Maternal Reports to the Child Protection System: A Longitudinal Analysis of Multiple Children.

Child maltreatment can affect multiple children in a family, yet its occurrence and chronicity has been often assessed by focusing on a single child. Although this approach provides valuable insights, considering the experiences of all children in a family may provide a more complete understanding of maltreatment dynamics. Using linked birth and child protection system (CPS) records from California, we analyzed 20 years of data on 194,514 first-time mothers to document the prevalence, timing, and chronicity of maternal CPS reporting across multiple children. Mothers were categorized by the number of live childbirths: one (25.7%), two (36.2%), three (20.9%), and four or more (17.2%). Overall, 33.0% of mothers were reported to CPS, increasing from 18.5% for mothers with one child to 63.1% for those with four or more children. For mothers with two or more children, more than 70% experienced an initial CPS report only after the second child's birth. Our findings have implications for understanding the dynamics of maternal reports to CPS, emphasizing the need for lasting and family-focused interventions.

Evaluation of whether commonly used risk assessment tools are applicable to women in forensic psychiatric institutions.

OBJECTIVE: By providing a structured assessment of specific risk factors, risk assessment tools allow statements to be made about the likelihood of future recidivism in people who have committed a crime. These tools were originally developed for and primarily tested in men and are mainly based on the usual criminological background of men. Despite significant progress in the last decade, there is still a lack of empirical research on female offenders, especially female forensic psychiatric inpatients. To improve prognosis in female offenders, we performed a retrospective study to compare the predictive quality of the following risk assessment tools: PCL-R, LSI-R, HCR-20 v3, FAM, and VRAG-R. METHOD: Data were collected from the information available in the medical files of 525 female patients who had been discharged between 2001 and 2017. We examined the ability of the tools to predict general and violent recidivism by comparing the predictions with information from the Federal Central Criminal Register. RESULTS: Overall, the prediction instruments had moderate to good predictive performance, and the study confirmed their general applicability to female forensic psychiatric patients. CONCLUSION: The LSI-R proved to be particularly valid for general recidivism, and both, LSI-R and HCR-20 v3, for violent recidivism.

A Second Proof of Concept Investigation of Strengths Using the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth Tool With Justice-Involved Youth: Item Level Risk-Based Effects and Interactions.

Despite efforts to incorporate protective factors or 'strengths' in applied risk assessments for criminal reoffending, there has been limited progress towards a consensus regarding what is meant by such terms, what effects predictors can exert, or how to describe such effects. This proof of concept study was undertaken to address those issues. A structured professional judgment tool was used to create lower and higher historical/static risk groups with a sample of 273 justice-involved male youth with sexual offenses followed over a fixed 3-year period. Using risk and protective poles to create pairs of dichotomous variables from trichotomously rated risk and protective items, risk-based exacerbation and risk-based protective effects were found. These varied in terms of whether the effect on the outcome of a new violent (including sexual) offense was larger, smaller, or absent for youth at higher or lower historical/static risk. Some of these potentially dynamic dichotomous variables were shown to have a protective (or risk) effect after controlling for both historical/static risk and that same item's risk (or protective) effect. Some moderated the association between historical/static risk and recidivism, strengthening or reducing it. Terms for these effects and implications of incorporating strengths in research and applied practice were considered.

Changes in Probation Officer Procedural Justice and Self-Reported Recidivism.

An increasing number of studies has studied the role of procedural justice for reducing recidivism in the probation context. The objective of this study is to contribute to existing knowledge by examining (a) whether people on probation alter their perceptions of probation officer procedural justice over time and (b) the extent to which changes in procedural justice relate to recidivism. This study utilized longitudinal data from 326 adults who were released from Dutch (pre-trial) detention centers and who had contact with the Probation Service. Using the reliable change index, our findings showed that a majority of people on probation changed their procedural justice perceptions over time, which suggested that perceptions of fairness and respect are malleable. Unchanged perceptions of probation officer procedural justice were related to self-reported recidivism, while the likelihood of recidivism did not differ between respondents with decreased and increased perceptions.

Gray matter volume differences in intimate partner violence perpetrators and its role in explaining dropout and recidivism.

AIM: Psychological instruments that are employed to adequately explain treatment compliance and recidivism of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators present a limited ability and certain biases. Therefore, it becomes necessary to incorporate new techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to be able to surpass those limitations and measure central nervous system characteristics to explain dropout (premature abandonment of intervention) and recidivism. METHOD: The main objectives of this study were: 1) to assess whether IPV perpetrators (n = 60) showed differences in terms of their brain's regional gray matter volume (GMV) when compared to a control group of non-violent men (n = 57); 2) to analyze whether the regional GMV of IPV perpetrators before starting a tailored intervention program explain treatment compliance (dropout) and recidivism rate. RESULTS: IPV perpetrators presented increased GMV in the cerebellum and the occipital, temporal, and subcortical brain regions compared to controls. There were also bilateral differences in the occipital pole and subcortical structures (thalamus, and putamen), with IPV perpetrators presenting reduced GMV in the above-mentioned brain regions compared to controls. Moreover, while a reduced GMV of the left pallidum explained dropout, a considerable number of frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, subcortical and limbic regions added to dropout to explain recidivism. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that certain brain structures not only distinguished IPV perpetrators from controls but also played a role in explaining dropout and recidivism. Given the multifactorial nature of IPV perpetration, it is crucial to combine neuroimaging techniques with other psychological instruments to effectively create risk profiles of IPV perpetrators.

Outcomes with Management of Cholesteatoma.

This article provides an expert summary of the immense amount of outcomes research in cholesteatoma surgery. Specific topics discussed include canal wall-up versus canal wall-down surgery, ossicular chain reconstruction, endoscopic ear surgery, disease-specific quality-of-life outcomes, and congenital cholesteatoma.

Gender responsivity in the assessment and treatment of offenders.

Risk assessment tools used to assess justice-involved women have been predominantly developed using male offenders, with validations for females having mixed results. Female-specific risk assessment tools are not well established, and validations are limited. In terms of treatment, either programmes in various jurisdictions have been developed specifically for females, or addendums are available to assist in the facilitation of programmes initially developed for male offenders. The efficacy of these has been varied with gender-responsive programmes proving to be more successful in the reduction of reoffending if justice-involved women follow a gender-specific pathway to offending than if they follow a non-gender-specific pathway. This paper discusses gender differences in offending and provides an overview of assessment and treatment of justice-involved women in Australia, the UK, New Zealand and Canada. The assessment and treatment practices for justice-involved women are viewed through an evidence-based lens, and opportunities for future development are identified.

Driving under the influence: An analysis of second-time offenders and intervention success, Turkey sample.

OBJECTIVES: Driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is a major public health issue that results in significant mortality, morbidity, and economic costs. Despite various penalties and interventions, DUI remains prevalent. This study examines the demographic characteristics, educational status, and involvement in motor vehicle accidents of second-time DUI offenders, aiming to identify factors influencing the success of educational interventions. METHODS: Between 2018 and 2023, 151 individuals whose driver's licenses were suspended for a second DUI offense participated in this study. All participants applied to the Adiyaman Provincial Health Directorate, located in the southeast region of Turkey, to regain their licenses. Data were collected from application documents and digital records during and after the educational program, which included identity information, demographic characteristics, reasons for alcohol consumption, license duration, education level, educational success, frequency of alcohol use, and behavior under the influence. Penalties and traffic accidents in the last 5 years were also recorded. RESULTS: Participants with a high school education and above had a significantly higher success rate in the educational program (P = .03). Those without penalties (P = .001) and those not involved in traffic accidents (P = .006) also showed higher success rates. CONCLUSION: Despite its limitations, this study shows that second-time DUI offenders who have previous traffic tickets or accidents are less likely to succeed in educational interventions. These findings suggest the need for tailored training programs, extended durations, and personalized evaluations to improve outcomes for these high-risk groups. Future research should explore prospective studies to confirm these results and guide intervention strategies.

[Dynamic Prediction of Recidivism in Violence in Community-Based Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Patients: A Joint Model]. / ç¤¾åŒºç²¾ç¥žåˆ†è£‚ç—‡è°±ç³»éšœç¢æ‚£è€ æš´åŠ›å†çŠ¯åŠ¨æ€é¢„æµ‹ï¼šä¸€ç§è”åˆæ¨¡åž‹.

Objective: To construct a model for predicting recidivism in violence in community-based schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients (SSDP) by adopting a joint modeling method. Methods: Based on the basic data on severe mental illness in Southwest China between January 2017 and June 2018, 4565 community-based SSDP with baseline violent behaviors were selected as the research subjects. We used a growth mixture model (GMM) to identify patterns of medication adherence and social functioning. We then fitted the joint model using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model and compared it with traditional static models. Finally, we used a 10-fold training-test cross validation framework to evaluate the models' fitting and predictive performance. Results: A total of 157 patients (3.44%) experienced recidivism in violence. Medication compliance and social functioning were fitted into four patterns. In the counting model, age, marital status, educational attainment, economic status, historical types of violence, and medication compliance patterns were predictive factors for the frequency of recidivism of violence (P<0.05). In the zero-inflated model, age, adverse drug reactions, historical types of violence, medication compliance patterns, and social functioning patterns were predictive factors for the recidivism in violence (P<0.05). For the joint model, the average value of Akaike information criterion (AIC) for the train set was 776.5±9.4, the average value of root mean squared error (RMSE) for the testing set was 0.168±0.013, and the average value of mean absolute error (MAE) for the testing set was 0.131±0.018, which were all lower than those of the traditional static models. Conclusion: Joint modeling is an effective statistical strategy for identifying and processing dynamic variables, exhibiting better predictive performance than that of the traditional static models. It can provide new ideas for promoting the construction of comprehensive intervention systems.

Revisiting the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy for reducing reoffending in the criminal justice system: A systematic review.

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows. The proposed systematic review is an update to, and extension of, Lipsey et al. (2007). As such we build on their previous aims to: (i) Assess and synthesise the overall impact of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) on offender recidivism; (ii) Examine possible sources of variability in the effectiveness of CBT. Data permitting, we will examine if the effectiveness of CBT varies by: (a) Characteristics of the CBT intervention (e.g., cognitive restructuring vs. cognitive skills training, group v. individual implementation; and/or custodial v. community setting, and/or), (b) Characteristics of the population (e.g., juveniles vs. adult offenders), (c) Implementation factors (e.g., implementing practitioner, use of structured/manualised approaches, delivery mode, and/or programme duration or intensity), (d) Evaluation methods (e.g., randomised vs. non-randomised research designs); (iv) Determine whether there is a decline in the effect of CBT on recidivism over time; and (v) Investigate whether there is an interaction between implementation factors and time in terms of the effect on recidivism.

Does Being Over 60 Years Old at Index Offense Impact Sexual Recidivism Risk? A Large-Scale Comparison of Men Released Over the Age of 60.

Research has consistently found risk for sexual recidivism drops as men convicted of a sexual offense age. One question that remains, however, is whether this age-related reduction in risk applies to men who commit their sexual offenses at an older age. The current study examined this question in a sample of 939 men who were screened for civil management and released to the community (mean follow-up = 6.33 years, SD = 3.98 years), by comparing the sexual recidivism rates of (a) 238 men convicted of sexual offenses committed over the age of 60 (Over-60 Index group), and (b) 701 men who committed sexual offenses under the age of 60 but who were released to the community over the age of 60 (Under-60 Index group). Even though the Under-60 Index group was significantly higher risk at release, the Over-60 Index group sexually recidivated at a significantly higher rate, a difference largely driven by the small group of men who had committed sexual offenses both under and over the age of 60. The Static-99R was a strong predictor of sexual recidivism regardless of age at sexual offending (i.e., just under 60, just over 60, or both under and over 60). The 2021 Routine Samples norms significantly overpredicted sexual recidivism for the Under-60 Index group and significantly underpredicted sexual recidivism for the Over-60 Index group, indicating that the use of the 2016 High Risk/High Needs norms could be more appropriate for the Over-60 Index group, particularly those men who sexually offended under the age of 60 before sexually offending over the age of 60.

Surreptitious Area of Middle Ear - the Sinus Tympani.

Sinus tympani is one of the hidden space in the retrotympanic area of middle ear which is commonly invaded by cholesteatoma and known for recidivism. Conventional surgical approaches sometimes fail to access deep sinuses and eradicate the disease. The aim of our study was to measure endoscopic depth of Sinus tympani in Indian Population. Total of 30 patients underwent mastoid exploration and intraoperatively depth of Sinus Tympani was measured using a 0.5 mm calibrated probe with 30 degree rigid Hopkins endoscope. Endoscopic depth in the present study ranges between 2.5 and 5.5 mm. It was higher in right ear in case of females however no significant difference were seen in males and females on left side. It is difficult to clear disease from Sinus Tympani because of its inaccessible location. Sinus Tympani can also show variations in terms of its depth further making difficult to clear disease.

Odontoma Recurrence. The Importance of Radiographic Controls: Case Report with a 7-Year Follow-Up.

Odontomas are benign tumors characterized by slow and limited growth with a rare recurrence. Odontomas are generally detected by radiographic findings in the radiopaque stage, where calcification of the tissues is observed. This article seeks to report the recurrence of a radiologically diagnosed odontoma to show the importance of radiographic controls after enucleation as a diagnostic and follow-up method. Case report: A female patient, 9 years old, attended dental care in 2020 due to malpositioned teeth. In the intraoral clinical examination, she presented stage II mixed dentition with crowding. A radiographic exam showed no associated lesions. The patient reported a history of odontoma removal and a supernumerary tooth in sextant II in 2016. Subsequently, she was referred to orthodontics, where permanent dentition with moderate anterior crowding in the maxilla and mandible was observed. The radiographic examination showed a radiopaque area compatible with odontoma, palatal to teeth 12 and 13. Conclusions: Although recurrence is rare, complete removal in the case of an odontoma is critical. This study demonstrates the importance of performing radiographic controls 5 years after enucleation of an odontoma, considering the stages of evolution.

Forensic criteria, clinical and theoretical issues of the indication of court-ordered treatment: A comparative survey among experts in forensic psychiatry and sentencing judges in France.

Following the French law n° 98-468 of 17 June 1998 relative to the prevention of sexual offenses and the protection of minors, social and judicial follow-up and court-ordered treatment were introduced with the aim of reinforcing the prevention of recidivism. Court-ordered treatment is one of the possible obligatory measures provided for by social and judicial follow-up. However, there is no consensus between the different professionals concerning the criteria of indication and the final purpose of this measure. Most of the few available studies are retrospective. Only rare studies have assessed the influence of criminological factors on the indication of court-ordered treatment. We carried out a nation-wide qualitative comparative study in two populations, psychiatric experts and sentencing judges, by means of e-mail questionnaires. The aim was to determine the criteria for court-ordered treatment according to psychiatric experts and to sentencing judges, to identify the criteria that gave rise to differences in appreciation between these professionals, and to attempt to explain these differences. The secondary aim of the study was to determine the methods and tools used in expert practice to evaluate dangerousness and risk of recidivism. We obtained 20 responses in each of the two populations. The great majority of psychiatric experts and sentencing judges considered that court-ordered treatment was appropriate when the offender presented with psychiatric dangerousness, and so with an underlying mental disorder. When a subject had no identified mental disorder, the psychiatrists were divided in their opinion, whereas the majority of sentencing judges were in favor of court-ordered treatment. Opinions differed particularly significantly between the two populations in four circumstances: a subject with an antisocial/psychopathic personality disorder, a subject who denied the alleged acts, the influence of precarious social circumstances and the influence of instability in intimate relationships. The majority of experts used international classifications (DSM-5 and ICD-10) as a basis for their psychiatric diagnosis. Just under half of those surveyed used structured or semi-structured interview guides and only a few stated that they used standardized actuarial tools to assess risk of recidivism. The concepts of care, dangerousness and mental disorder are associated with multiple representations that certainly play a part in the disagreements between the different professionals. It is of prime importance to define these concepts more clearly in order to encourage the use of a common language and to clarify the indications and purpose of court-ordered treatment. We also hypothesize that disagreements between professionals regarding the criteria for court-ordered treatment may be related to certain difficulties raised by the management of the convicted person. The development of guidelines that could be used by all professionals would help to reduce some of these difficulties. Psychiatric experts remain attached to clinical evaluation. Their limited use of assessment tools may relate to the material constraints and time constraints involved. The issue at stake in court-ordered treatment and social and judicial follow-up is to promote cooperation between the various professionals by creating a space for exchange of ideas where the fundamental questions raised by these measures can be discussed, fears shared and knowledge pooled.

Characteristics of Patients Presenting at an Emergency Department for a Heroin Overdose vs Detoxification.

Purpose: This study compares substance use, treatment histories, and sociodemographic characteristics of patients presenting to an emergency department (ED) following a heroin overdose or seeking detoxification services for heroin and examines risk factors for a subsequent return to the ED for a substance-related problem. Methods: A convenience sample of patients presenting for an overdose or detoxification at an urban teaching ED was recruited for this study. During their ED visit, patients were interviewed regarding demographics, substance use experiences, and treatment history. Subsequently, a review of patient records for past and subsequent ED use was performed. Results: Patients requesting detox and those with an overdose were similar in terms of prior treatment. Both groups had similar extensive polysubstance histories. As a group, however, patients presenting for detox were more likely to report use of each of three substances (benzodiazepines, opioid pain medications, and heroin) more than three times per week, compared to those presenting for overdose. Detox patients had higher scores on the 3-item Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-C and the drug problems scale compared to overdose patients. Overall, 28% of the patients returned to the ED within 90 days for a drug-related issue, including 8% that returned for an overdose. Factors predictive of a return ED visit included ED visits for substance use in the previous year and recent frequent heroin use. Conclusion: Patients requesting detox were similar in most domains to those presenting following an overdose. Notably, overdose patients were less likely to use heroin more than three times per week compared to detox patients. Both groups were equally likely to return for an SUD reason within 3-months, however for both groups, previous ED visits and recent frequent heroin use predicted a return visit.

Case report: Assessing criminal responsibility and recidivism risk in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to personality changes, language impairments, and behavioral disturbances, including impulsivity and disinhibition. Assessing responsibility and recidivism risk in forensic evaluations is challenging due to the evolving nature of FTD. Despite limited literature, we present a case of a 45-year-old man with no prior legal or medical history, who committed criminal acts due to behavioral changes linked to the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Initial assessment found him irresponsible, with a non-evaluable risk of recidivism. Subsequent evaluation showed a low recidivism risk based on clinical evolution. We discuss these findings considering existing literature and Swiss jurisprudence.

Reducing risk factors for child maltreatment: The Parenting-STAIR open pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Despite a large body of evidence linking the impact of trauma, parenting, and child maltreatment recidivism, current child welfare services often do not target maternal trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, there is little evidence that traditional family preservation services (FPS) lower the rates of repeat incidences of child abuse and neglect. The novel intervention, Parenting-STAIR (P-STAIR), seeks to address maternal mental health and parenting skills in order to reduce punitive parenting behaviors. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the effects of P-STAIR on child maltreatment risk. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: P-STAIR was administered to 112 child welfare-involved mothers in New York City (NYC). The mothers were between 18 and 52 years old (M = 31.1, SD = 6.6) and were referred from 4 child welfare preventive service agencies in NYC. METHODS: To evaluate change over time in indicators of maltreatment risk, two-tailed paired sample t-tests compared 1) pre- and post-treatment scores and 2) pre-treatment and 3-month follow-up scores. RESULTS: Among the 71 mothers who completed treatment, significant improvements from baseline to post-assessment and pre- to 3-month follow-up were observed across total scores on the CTSPC and the AAPI-2. Improvements were evident in nonviolent disciple, psychological aggression, expectations, empathy, and parent-child family roles at both the post-assessment and 3-month follow-up which are proximal outcomes of P-STAIR (CTSPC: pre-post nonviolent disciple d = 0.70; pre-post psychological aggression d = 0.34; pre-follow-up nonviolent disciple d = 0.42; pre-follow-up psychological aggression d = 0.36; AAPI-2; pre-post expectations d = 0.31; pre-post empathy d = 0.39; pre-post parent-child roles d = 0.47; pre-follow-up expectations d = 0.33; pre-follow-up empathy d = 0.42; pre-follow-up parent-child roles d = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS: The improvement in indicators of maltreatment risk demonstrates promising support for the utility of P-STAIR within the child welfare system.

Explaining the Unexplainable: Balancing Responsibility, Expectations, and Identity in Narratives of Sexual Recidivism.

When someone is caught and punished for a sexual offense, recidivism prevention is of high priority. While a growing body of qualitative research has investigated the desistance process of those who have sexually offended, few studies have examined the narratives of individuals who have sexually recidivated in order to understand how they make sense of their reoffending. This study aims to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the recidivism process and broader life stories of 16 imprisoned men through semi-structured interviews. The results demonstrate how these men explain their recent "failures," the obstacles they face when doing so, and how they attempt to overcome these obstacles in their narratives. Thus, the analysis in this study is both thematic and narrative. Finally, the findings' practical implications are discussed to show how ambiguity in narratives can be a powerful tool in correctional and clinical interventions.

Intellectual Ability and Sexual Recidivism Risk Assessment: Comparing Predictive Accuracy in an Incarcerated U.S. Sample.

While studies indicate that individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) are overrepresented among those incarcerated for sexual offenses, there is a paucity of research with respect to risk assessment for this population, particularly among incarcerated U.S. samples. This gap is concerning given that individuals perceived as high risk may be denied bail, given harsher sentences, or subject to civil confinement. The present study examined the predictive validity of the Static-99 and Static-99R, which rely on historical predictors, and the MnSOST-R, which includes a dynamic subscale. Archival records were used to compare individuals with (n = 459) and without (n = 459) ID/BIF released from New Jersey state prisons between 1996 and 2007, with an average follow-up period of 5.7 years. All three instruments demonstrated good predictive validity for those without ID/BIF, while only the MnSOST-R produced a significant AUC value for those with ID/BIF. Reincarceration rates for those with ID/BIF within high-risk groups ranged from 0% to 8%, similar to the overall recidivism base rate of 4%. Results highlight the need for additional research to determine which risk factors should be considered for those with ID/BIF.

Clinical Characteristics of Offspring Born to Parents with Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed in Youth: Observations from TODAY.

Diabetes exposure during pregnancy affects health outcomes in offspring; however, little is known about in utero exposure to preexisting parental youth-onset type 2 diabetes. Offspring born to participants during the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescent and Youth (TODAY) study were administered a questionnaire at the end of the study. Of 457 participants, 37% of women and 18% of men reported 228 offspring, 80% from female participants. TODAY mothers had lower household income (<$25,000) compared to TODAY fathers (69.4% vs. 37.9%, p = 0.0002). At 4.5 years of age (range 0-18 years), 16.7% of offspring were overweight according to the parental report of their primary care provider, with no sex difference. Offspring of TODAY mothers reported more daily medication use compared to TODAY fathers (50/183, 27.7% vs. 6/46, 12.2%, [p = 0.04]), a marker of overall health. TODAY mothers also reported higher rates of recidivism (13/94) than TODAY fathers (0/23). An Individualized Education Plan was reported in 20/94 (21.3%) offspring of TODAY mothers compared to 2/23 (8.7%) of TODAY fathers. This descriptive study, limited by parental self-reports, indicated offspring of participants in TODAY experience significant socioeconomic disadvantages, which, when combined with in utero diabetes exposure, may increase their risk of health and educational disparities.