Síndrome antifosfolípido (SAF): diferencias clínicas e inmunoserológicas entre SAF primario y secundario en una cohorte colombiana / Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): Clinical and immunoserological differences between primary and secondary APS in a Colombian cohort

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome antifosfolípido (SAF) es una enfermedad autoinmune sistémica, caracterizada por trombosis recurrente, que puede afectar la circulación arterial y venosa. Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias inmunológicas y farmacológicas, así como los desenlaces clínicos de una cohorte de pacientes con SAF primario y secundario. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó 352 pacientes con diagnóstico de SAF atendidos entre los arios 2014 y 2018. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas e inmunológicas y se realizó un análisis univariado y un análisis bivariado mediante la prueba chi-cuadrado para determinar diferencias entre los pacientes con SAF primario y SAF secundario. Finalmente, se hizo un análisis multivariado para buscar asociaciones con los desenlaces clínicos trombóticos en los pacientes con SAF. Resultados: La edad promedio de la población fue de 42,4 ± 14 años; el 84,6% correspondió a sexo femenino. El 67,6% de los pacientes tenía diagnóstico de SAF primario y un 32,4% de SAF secundario, siendo el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) la enfermedad asociada en un 84%. Dentro de los eventos trombóticos, el más frecuente fue la trombosis venosa profunda (17,3%), seguida por el ataque cerebrovascular (9,9%). En los eventos obstétricos existió una prevalencia del 39,4% para abortos. No se encontraron diferencias en el perfil sociodemográfico ni en el perfil inmunoserológico entre los pacientes con diagnóstico de SAF primario y aquellos con SAF secundario. Los eventos trombóticos tuvieron mayor frecuencia en el grupo de SAF primario, pero solo la tromboembolia pulmonar alcanzó significación estadís tica. Eventos obstétricos como los abortos no fueron diferentes entre ambos grupos. Dentro de los factores asociados a los eventos trombóticos, se encontró que el sexo femenino tiene una probabilidad 5 veces mayor de accidente cerebrovascular y 3 veces mayor de trombosis venosa profunda. Los anti- β2GPI tipo IgM aumentaron alrededor de 3 veces la probabilidad de presentar abortos en mujeres con SAF. Conclusión: Se presenta una de las cohortes colombianas más grandes de pacientes con SAF reportadas hasta el momento en la literatura. La población es comparable clínica y sociodemográficamente con lo encontrado en otros estudios, aunque la prevalencia de SAF primario fue mayor y las complicaciones trombóticas fueron menores. La tromboembolia pulmonar fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de SAF primario.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease charac terized by recurrent thrombosis that can affect the arterial and venous circulation. Objective: To analyze the immunological and pharmacological differences, as well as the clinical outcomes of a cohort of patients with primary APS and secondary APS. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted that included 352 records of patients diagnosed with APS and treated between 2014 and 2018. A description is pre sented of the sociodemographic, clinical, and immunological profile of the population. A bivariate analysis performed using the chi-squared test to determine differences between groups with primary APS and secondary APS, and finally a multivariate analysis to search for associations with thrombotic clinical outcomes in patients with APS. Results: The mean age was 42.4 ± 14 years, and 84.6% were females. Two-thirds (67.6%) of the patients had a diagnosis of primary APS, and 32.4% of secondary APS, of which 84% were associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Among the thrombotic events, the most frequent were deep vein thrombosis (17.3%) and stroke (9.9%). Obstetric events were frequent, with a prevalence of 39.4% for miscarriages. No differences were found in the sociodemographic or immunoserological profile when comparing the group of primary vs. secondary APS. Thrombotic events were more frequent in the primary APS group, although only pulmonary embolism reached statistical significance. There were no differences bet ween the two groups as regards obstetric events, such as miscarriages. Women were found to be 5 times more likely to have a stroke and 3 times more to have deep vein thrombosis. The anti-β2GPI type IgM increased the probability of presenting miscarriages about 3 times in women with APS. Conclusion: The study contains one of the largest Colombian cohorts with APS reported so far, and although it is both clinically and sociodemographically similar to other cohorts, there is a higher prevalence of primary APS. There was a lower frequency of thrombotic complications compared to other cohorts. Patients with primary APS had a tendency to develop thrombosis, as has already been reported in the literature.

Livedo Racemosa: Clinical, Laboratory, and Histopathological Findings in 33 Patients.

Livedo racemosa is a cutaneous finding characterized by a persistent, erythematous, or violaceous discoloration of the skin, in a broken, branched, discontinuous, and irregular pattern. A retrospective review of 33 cases with clinical diagnosis of livedo racemosa over the past 6 years was evaluated in the dermatology department of a tertiary care hospital. We found predominance in Caucasian women (78.8%); age ranged from 8 to 81 years, with a mean age of 36 years. Livedo racemosa was described as generalized in 12 patients (36.4%), although the main localization was on lower limbs (42%). After laboratory testing and histopathological examinations, 12 patients (36.4%) were classified with idiopathic livedo racemosa; secondary diseases were diagnosis in 21 patients (63.6%), including Sneddon's syndrome, cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythematosus, and others. Medical history of thrombotic events was described in 8 (24.2%) patients, and also 8 (24.2%) patients had abnormal results for 2 or more thrombophilia laboratory tests. Skin biopsy showed no histological abnormalities in 11 cases (33.3%), thrombosis of dermal blood vessels in 10 (30.3%), intimal/subintimal thickening in 7 (21.2%), and vasculitis in 5 (15.2%). In conclusion, livedo racemosa is a clinical feature that might be correlated to vascular disorders, such as thrombotic and/or hypercoagulable states, autoimmune diseases, and neoplastic diseases, or it can be secondary to specific medications. It is essential to establish a correct approach in cases of livedo racemosa, which includes anamnesis, physical examination, laboratory test, histological examination, and complementary examination according to clinical findings, in order to diagnosis underlying causes.

Disease activity and thromboembolic events in women with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without anti-phospholipid syndrome: users of the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system.

PURPOSE: The disease status and thromboembolic events in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with and without anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), were evaluated before and after placement of the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study, with review of medical records of SLE women, who received an LNG-IUS placement between January 2007 and December 2016, carried out at the University of Campinas Medical School, Brazil. The outcomes included the disease activity (SLEDAI-2K) and damage index scores (SLICC/ACR-DI) presented for each year of device use, as well as venous/arterial thrombotic events, insertion up to a median of 5 years. The author's used χ2, Fisher's exact and the Mann-Whitney tests for analysis and generalized estimating equations for score comparison. RESULTS: The study evaluated 46 women with SLE, 18 with and 28 without APS; the mean age (± standard deviation [SD]) was 31.8 (SD ± 8.3) years old. The length of follow-up after LNG-IUS placement was 5.6 (SD ± 2.7) and 4.1 (SD ± 2.3) years for the groups with and without APS, respectively. Comparison of the groups found that the SLEDAI and SLICC mean scores were low for both at baseline, without variations through the follow-up. After LNG-IUS placement, two women presented three thrombotic arterial events, and one of them died from causes unrelated to LNG-IUS use. CONCLUSIONS: Our results, although restricted, provide information to policymakers and health professionals that the use of a 52 mg LNG-IUS over a 5-year median did not increase disease activity or damage index scores among women with SLE, with and without APS.

Uso del factor VII activado recombinante como agente hemostático en trastornos hemorrágicos / Use of recombinant-activated factor VIIa as a hemostatic agent in hemorrhagic disorders

La eficacia del tratamiento con factor VII activado recombinante (FVIIar) durante episodios hemorrágicos en pacientes hemofílicos con inhibidores y el conocimiento de su mecanismo de acción, determiná que en los últimos años se ampliara rápidamente su uso en pacientes con hemorragia de diversas causas no controladas con la terapéutica habitual; entre otras, defectos congénitos de la coagulación, trastornos plaquetarios, hepatopatías, cirugía, hemorragia intracraneal, sangramientos digestivos. Aunque un grupo importante de estas comunicaciones se han realizado en forma de casos reportados y serie de casos, se considera que los resultados obtenidos son importantes y que la administración de FVIIar es una alternativa en pacientes con hemorragia grave no controlada. A pesar de su potente acción procoagulante, el riesgo de complicaciones tromboembólicas es bajo y esté relacionado en un grupo importante de pacientes con la presencia de otros factores protrombóticos. En la actualidad se considera que el FVIIar esta indicado en aquellos pacientes con hemorragia masiva que no responden a la terapia con componentes sanguíneos ni a medidas quirúrgicas apropiadas(AU)

Effectiveness of the treatment with recombinant activated factor VII (raVII) during the hemorrhagic episodes in hemophilic patients using inhibitions and the knowledge of its action mechanism determined that in pas years its use will be expanded in patients with hemorrhage from non-controlled diverse causes using the usual therapeutics among other, congenital coagulation defects, platelet disorders, liver diseases, surgery, intracranial hemorrhage, digestive bleedings. Although a significant group of these communications have been carried out in reported cases and in cases series, it is considered that the results obtained are important and that the administration of raVII is an alternative in patients presenting with non-controlled severe hemorrhage. Despite its potent pro-coagulant action, thromboembolism complications risk is low and it is related to a significant group of patients with other prothrombotic factors. Nowadays, it is considered that raVII is prescribed in those patients with massive hemorrhage without response either to therapy using blood components or appropriate surgical measures(AU)

Uso del factor VII activado recombinante como agente hemostático en trastornos hemorrágicos / Use of recombinant-activated factor VIIa as a hemostatic agent in hemorrhagic disorders

La eficacia del tratamiento con factor VII activado recombinante (FVIIar) durante episodios hemorrágicos en pacientes hemofílicos con inhibidores y el conocimiento de su mecanismo de acción, determiná que en los últimos años se ampliara rápidamente su uso en pacientes con hemorragia de diversas causas no controladas con la terapéutica habitual; entre otras, defectos congénitos de la coagulación, trastornos plaquetarios, hepatopatías, cirugía, hemorragia intracraneal, sangramientos digestivos. Aunque un grupo importante de estas comunicaciones se han realizado en forma de casos reportados y serie de casos, se considera que los resultados obtenidos son importantes y que la administración de FVIIar es una alternativa en pacientes con hemorragia grave no controlada. A pesar de su potente acción procoagulante, el riesgo de complicaciones tromboembólicas es bajo y esté relacionado en un grupo importante de pacientes con la presencia de otros factores protrombóticos. En la actualidad se considera que el FVIIar esta indicado en aquellos pacientes con hemorragia masiva que no responden a la terapia con componentes sanguíneos ni a medidas quirúrgicas apropiadas

Effectiveness of the treatment with recombinant activated factor VII (raVII) during the hemorrhagic episodes in hemophilic patients using inhibitions and the knowledge of its action mechanism determined that in pas years its use will be expanded in patients with hemorrhage from non-controlled diverse causes using the usual therapeutics among other, congenital coagulation defects, platelet disorders, liver diseases, surgery, intracranial hemorrhage, digestive bleedings. Although a significant group of these communications have been carried out in reported cases and in cases series, it is considered that the results obtained are important and that the administration of raVII is an alternative in patients presenting with non-controlled severe hemorrhage. Despite its potent pro-coagulant action, thromboembolism complications risk is low and it is related to a significant group of patients with other prothrombotic factors. Nowadays, it is considered that raVII is prescribed in those patients with massive hemorrhage without response either to therapy using blood components or appropriate surgical measures