A unified purification method for actin-binding proteins using a TEV-cleavable His-Strep-tag.

The actin cytoskeleton governs the dynamic functions of cells, ranging from motility to phagocytosis and cell division. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, in vitro reconstructions of the actin cytoskeleton and its force generation process have played essential roles, highlighting the importance of efficient purification methods for actin-binding proteins. In this study, we introduce a unified purification method for actin-binding proteins, including capping protein (CP), cofilin, ADF, profilin, fascin, and VASP, key regulators in force generation of the actin cytoskeleton. Exploiting a His-Strep-tag combined with a TEV protease cleavage site, we purified these diverse actin-binding proteins through a simple two-column purification process: initial purification through a Strep-Tactin column and subsequent tag removal through the reverse purification by a Ni-NTA column. Biochemical and microscopic assays validated the functionality of the purified proteins, demonstrating the versatility of the approach. Our methods not only delineate critical steps for the efficient preparation of actin-binding proteins but also hold the potential to advance investigations of mutants, isoforms, various source species, and engineered proteins involved in actin cytoskeletal dynamics.•Unified purification method for various actin-binding proteins.•His-Strep-tag and TEV protease cleavage for efficient purification.•Functional validation through biochemical and microscopic assays.

Co-sensitizations to Gibberellin Regulated Proteins (GRPs) in Italy: results of a polycentric study.

Summary: Background. Gibberellin Regulated Proteins (GRPs) are small glycoproteins that induce allergy to various types of fruit. This study aimed to evaluate co-sensitization to cypress pollen and other molecules responsible for fruit allergy, such as nsLTP (Pru p 3), PR-10 (Bet v1), and Profilin (Bet v2). Methods. Sixty subjects sensitized to peach GRP (Pru p 7) were consecutively recruited from four Italian centers: 28 males and 32 females (mean age 37.9 years; range 11-79). Specific IgE for Pru p 7, Pru p 3, Bet v 1, Bet v 2, cypress pollen extract (Cup s), and Cup a 1 were determined in all subjects. Results. Sensitization rates to Cup s, Cup a 1, Pru p 3, Bet v 1, and Bet v 2 in the entire studied population were 90.0%, 83.3%, 45.8%, 40.0%, and 30.0%, respectively. In subjects residing in Northern Italy, the respective sensitization rates were 96.4%, 80.0%, 50.0%, 73.3%, and 40.0%, while in those residing in Southern Italy, they were 83.3%, 86.7%, 40.0%, 6.7%, and 20.0%. The only significant difference was observed for PR-10 (p less than 0.0001) Co-sensitization to PR-10 was found to be associated with a reduced risk of anaphylaxis (OR: 0.125). Allergic reactions were most commonly triggered by peach (26/40), followed by orange (12/40), with other foods being less frequently implicated. Conclusions. This study confirms a high association between sensitization to Pru p 7 and cypress pollen and highlights a high percentage of co-sensitization to nsLTP, PR-10, and profilin. PR-10 emerged as a protective factor against anaphylaxis.

Computational discovery of tripeptide inhibitors targeting monkeypox virus A42R profilin-like protein.

Monkeypox is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to smallpox. The structure of the A42R profilin-like protein is the first and only available structure among MPXV proteins. Biochemical studies of A42R were conducted in the 1990s and later work also analyzed the protein's function in viral replication in cells. This study aims to screen tripeptides for their potential inhibition of the A42R profilin-like protein using computational methods, with implications for MPXV therapy. A total of 8000 tripeptides underwent molecular docking simulations, resulting in the identification of 20 compounds exhibiting strong binding affinity to A42R. To validate the docking results, molecular dynamics simulations and free energy perturbation calculations were performed. These analyses revealed two tripeptides with sequences TRP-THR-TRP and TRP-TRP-TRP, which displayed robust binding affinity to A42R. Markedly, electrostatic interactions predominated over van der Waals interactions in the binding process between tripeptides and A42R. Three A42R residues, namely Glu9, Ser12, and Arg38, appear to be pivotal in mediating the interaction between A42R and the tripeptide ligands. Notably, tripeptides containing two or three tryptophan residues demonstrate a pronounced binding affinity, with the tripeptide comprising three tryptophan amino acids showing the highest level of affinity. These findings offer valuable insights for the selection of compounds sharing a similar structure and possessing a high affinity for A42R, potentially capable of inhibiting its enzyme activity. The study highlights a structural advantage and paves the way for the development of targeted therapies against MPXV infections.

The actin binding protein profilin 1 localizes inside mitochondria and is critical for their function.

The monomer-binding protein profilin 1 (PFN1) plays a crucial role in actin polymerization. However, mutations in PFN1 are also linked to hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, resulting in a broad range of cellular pathologies which cannot be explained by its primary function as a cytosolic actin assembly factor. This implies that there are important, undiscovered roles for PFN1 in cellular physiology. Here we screened knockout cells for novel phenotypes associated with PFN1 loss of function and discovered that mitophagy was significantly upregulated. Indeed, despite successful autophagosome formation, fusion with the lysosome, and activation of additional mitochondrial quality control pathways, PFN1 knockout cells accumulate depolarized, dysmorphic mitochondria with altered metabolic properties. Surprisingly, we also discovered that PFN1 is present inside mitochondria and provide evidence that mitochondrial defects associated with PFN1 loss are not caused by reduced actin polymerization in the cytosol. These findings suggest a previously unrecognized role for PFN1 in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and highlight new pathogenic mechanisms that can result from PFN1 dysregulation.

Using ALS to understand profilin 1's diverse roles in cellular physiology.

Profilin is an actin monomer-binding protein whose role in actin polymerization has been studied for nearly 50 years. While its principal biochemical features are now well understood, many questions remain about how profilin controls diverse processes within the cell. Dysregulation of profilin has been implicated in a broad range of human diseases, including neurodegeneration, inflammatory disorders, cardiac disease, and cancer. For example, mutations in the profilin 1 gene (PFN1) can cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although the precise mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration remain unclear. While initial work suggested proteostasis and actin cytoskeleton defects as the main pathological pathways, multiple novel functions for PFN1 have since been discovered that may also contribute to ALS, including the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport, stress granules, mitochondria, and microtubules. Here, we will review these newly discovered roles for PFN1, speculate on their contribution to ALS, and discuss how defects in actin can contribute to these processes. By understanding profilin 1's involvement in ALS pathogenesis, we hope to gain insight into this functionally complex protein with significant influence over cellular physiology.

Exploring monkeypox virus proteins and rapid detection techniques.

Monkeypox (mpox) is an infectious disease caused by the mpox virus and can potentially lead to fatal outcomes. It resembles infections caused by viruses from other families, challenging identification. The pathogenesis, transmission, and clinical manifestations of mpox and other Orthopoxvirus species are similar due to their closely related genetic material. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the roles of various proteins, including extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), intracellular mature virus (IMV), and profilin-like proteins of mpox. It also highlights recent diagnostic techniques based on these proteins to detect this infection rapidly.

Profilin 2 isoform expression is associated with lung metastasis of colorectal cancer according to a comprehensive gene expression study using a mouse model.

Lung metastasis is the second most common type of metastasis in colorectal cancer. Specific treatments for lung metastasis have not been developed since the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular basis of lung metastasis in colorectal cancer. In a mouse model, cell lines that were highly metastatic to the lungs were established by injecting colorectal cancer cells through the tail vein and removing them from the lungs. Differential gene expression comparing the transfected cells with their parental cells was investigated using DNA microarrays. The results were functionally interpreted using gene enrichment analysis and validated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The isoforms of the identified genes were examined by melting curve analysis. The present study established colorectal cancer cell lines that were highly metastatic to the lungs. DNA microarray experiments revealed that genes (N-cadherin, VE-cadherin, Six4, Akt and VCAM1) involved in motility, proliferation and adhesion were upregulated, and genes (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 and PAX6) with tumor-suppressive functions were downregulated in metastatic cells. Profilin 2 (PFN2) expression was upregulated in multiple metastatic cell lines using RT-qPCR. Two PFN2 isoforms were overexpressed in metastatic cells. In vitro and in vivo models were established and genes associated with lung metastasis were identified to overcome the heterogeneity of the disease. Overall, aberrant PFN2 expression is unreported in lung metastasis in colorectal cancer. In the present study, two PFN2 isoforms with differential tissue distribution were upregulated in metastatic cells, suggesting that they promote lung metastasis in colorectal cancer.

The cytoskeletal protein profilin is an important allergen in saltwort (Salsola kali).

Pollen from Salsola kali, i.e., saltwort, Russian thistle, is a major allergen source in the coastal regions of southern Europe, in Turkey, Central Asia, and Iran. S. kali-allergic patients mainly suffer from hay-fever (i.e., rhinitis and conjunctivitis), asthma, and allergic skin symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of individual S. kali allergen molecules. Sal k 1, Sal k 2, Sal k 3, Sal k 4, Sal k 5, and Sal k 6 were expressed in Escherichia coli as recombinant proteins containing a C-terminal hexahistidine tag and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The purity of the recombinant allergens was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Their molecular weight was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and their fold and secondary structure were studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Sera from clinically well-characterized S. kali-allergic patients were used for IgE reactivity and basophil activation experiments. S. kali allergen-specific IgE levels and IgE levels specific for the highly IgE cross-reactive profilin and the calcium-binding allergen from timothy grass pollen, Phl p 12 and Phl p 7, respectively, were measured by ImmunoCAP. The allergenic activity of natural S. kali pollen allergens was studied in basophil activation experiments. Recombinant S. kali allergens were folded when studied by CD analysis. The sum of recombinant allergen-specific IgE levels and allergen-extract-specific IgE levels was highly correlated. Sal k 1 and profilin, reactive with IgE from 64% and 49% of patients, respectively, were the most important allergens, whereas the other S. kali allergens were less frequently recognized. Specific IgE levels were highest for profilin. Of note, 37% of patients who were negative for Sal k 1 showed IgE reactivity to Phl p 12, emphasizing the importance of the ubiquitous cytoskeletal actin-binding protein, profilin, for the diagnosis of IgE sensitization in S. kali-allergic patients. rPhl p 12 and rSal k 4 showed equivalent IgE reactivity, and the clinical importance of profilin was underlined by the fact that profilin-monosensitized patients suffered from symptoms of respiratory allergy to saltwort. Accordingly, profilin should be included in the panel of allergen molecules for diagnosis and in molecular allergy vaccines for the treatment and prevention of S. kali allergy.

The Recombinant Profilin from Free-Living Amoebae Induced Allergic Immune Responses via TLR2.

Background: Repeated exposure to recombinant profilin from Acanthamoeba (rAc-PF) induces allergic airway responses in vitro and in vivo. Based on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in allergic airway diseases, TLRs play a central role in innate immune responses and the adaptive immune system and regulate responses against antigens through antigen-specific receptors. In this study, we attempted to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying rAc-PF-induced allergic inflammatory responses. Methods: We determined the correlation between rAc-PF and TLRs and analyzed changes in allergic immune responses after blocking multiple TLR signaling under rAc-PF treatment conditions in vitro. We also compared allergic inflammatory responses in TLR2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. To investigate the effect of TLR2 on antigen prototyping and T cell activation in the inflammatory response induced by rAc-PF, we assessed maturation of BMDCs and polarization of naïve T cells by rAc-PF stimulation. Additionally, we compared changes in inflammation-related gene expression by rAc-PF treatment in primary lung epithelial cells isolated from TLR2 KO and WT mice. Results: The rAc-PF treatment was increased the expression level of TLR2 and 9 in vitro. But, there were not significantly differ the others TLRs expression by rAc-PF treated group. And then, the mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes were reduced in the TLR2 or TLR9 antagonist-treated groups compared to those in the rAc-PF alone, were no difference the treated with the other TLRs (TLR4, 6, and 7/8) antagonist. The difference was higher in the TLR2 antagonist group. Additionally, the levels of airway inflammatory disease indicators were lower in the TLR2 KO group than in the WT group after rAc-PF treatment. Furthermore, the expression of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) surface molecular markers following rAc-PF stimulation was lower in TLR2 KO mice than in WT mice, and TLR2 KO in BMDCs resulted in a remarkable decline in Th2/17-related cytokine production and Th2/17 subset differentiation. In addition, the expression levels of rAc-PF-induced inflammatory genes were reduced inTLR2 KO primary lung cells compared to those in normal primary lung cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that the rAc-PF-induced airway inflammatory response is regulated by TLR2 signaling.

Discovery and preclinical evaluations of TQB3616, a novel CDK4-biased inhibitor.

Among small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitors (palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib) approved for metastatic breast cancers, abemaciclib has a more tolerable adverse effects in clinic. This is attributable to preferential inhibition of CDK4 over CDK6. In our search for a biased CDK4 inhibitor, we discovered a series of pyrimidine-indazole inhibitors. SAR studies led us to TQB3616 as a preferential CDK4 inhibitor. TQB3616 exhibited improvements in both enzymatic and cellular proliferation inhibitory potency when tested side-by-side with the FDA approved palbociclib and abemaciclib. TQB3616 also possessed favorable PK profile in multiple species. These differentiated properties, together with excellent GLP safety profile warranted TQB3616 moving to clinic. TQB3616 entered into clinical development in 2019 and currently in phase III clinical trials (NCT05375461, NCT05365178).

Evolutionary dynamics of the cytoskeletal profilin gene family in Brassica juncea L. reveal its roles in silique development and stress resilience.

Essential to plant adaptation, cell wall (CW) integrity is maintained by CW-biosynthesis genes. Cytoskeletal actin-(de)polymerizing, phospholipid-binding profilin (PRF) proteins play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis across kingdoms. However, evolutionary selection of PRF genes and their systematic characterization in family Brassicaceae, especially in Brassica juncea remain unexplored. Here, a comprehensive analysis of genome-wide identification of BjPRFs, their phylogenetic association, genomic localization, gene structure, and transcriptional profiling were performed in an evolutionary framework. Identification of 23 BjPRFs in B. juncea indicated an evolutionary conservation within Brassicaceae. The BjPRFs evolved through paralogous and orthologous gene formation in Brassica genomes. Evolutionary divergence of BjPRFs indicated purifying selection, with nonsynonymous (dN)/synonymous (dS) value of 0.090 for orthologous gene-pairs. Hybrid homology-modeling identified evolutionary distinct and conserved domains in BjPRFs which suggested that these proteins evolved following the divergence of monocot and eudicot plants. RNA-seq profiles of BjPRFs revealed their functional evolution in spatiotemporal manner during plant-development and stress-conditions in diploid/amphidiploid Brassica species. Real-Time PCR experiments in seedling, vegetative, floral and silique tissues of B. juncea suggested their essential roles in systematic plant development. These observations underscore the expansion of BjPRFs in B. juncea, and offer valuable evolutionary insights for exploring cellular mechanisms, and stress resilience.

Haplo-insufficiency of Profilin1 in vascular endothelial cells is beneficial but not sufficient to confer protection against experimentally induced atherosclerosis.

Actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in various aspects of atherosclerosis, a key driver of ischemic heart disease. Actin-binding protein Profilin1 (Pfn1) is overexpressed in atherosclerotic plaques in human disease, and Pfn1, when partially depleted globally in all cell types, confers atheroprotection in vivo. This study investigates the impact of endothelial cell (EC)-specific partial loss of Pfn1 expression in atherosclerosis development. We utilized mice engineered for conditional heterozygous knockout of the Pfn1 gene in ECs, with atherosclerosis induced by depletion of hepatic LDL receptor by gene delivery of PCSK9 combined with high-cholesterol diet. Our studies show that partial depletion of EC Pfn1 has certain beneficial effects marked by dampening of select pro-atherogenic cytokines (CXCL10 and IL7) with concomitant reduction in cytotoxic T cell abundance but is not sufficient to reduce hyperlipidemia and confer atheroprotection in vivo. In light of these findings, we conclude that atheroprotective phenotype conferred by global Pfn1 haplo-insufficiency requires contributions of additional cell types that are relevant for atherosclerosis progression.

Oncogenic circ-SLC16A1 promotes progression of non-small cell lung cancer via regulation of the miR-1287-5p/profilin 2 axis.

BACKGROUND: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNAs with covalently closed structures that have been implicated in cancer progression. However, the regulatory mechanisms remain largely unclear. So, the aim of this study was to reveal the role and regulatory mechanisms of circ-SLC16A1. METHODS: In this study, next-generation sequencing was used to identify abnormally expressed circRNAs between cancerous and para-carcinoma tissues. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess the expression patterns of circ-solute carrier family 16 member 1 (SLC16A1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and tissue specimens. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was utilized to identify downstream targets of circ-SLC16A1. Transwell migration, wound healing, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, cell counting, and colony formation assays were conducted to assess the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells. A mouse tumor xenograft model was employed to determine the roles of circ-SLC16A1 in NSCLC progression and metastasis in vivo. RESULTS: The results found that circ-SLC16A1 was upregulated in NSCLC cells and tissues. Downregulation of circ-SLC16A1 inhibited tumor growth by reducing proliferation, lung metastasis, and lymphatic metastasis of NSCLC cells, and arrested the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Also, silencing of circ-SLC16A1 promoted apoptosis of NSCLC cells. The results of bioinformatics analysis and the dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that microRNA (miR)-1287-5p and profilin 2 (PFN2) are downstream targets of circ-SLC16A1. PFN2 overexpression or circ-SLC16A1 inhibition restored proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells after silencing of circ-SLC16A1. PFN2 overexpression restored migration and proliferation of NSCLC cells post miR-1287-5p overexpression. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these findings show that miR-1287-5p/PFN2 signaling was associated with downregulation of circ-SLC16A1 and reduced invasion and proliferation of NSCLC cells. So, circ-SLC16A1 is identified as a mediator of multiple pro-oncogenic signaling pathways in NSCLC and can be targeted to suppress tumor progression.

OptoProfilin: A Single Component Biosensor of Applied Cellular Stress.

The actin cytoskeleton is a biosensor of cellular stress and a potential prognosticator of human disease. In particular, aberrant cytoskeletal structures such as stress granules formed in response to energetic and oxidative stress are closely linked to ageing, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and viral infection. Whether these cytoskeletal phenomena can be harnessed for the development of biosensors for cytoskeletal dysfunction and, by extension, disease progression, remains an open question. In this work, we describe the design and development of an optogenetic iteration of profilin, an actin monomer binding protein with critical functions in cytoskeletal dynamics. We demonstrate that this optically activated profilin ('OptoProfilin') can act as an optically triggered biosensor of applied cellular stress in select immortalized cell lines. Notably, OptoProfilin is a single component biosensor, likely increasing its utility for experimentalists. While a large body of preexisting work closely links profilin activity with cellular stress and neurodegenerative disease, this, to our knowledge, is the first example of profilin as an optogenetic biosensor of stress-induced changes in the cytoskeleton.

The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit exacerbates endotoxemia-induced myocardial microvascular injury by disrupting the MOTS-c/JNK pathway and inducing profilin-mediated lamellipodia degradation.

Rationale: The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) promotes pathological mitochondrial fission during septic acute kidney injury. The mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is a mitochondria-derived peptide that exhibits anti-inflammatory properties during cardiovascular illnesses. We explored whether endotoxemia-induced myocardial microvascular injury involved DNA-PKcs and MOTS-c dysregulation. Methods: To induce endotoxemia in vivo, endothelial cell-specific DNA-PKcs-knockout mice were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg) and evaluated after 72 h. Results: Lipopolysaccharide exposure increased DNA-PKcs activity in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, while pharmacological inhibition or endothelial cell-specific genetic ablation of DNA-PKcs reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial microvascular dysfunction. Proteomic analyses showed that endothelial DNA-PKcs ablation primarily altered mitochondrial protein expression. Verification assays confirmed that DNA-PKcs drastically repressed MOTS-c transcription by inducing mtDNA breaks via pathological mitochondrial fission. Inhibiting MOTS-c neutralized the endothelial protective effects of DNA-PKcs ablation, whereas MOTS-c supplementation enhanced endothelial barrier function and myocardial microvascular homeostasis under lipopolysaccharide stress. In molecular studies, MOTS-c downregulation disinhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), allowing JNK to phosphorylate profilin-S173. Inhibiting JNK or transfecting cells with a profilin phosphorylation-defective mutant improved endothelial barrier function by preventing F-actin depolymerization and lamellipodial degradation following lipopolysaccharide treatment. Conclusions: DNA-PKcs inactivation during endotoxemia could be a worthwhile therapeutic strategy to restore MOTS-c expression, prevent JNK-induced profilin phosphorylation, improve F-actin polymerization, and enhance lamellipodial integrity, ultimately ameliorating endothelial barrier function and reducing myocardial microvascular injury.

Leishmania profilin interacts with actin through an unusual structural mechanism to control cytoskeletal dynamics in parasites.

Diseases caused by Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites are a major health problem in tropical countries. Because of their complex life cycle involving both vertebrate and insect hosts, and >1 billion years of evolutionarily distance, the cell biology of trypanosomatid parasites exhibits pronounced differences to animal cells. For example, the actin cytoskeleton of trypanosomatids is divergent when compared with other eukaryotes. To understand how actin dynamics are regulated in trypanosomatid parasites, we focused on a central actin-binding protein profilin. Co-crystal structure of Leishmania major actin in complex with L. major profilin revealed that, although the overall folds of actin and profilin are conserved in eukaryotes, Leishmania profilin contains a unique α-helical insertion, which interacts with the target binding cleft of actin monomer. This insertion is conserved across the Trypanosomatidae family and is similar to the structure of WASP homology-2 (WH2) domain, a small actin-binding motif found in many other cytoskeletal regulators. The WH2-like motif contributes to actin monomer binding and enhances the actin nucleotide exchange activity of Leishmania profilin. Moreover, Leishmania profilin inhibited formin-catalyzed actin filament assembly in a mechanism that is dependent on the presence of the WH2-like motif. By generating profilin knockout and knockin Leishmania mexicana strains, we show that profilin is important for efficient endocytic sorting in parasites, and that the ability to bind actin monomers and proline-rich proteins, and the presence of a functional WH2-like motif, are important for the in vivo function of Leishmania profilin. Collectively, this study uncovers molecular principles by which profilin regulates actin dynamics in trypanosomatids.

Yeast profilin mutants inhibit classical nuclear import and alter the balance between actin and tubulin levels.

Profilin is a small protein that controls actin polymerization in yeast and higher eukaryotes. In addition, profilin has emerged as a multifunctional protein that contributes to other processes in multicellular organisms. This study focuses on profilin (Pfy1) in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The primary sequences of yeast Pfy1 and its metazoan orthologs diverge vastly. However, structural elements of profilin are conserved among different species. To date, the full spectrum of Pfy1 functions has yet to be defined. The current work explores the possible involvement of yeast profilin in nuclear protein import. To this end, a panel of well-characterized yeast profilin mutants was evaluated. The experiments demonstrate that yeast profilin (i) regulates nuclear protein import, (ii) determines the subcellular localization of essential nuclear transport factors, and (iii) controls the relative abundance of actin and tubulin. Together, these results define yeast profilin as a moonlighting protein that engages in multiple essential cellular activities.

Expression of profilin 1 and immunocyte infiltration in diabetic nephropa-thy mice / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:The objective of this study is to examine the expression of profilin 1(PFN1)in mice with di-abetic nephropathy and determine its association with immune cell infiltration.METHODS:This study presents an analy-sis of PFN1 expression and immune cell infiltration in patients with diabetic nephropathy,utilizing transcriptome expres-sion data from kidney tissue microarray.Additionally,the findings were validated in a diabetic nephropathy mouse model.Sixteen C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into two groups,namely the normal group and the model group,in an equal manner.The model group underwent the establishment of the diabetic nephropathy model through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.Subsequently,the expression levels of CD11b,F4/80,CC chemokine receptor 4(CCR4),interleukin-1 receptor type I(IL-1R1),B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax)and caspase-3 in kidney tissue were assessed upon successful establishment of the diabetic nephropathy model.Furthermore,the overexpression of PFN1 was observed in a cellular model of diabetic nephropathy,and the protein expression levels of monocyte chemotactic pro-tein-1(MCP-1)and caspase-3 were assessed.RESULTS:The expression of PFN1 was found to be significantly in-creased in the GSE30122 dataset of transcriptome expression in kidney tissues affected by diabetic nephropathy(P＜0.01).This increase in PFN1 expression was found to be correlated with the presence of macrophages and T cells.Fur-thermore,the renal tissue of the diabetic nephropathy model group exhibited significant pathological changes.In this mod-el group,the expression levels of PFN1,CD11b,F4/80,CCR4,IL-1R1,Bax,Bcl-2,and caspase-3 were all significant-ly increased(P＜0.01).Overexpression of PFN1 could enhance the expression of MCP-1 and caspase-3 proteins.CON-CLUSION:Macrophages and Th17 cells were identified within the renal tissue of mice with diabetic nephropathy,con-comitant with an up-regulation in the expression of PFN1.This up-regulation was observed to facilitate the induction of apoptosis in the context of diabetic nephropathy.

Swimming alters some proteins of skeletal muscle tissue in rats with Alzheimer-like phenotype.

OBJECTIVES: Exercise training plays a significant role in preventing the destruction of central nerve neurons and muscle atrophy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a period of swimming training on the expression of Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), and Profilin-1 (PFN1) proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of Alzheimer-like phenotype rats. METHODS & MATERIALS: 32 Wistar males were (6 weeks of age) divided into four groups: Healthy Control (HC), Alzheimer-like phenotype's Control (AC), Healthy Training (HT), and Alzheimer-like phenotype's Training (AT). Alzheimer-like phenotypes were induced by beta-amyloid injection in the hippocampus. The training program consisted of 20 swimming sessions. Gastrocnemius muscle was removed after the intervention, and NCAM, SEMA3A, and PFN1 proteins were measured by the immunohistoflorescent method. RESULTS: The results showed that SEMA3A was increased (p = 0.001), and NCAM (p = 0.001), and PFN1 (p = 0.001) were decreased in AC compared to the HC group. Also, the results showed that NCAM (p = 0.001) and Pfn1 (p = 0.002) increased in the HT group compared to HC, and the NCAM (p = 0.001) and Pfn1 (p = 0.002) in AT group compared to AC (p = 0.001) increased significantly, while SEMA3A was reduced in the HT group compared to HC (p = 0.001) and AT group compared to AC (p = 0.001) CONCLUSION: Swimming effectively improves axon regeneration and neuronal formation in motor neurons and, therefore, can be an effective intervention to prevent and control the complications of Alzheimer-like phenotype.

Actin-binding protein profilin1 is an important determinant of cellular phosphoinositide control.

Membrane polyphosphoinositides (PPIs) are lipid-signaling molecules that undergo metabolic turnover and influence a diverse range of cellular functions. PPIs regulate the activity and/or spatial localization of a number of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) through direct interactions; however, it is much less clear whether ABPs could also be an integral part in regulating PPI signaling. In this study, we show that ABP profilin1 (Pfn1) is an important molecular determinant of the cellular content of PI(4,5)P2 (the most abundant PPI in cells). In growth factor (EGF) stimulation setting, Pfn1 depletion does not impact PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis but enhances plasma membrane (PM) enrichment of PPIs that are produced downstream of activated PI3-kinase, including PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2, the latter consistent with increased PM recruitment of SH2-containing inositol 5' phosphatase (SHIP2) (a key enzyme for PI(3,4)P2 biosynthesis). Although Pfn1 binds to PPIs in vitro, our data suggest that Pfn1's affinity to PPIs and PM presence in actual cells, if at all, is negligible, suggesting that Pfn1 is unlikely to directly compete with SHIP2 for binding to PM PPIs. Additionally, we provide evidence for Pfn1's interaction with SHIP2 in cells and modulation of this interaction upon EGF stimulation, raising an alternative possibility of Pfn1 binding as a potential restrictive mechanism for PM recruitment of SHIP2. In conclusion, our findings challenge the dogma of Pfn1's binding to PM by PPI interaction, uncover a previously unrecognized role of Pfn1 in PI(4,5)P2 homeostasis and provide a new mechanistic avenue of how an ABP could potentially impact PI3K signaling byproducts in cells through lipid phosphatase control.