Genome-Wide Informative Microsatellite Markers and Population Structure of Fusarium virguliforme from Argentina and the USA.

Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) is a destructive disease that causes substantial yield losses in South and North America. Whereas four Fusarium species were identified as the causal agents, F. virguliforme is the primary SDS-causing pathogen in North America and it also contributes substantially to SDS in Argentina. In this study, we comparatively analyzed genome assemblies of four F. virguliforme strains and identified 29 informative microsatellite markers. Sixteen of the 29 markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of this pathogen in a collection of 90 strains from Argentina and the USA. A total of 37 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, including 10 MLGs in Argentina and 26 in the USA. Only MLG2, the most dominant MLG, was found in both countries. Analyses with three different approaches showed that these MLGs could be grouped into three clusters. Cluster IA consisting of four MLGs exclusively from the USA has much higher genetic diversity than the other two clusters, suggesting that it may be the ancestral cluster although additional data are necessary to support this hypothesis. Clusters IB and II consisted of 13 and 21 MLGs, respectively. MLGs belonging to these two clusters were present in all four sampled states in Argentina and all five sampled states in the USA.

Current recommendations and novel strategies for sustainable management of soybean sudden death syndrome.

The increase in food production requires reduction of the damage caused by plant pathogens, minimizing the environmental impact of management practices. Soil-borne pathogens are among the most relevant pathogens that affect soybean crop yield. Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by several distinct species of Fusarium, produces significant yield losses in the leading soybean-producing countries in North and South America. Current management strategies for SDS are scarce since there are no highly resistant cultivars and only a few fungicide seed treatments are available. Because of this, innovative approaches for SDS management need to be developed. Here, we summarize recently explored strategies based on plant nutrition, biological control, priming of plant defenses, host-induced gene silencing, and the development of new SDS-resistance cultivars using precision breeding techniques. Finally, sustainable management of SDS should also consider cultural control practices with minimal environmental impact. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Primary metabolism changes triggered in soybean leaves by Fusarium tucumaniae infection.

Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean can be caused by at least four distinct Fusarium species, with F. tucumaniae being the main causal agent in Argentina. The fungus is a soil-borne pathogen that is largely confined to the roots, but damage also reaches aerial part of the plant and interveinal chlorosis and necrosis, followed by premature defoliation can be observed. In this study, two genetically diverse soybean cultivars, one susceptible (NA 4613) and one partially resistant (DM 4670) to SDS infection, were inoculated with F. tucumaniae or kept uninoculated. Leaf samples at 7, 10, 14 and 25 days post-inoculation (dpi) were chosen for analysis. With the aim of detecting early markers that could potentially discriminate the cultivar response to SDS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and biochemical studies were performed. Metabolic analyses show higher levels of several amino acids in the inoculated than in the uninoculated susceptible cultivar starting at 10 dpi. Biochemical studies indicate that pigment contents and Rubisco level were reduced while class III peroxidase activity was increased in the inoculated susceptible plant at 10 dpi. Taken together, our results indicate that the pathogen induced an accumulation of amino acids, a decrease of the photosynthetic activity, and an increase of plant-specific peroxidase activity in the susceptible cultivar before differences of visible foliar symptoms between genotypes could be observed, thus suggesting that metabolic and biochemical approaches may contribute to a rapid characterization of the cultivar response to SDS.

Experimental poisoning by Niedenzuella stannea in cattle and corresponding detection of monofluoroacetate / Intoxicação experimental por Niedenzuella stannea em bovinos e correspondente detecção de monofluoroacetato

In Brazil sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) containing plants are represented by 16 species that belong to three principle genera: Palicourea ( Rubiaceae ), Amorimia ( Malpighiaceae ), and Tanaecium ( Bignoniaceae ). These plants can cause acute cardiac failure often referred to as sudden death syndrome. The objective of this paper was to determine if N. stannea contains MFA and to report the clinical signs and pathology of cattle experimentally poisoned by this plant. MFA was detected in all N. stannea plant parts except mature leaves. Niedenzuella stannea was dosed to cattle at single doses of 15-30g kg-1 bw. Clinical signs and pathology observed were similar to those reported by other MFA-containing plants. Animals showed marked tachycardia, labored breathing, muscle tremors, loss of balance, ataxia, falling, recumbence, pedaling movements, and opisthotonous leading to death in few minutes. Gross lesions included engorgement of the large veins, severe lung edema, and petechiae , ecchymosis and suffusions in the pericardium, epicardium and pleura. Histologically, hydropic vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells of the kidney were observed. Cattle that received daily doses of 4g kg-1 body weight for 24 days showed no clinical signs. In summary, this is the first report that N. stannea contains monofluoroacetate and causes sudden death in cattle.

No Brasil as plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA) são representadas por 16 espécies e pertencem a três principais gêneros: Palicourea ( Rubiaceae ), Amorimia ( Malpighiaceae ) e Tanaecium ( Bignoniaceae ). Estas plantas podem causar falha cardíaca aguda que frequentemente é referida como síndrome da morte súbita. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar se N. stannea contêm MFA e relatar os sinais clínicos e patológicos em bovinos associados à intoxicação experimental por esta planta. Monofluoroacetato foi detectado em todas as partes da N. stannea , exceto em folhas maduras. Niedenzuella stannea foi fornecida a bovinos em doses únicas de 15-30g kg-1 peso vivo. Os sinais clínicos e patológicos observados foram similares aos relatados pelas intoxicações por outras plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato. Os animais apresentaram taquicardia acentuada, respiração profunda, tremores musculares, perda de equilíbrio, ataxia, queda, decúbito, movimentos de pedalagem e opistótono, seguido de morte em poucos minutos. As lesões macroscópicas observadas foram ingurgitamento de grandes vasos, edema pulmonar acentuado, petéquias, equimoses e sufusões no pericárdio, epicárdio e pleura. Histologicamente foi observado degeneração hidrópica vacuolar e necrose de células do epitélio renal. Bovinos que receberam doses diárias de 4g kg-1 peso vivo por 24 dias seguidos não apresentaram sinais clínicos. Este é o primeiro relato que N. stannea contêm MFA e causa morte súbita em bovinos.

Experimental poisoning by Niedenzuella stannea in cattle and corresponding detection of monofluoroacetate

ABSTRACT: In Brazil sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) containing plants are represented by 16 species that belong to three principle genera: Palicourea ( Rubiaceae ), Amorimia ( Malpighiaceae ), and Tanaecium ( Bignoniaceae ). These plants can cause acute cardiac failure often referred to as sudden death syndrome. The objective of this paper was to determine if N. stannea contains MFA and to report the clinical signs and pathology of cattle experimentally poisoned by this plant. MFA was detected in all N. stannea plant parts except mature leaves. Niedenzuella stannea was dosed to cattle at single doses of 15-30g kg-1 bw. Clinical signs and pathology observed were similar to those reported by other MFA-containing plants. Animals showed marked tachycardia, labored breathing, muscle tremors, loss of balance, ataxia, falling, recumbence, pedaling movements, and opisthotonous leading to death in few minutes. Gross lesions included engorgement of the large veins, severe lung edema, and petechiae , ecchymosis and suffusions in the pericardium, epicardium and pleura. Histologically, hydropic vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells of the kidney were observed. Cattle that received daily doses of 4g kg-1 body weight for 24 days showed no clinical signs. In summary, this is the first report that N. stannea contains monofluoroacetate and causes sudden death in cattle.

RESUMO: No Brasil as plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA) são representadas por 16 espécies e pertencem a três principais gêneros: Palicourea ( Rubiaceae ), Amorimia ( Malpighiaceae ) e Tanaecium ( Bignoniaceae ). Estas plantas podem causar falha cardíaca aguda que frequentemente é referida como síndrome da morte súbita. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar se N. stannea contêm MFA e relatar os sinais clínicos e patológicos em bovinos associados à intoxicação experimental por esta planta. Monofluoroacetato foi detectado em todas as partes da N. stannea , exceto em folhas maduras. Niedenzuella stannea foi fornecida a bovinos em doses únicas de 15-30g kg-1 peso vivo. Os sinais clínicos e patológicos observados foram similares aos relatados pelas intoxicações por outras plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato. Os animais apresentaram taquicardia acentuada, respiração profunda, tremores musculares, perda de equilíbrio, ataxia, queda, decúbito, movimentos de pedalagem e opistótono, seguido de morte em poucos minutos. As lesões macroscópicas observadas foram ingurgitamento de grandes vasos, edema pulmonar acentuado, petéquias, equimoses e sufusões no pericárdio, epicárdio e pleura. Histologicamente foi observado degeneração hidrópica vacuolar e necrose de células do epitélio renal. Bovinos que receberam doses diárias de 4g kg-1 peso vivo por 24 dias seguidos não apresentaram sinais clínicos. Este é o primeiro relato que N. stannea contêm MFA e causa morte súbita em bovinos.

Experimental poisoning by Niedenzuella stannea in cattle and corresponding detection of monofluoroacetate / Intoxicação experimental por Niedenzuella stannea em bovinos e correspondente detecção de monofluoroacetato

In Brazil sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) containing plants are represented by 16 species that belong to three principle genera: Palicourea ( Rubiaceae ), Amorimia ( Malpighiaceae ), and Tanaecium ( Bignoniaceae ). These plants can cause acute cardiac failure often referred to as sudden death syndrome. The objective of this paper was to determine if N. stannea contains MFA and to report the clinical signs and pathology of cattle experimentally poisoned by this plant. MFA was detected in all N. stannea plant parts except mature leaves. Niedenzuella stannea was dosed to cattle at single doses of 15-30g kg-1 bw. Clinical signs and pathology observed were similar to those reported by other MFA-containing plants. Animals showed marked tachycardia, labored breathing, muscle tremors, loss of balance, ataxia, falling, recumbence, pedaling movements, and opisthotonous leading to death in few minutes. Gross lesions included engorgement of the large veins, severe lung edema, and petechiae , ecchymosis and suffusions in the pericardium, epicardium and pleura. Histologically, hydropic vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells of the kidney were observed. Cattle that received daily doses of 4g kg-1 body weight for 24 days showed no clinical signs. In summary, this is the first report that N. stannea contains monofluoroacetate and causes sudden death in cattle. (AU)

No Brasil as plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA) são representadas por 16 espécies e pertencem a três principais gêneros: Palicourea ( Rubiaceae ), Amorimia ( Malpighiaceae ) e Tanaecium ( Bignoniaceae ). Estas plantas podem causar falha cardíaca aguda que frequentemente é referida como síndrome da morte súbita. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar se N. stannea contêm MFA e relatar os sinais clínicos e patológicos em bovinos associados à intoxicação experimental por esta planta. Monofluoroacetato foi detectado em todas as partes da N. stannea , exceto em folhas maduras. Niedenzuella stannea foi fornecida a bovinos em doses únicas de 15-30g kg-1 peso vivo. Os sinais clínicos e patológicos observados foram similares aos relatados pelas intoxicações por outras plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato. Os animais apresentaram taquicardia acentuada, respiração profunda, tremores musculares, perda de equilíbrio, ataxia, queda, decúbito, movimentos de pedalagem e opistótono, seguido de morte em poucos minutos. As lesões macroscópicas observadas foram ingurgitamento de grandes vasos, edema pulmonar acentuado, petéquias, equimoses e sufusões no pericárdio, epicárdio e pleura. Histologicamente foi observado degeneração hidrópica vacuolar e necrose de células do epitélio renal. Bovinos que receberam doses diárias de 4g kg-1 peso vivo por 24 dias seguidos não apresentaram sinais clínicos. Este é o primeiro relato que N. stannea contêm MFA e causa morte súbita em bovinos. (AU)

Experimental poisoning by Niedenzuella stannea in cattle and corresponding detection of monofluoroacetate

ABSTRACT: In Brazil sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) containing plants are represented by 16 species that belong to three principle genera: Palicourea ( Rubiaceae ), Amorimia ( Malpighiaceae ), and Tanaecium ( Bignoniaceae ). These plants can cause acute cardiac failure often referred to as sudden death syndrome. The objective of this paper was to determine if N. stannea contains MFA and to report the clinical signs and pathology of cattle experimentally poisoned by this plant. MFA was detected in all N. stannea plant parts except mature leaves. Niedenzuella stannea was dosed to cattle at single doses of 15-30g kg-1 bw. Clinical signs and pathology observed were similar to those reported by other MFA-containing plants. Animals showed marked tachycardia, labored breathing, muscle tremors, loss of balance, ataxia, falling, recumbence, pedaling movements, and opisthotonous leading to death in few minutes. Gross lesions included engorgement of the large veins, severe lung edema, and petechiae , ecchymosis and suffusions in the pericardium, epicardium and pleura. Histologically, hydropic vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells of the kidney were observed. Cattle that received daily doses of 4g kg-1 body weight for 24 days showed no clinical signs. In summary, this is the first report that N. stannea contains monofluoroacetate and causes sudden death in cattle.

RESUMO: No Brasil as plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA) são representadas por 16 espécies e pertencem a três principais gêneros: Palicourea ( Rubiaceae ), Amorimia ( Malpighiaceae ) e Tanaecium ( Bignoniaceae ). Estas plantas podem causar falha cardíaca aguda que frequentemente é referida como síndrome da morte súbita. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar se N. stannea contêm MFA e relatar os sinais clínicos e patológicos em bovinos associados à intoxicação experimental por esta planta. Monofluoroacetato foi detectado em todas as partes da N. stannea , exceto em folhas maduras. Niedenzuella stannea foi fornecida a bovinos em doses únicas de 15-30g kg-1 peso vivo. Os sinais clínicos e patológicos observados foram similares aos relatados pelas intoxicações por outras plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato. Os animais apresentaram taquicardia acentuada, respiração profunda, tremores musculares, perda de equilíbrio, ataxia, queda, decúbito, movimentos de pedalagem e opistótono, seguido de morte em poucos minutos. As lesões macroscópicas observadas foram ingurgitamento de grandes vasos, edema pulmonar acentuado, petéquias, equimoses e sufusões no pericárdio, epicárdio e pleura. Histologicamente foi observado degeneração hidrópica vacuolar e necrose de células do epitélio renal. Bovinos que receberam doses diárias de 4g kg-1 peso vivo por 24 dias seguidos não apresentaram sinais clínicos. Este é o primeiro relato que N. stannea contêm MFA e causa morte súbita em bovinos.

Metabolic profiles of soybean roots during early stages of Fusarium tucumaniae infection.

Soybean germplasm exhibits various levels of resistance to Fusarium tucumaniae, the main causal agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean in Argentina. In this study, two soybean genotypes, one susceptible (NA 4613) and one partially resistant (DM 4670) to SDS infection, were inoculated with F. tucumaniae. Disease symptoms were scored at 7, 10, 14, and 25 days post-inoculation (dpi). The greatest difference in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values among genotypes was observed at 25 dpi. In order to detect early metabolic markers that could potentially discriminate between susceptible and resistant genotypes, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of root samples were performed. These analyses show higher levels of several amino acids and the polyamine cadaverine in the inoculated than in the uninoculated susceptible cultivar at 7 dpi. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the metabolic profile of roots harvested at the earliest time points from the inoculated susceptible genotype was clearly differentiated from the rest of the samples. Furthermore, variables associated with the first principal component were mainly amino acids. Taken together, the results indicate that the pathogen induced the susceptible plant to accumulate amino acids in roots at early time points after infection, suggesting that GC-MS-based metabolomics could be used for the rapid characterization of cultivar response to SDS.

Detection of toxic monofluoroacetate in Palicourea species.

Numerous plant species worldwide including some Palicourea (Rubiaceae), Tanaecium (Bignoniaceae), and Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) species in Brazil cause sudden death and are known to contain monofluoroacetate (MFA). Two species of Palicourea, Palicourea aenofusca and Palicourea marcgravii, cause sudden death and are reported to contain MFA while other Palicourea species are reported to cause sudden death in livestock and are suspected to contain MFA due to the similarity in clinical signs. Using an HPLC-APCI-MS method to detect MFA, herbarium specimens representing 46 Palicourea taxa were screened for the presence of MFA. Additionally we screened five Psychotria taxa that are closely related to Palicourea species. Ten species of Palicourea were identified that contained MFA, two previously reported and eight newly reported here; these are closely related to each other, though some other related species did not contain MFA.

Incidência de Doenças Metabólicas em Frangos de Corte no Sul do Brasil e Uso do Perfil Bioquímico Sanguíneo para o seu Estudo

This work was performed in broiler farms located in the Paraná State (southern Brazil). 450 farms with a total population of 4,5 millions was considered during 6 months, registering total mortality and deaths compatible to be caused by ascitic syndrome and sudden death syndrome in broilers between 1 and 7 weeks of age. Total mortality was 4,8% from which 12,9% was registered as caused by ascitic syndrome and 26,4% by sudden death syndrome. Mortality peaks occured at 5th and 6th weeks of age, respectively for ascitic syndrome and sudden death syndrome. The latter value could include no specific syndrome of sudden death due to caloric stress. The profile values of dead animals showed that sudden death syndrome is characterized by hyperproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, increments of uric acid, phosphorus and magnesium levels. The profile also reveals a hypovolemic shock, metabolic acidosis and disturbance in the lipid metabolism. The biochemical profile of animals dead by ascitis syndrome showed depression of energetic metabolism, evidenced by a decrease in the levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, hypoproteinemia and hypocalcemia.

Esse trabalho foi realizado em granjas de frangos de corte localizadas no estado do Paraná (sul do Brasil). Foram consideradas 450 granjas, perfazendo uma população total de 4,5 milhões de frangos em um período de 6 meses, durante o qual foram registradas a mortalidade total e as mortes devidas a síndromes metabólicas relacionadas com síndrome ascítica e síndrome de morte súbita, entre a 1ª e a 7ª semana de vida. A mortalidade total foi de 4,8%. Desse total, 12,9% foram registrados como mortos compatíveis com síndrome ascítica e 26,4% compatíveis com síndrome de morte súbita. O pico de mortalidade esteve na 5ª semana de idade para a síndrome ascítica e na 6ª semana para a síndrome de morte súbita. Discute-se que a síndrome de morte súbita pode estar incluindo morte súbita por stress calórico. Os perfis bioquímicos do soro sangüíneo mostraram que aves acometidas por sinais compatíveis com síndrome de morte súbita se caracterizaram por hiperproteinemia, hiperlipidemia, aumentos de ácido úrico, fósforo e magnésio. Nesse caso, o perfil revelou também um choque hipovolémico, além de acidose metabólica e distúrbios no metabolismo dos lipídios. O perfil dos frangos acometidos por sinais compatíveis com síndrome ascítica mostrou depressão do metabolismo energético, evidenciado por diminuição dos níveis de glicose, colesterol e triglicerídeos, além de hipoproteinemia e hipocalcemia.

Incidência de Doenças Metabólicas em Frangos de Corte no Sul do Brasil e Uso do Perfil Bioquímico Sanguíneo para o seu Estudo

This work was performed in broiler farms located in the Paraná State (southern Brazil). 450 farms with a total population of 4,5 millions was considered during 6 months, registering total mortality and deaths compatible to be caused by ascitic syndrome and sudden death syndrome in broilers between 1 and 7 weeks of age. Total mortality was 4,8% from which 12,9% was registered as caused by ascitic syndrome and 26,4% by sudden death syndrome. Mortality peaks occured at 5th and 6th weeks of age, respectively for ascitic syndrome and sudden death syndrome. The latter value could include no specific syndrome of sudden death due to caloric stress. The profile values of dead animals showed that sudden death syndrome is characterized by hyperproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, increments of uric acid, phosphorus and magnesium levels. The profile also reveals a hypovolemic shock, metabolic acidosis and disturbance in the lipid metabolism. The biochemical profile of animals dead by ascitis syndrome showed depression of energetic metabolism, evidenced by a decrease in the levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, hypoproteinemia and hypocalcemia.

Esse trabalho foi realizado em granjas de frangos de corte localizadas no estado do Paraná (sul do Brasil). Foram consideradas 450 granjas, perfazendo uma população total de 4,5 milhões de frangos em um período de 6 meses, durante o qual foram registradas a mortalidade total e as mortes devidas a síndromes metabólicas relacionadas com síndrome ascítica e síndrome de morte súbita, entre a 1ª e a 7ª semana de vida. A mortalidade total foi de 4,8%. Desse total, 12,9% foram registrados como mortos compatíveis com síndrome ascítica e 26,4% compatíveis com síndrome de morte súbita. O pico de mortalidade esteve na 5ª semana de idade para a síndrome ascítica e na 6ª semana para a síndrome de morte súbita. Discute-se que a síndrome de morte súbita pode estar incluindo morte súbita por stress calórico. Os perfis bioquímicos do soro sangüíneo mostraram que aves acometidas por sinais compatíveis com síndrome de morte súbita se caracterizaram por hiperproteinemia, hiperlipidemia, aumentos de ácido úrico, fósforo e magnésio. Nesse caso, o perfil revelou também um choque hipovolémico, além de acidose metabólica e distúrbios no metabolismo dos lipídios. O perfil dos frangos acometidos por sinais compatíveis com síndrome ascítica mostrou depressão do metabolismo energético, evidenciado por diminuição dos níveis de glicose, colesterol e triglicerídeos, além de hipoproteinemia e hipocalcemia.