence-based and tested within a wide array of contexts and populations, PMTO must continue to adapt to an ever-changing world.