ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Soil decompaction is an alternative for soybean cultivation in rice areas, but it can affect the growth of irrigated rice in rotation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of soil deep tillage performed before soybean cultivation on rice irrigation water, grain yield, and operational parameters of rice sowing carried out in the following crop season. Soil scarification was implemented in September 2017, prior to soybean crop season in the 2017/18 crop, and the rice experiment was conducted in the 2018/19 season. Treatments were: soil with scarification and soil without scarification. Deep tillage decreased soil density and increased macroporosity, microporosity, and total porosity. Rice cultivation decreased macroporosity and increased microporosity. Soil scarification management had no influence on operational parameters in rice sowing. Soil with scarification required 5.3% more water for rice irrigation than soil without deep tillage. In conclusion, soildeep tillage before the cultivation of soybean crop has effects on rice in thefollowing crop season, maintaining greater soil porosity in relation to the non-deep tillage area and increasing the amount of water needed for irrigation of rice cultivated in the sequence. Deep tillage did not affect sowing operational parameters and rice grain yield.
RESUMO: A descompactação do solo é uma alternativa para o cultivo da soja em áreas de arroz, mas pode afetar o desenvolvimento do arroz irrigado em rotação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito remanescente da escarificação do solo realizada antes do cultivo da soja, sobre o uso da água de irrigação, o rendimento de grãos e parâmetros operacionais da semeadura do arroz, realizada na safra seguinte. A escarificação do solo foi feita no mês de setembro de 2017, anteriormente à soja na safra 2017/18 e o experimento de arroz foi conduzido na safra 2018/19. Os tratamentos foram:escarificação e não escarificação do solo. A escarificação aumentou a macroporosidade, a microporosidade e a porosidade total e diminuiu a densidade do solo. O cultivo do arroz reduziu a macroporosidade e aumentou a microporosidade. Não se observou influência do manejo de escarificação do solo sobre os parâmetros operacionais na semeadura do arroz. O solo escarificado necessitou 5,3 % a mais de água para irrigação do arroz, em relação ao solo não escarificado. Conclui-se que a escarificação do solo antes do cultivo da cultura da soja tem efeito remanescente em arroz na safra seguinte, mantendo maior porosidade do solo em relação à área não escarificada e elevando a quantidade de água necessária para irrigação do arroz cultivado na sequência. Não se verificou interferência da escarificação em parâmetros operacionais da semeadura e sobre o rendimento de grãos do arroz.
ABSTRACT
Soil decompaction is an alternative for soybean cultivation in rice areas, but it can affect the growth of irrigated rice in rotation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of soil deep tillage performed before soybean cultivation on rice irrigation water, grain yield, and operational parameters of rice sowing carried out in the following crop season. Soil scarification was implemented in September 2017, prior to soybean crop season in the 2017/18 crop, and the rice experiment was conducted in the 2018/19 season. Treatments were: soil with scarification and soil without scarification. Deep tillage decreased soil density and increased macroporosity, microporosity, and total porosity. Rice cultivation decreased macroporosity and increased microporosity. Soil scarification management had no influence on operational parameters in rice sowing. Soil with scarification required 5.3% more water for rice irrigation than soil without deep tillage. In conclusion, soildeep tillage before the cultivation of soybean crop has effects on rice in thefollowing crop season, maintaining greater soil porosity in relation to the non-deep tillage area and increasing the amount of water needed for irrigation of rice cultivated in the sequence. Deep tillage did not affect sowing operational parameters and rice grain yield.
A descompactação do solo é uma alternativa para o cultivo da soja em áreas de arroz, mas pode afetar o desenvolvimento do arroz irrigado em rotação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito remanescente da escarificação do solo realizada antes do cultivo da soja, sobre o uso da água de irrigação, o rendimento de grãos e parâmetros operacionais da semeadura do arroz, realizada na safra seguinte. A escarificação do solo foi feita no mês de setembro de 2017, anteriormente à soja na safra 2017/18 e o experimento de arroz foi conduzido na safra 2018/19. Os tratamentos foram:escarificação e não escarificação do solo. A escarificação aumentou a macroporosidade, a microporosidade e a porosidade total e diminuiu a densidade do solo. O cultivo do arroz reduziu a macroporosidade e aumentou a microporosidade. Não se observou influência do manejo de escarificação do solo sobre os parâmetros operacionais na semeadura do arroz. O solo escarificado necessitou 5,3 % a mais de água para irrigação do arroz, em relação ao solo não escarificado. Conclui-se que a escarificação do solo antes do cultivo da cultura da soja tem efeito remanescente em arroz na safra seguinte, mantendo maior porosidade do solo em relação à área não escarificada e elevando a quantidade de água necessária para irrigação do arroz cultivado na sequência. Não se verificou interferência da escarificação em parâmetros operacionais da semeadura e sobre o rendimento de grãos do arroz.
Subject(s)
Oryza , Rotation , Soil , Glycine max , PorosityABSTRACT
Mechanisms whereby fibrillin-1 mutations determine thoracic aorta aneurysms/dissections (TAAD) in Marfan Syndrome (MFS) are unclear. Most aortic aneurysms evolve from mechanosignaling deregulation, converging to impaired vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) force-generating capacity accompanied by synthetic phenotype switch. However, little is known on VSMC mechanoresponses in MFS pathophysiology. Here, we investigated traction force-generating capacity in aortic VSMC cultured from 3-month old mg∆lpn MFS mice, together with morpho-functional and proteomic data. Cultured MFS-VSMC depicted marked phenotype changes vs. wild-type (WT) VSMC, with overexpressed cell proliferation markers but either lower (calponin-1) or higher (SM alpha-actin and SM22) differentiation marker expression. In parallel, the increased cell area and its complex non-fusiform shape suggested possible transition towards a mesenchymal-like phenotype, confirmed through several markers (e.g. N-cadherin, Slug). MFS-VSMC proteomic profile diverged from that of WT-VSMC particularly regarding lower expression of actin cytoskeleton-regulatory proteins. Accordingly, MFS-VSMC displayed lower traction force-generating capacity and impaired contractile moment at physiological substrate stiffness, and markedly attenuated traction force responses to enhanced substrate rigidity. Such impaired mechanoresponses correlated with decreased number, altered morphology and delocalization of focal adhesions, as well as disorganized actin stress fiber network vs. WT-VSMC. In VSMC cultured from 6-month-old mice, phenotype changes were attenuated and both WT-VSMC and MFS-VSMC generated less traction force, presumably involving VSMC aging, but without evident senescence. In summary, MFS-VSMC display impaired force-generating capacity accompanying a mesenchymal-like phenotype switch connected to impaired cytoskeleton/focal adhesion organization. Thus, MFS-associated TAAD involves mechanoresponse impairment common to other TAAD types, but through distinct mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Marfan Syndrome/pathology , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology , Actins/metabolism , Animals , Aorta/metabolism , Aorta/pathology , Aortic Aneurysm/metabolism , Aortic Aneurysm/pathology , Biomarkers/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cell Proliferation/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Cytoskeleton/metabolism , Cytoskeleton/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Fibrillin-1/metabolism , Focal Adhesions/metabolism , Focal Adhesions/pathology , Male , Marfan Syndrome/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism , Phenotype , Proteomics/methodsABSTRACT
Macrophages become polarized by cues in their environment and this polarization causes a functional change in their behavior. Two main subsets of polarized macrophages have been described. M1, or "classically activated" macrophages, are pro-inflammatory and M2, or "alternatively activated" macrophages, are anti-inflammatory. In this study, we investigated the motility and force generation of primary human macrophages polarized down the M1 and M2 pathways using chemokinesis assays and traction force microscopy on polyacrylamide gels. We found that M1 macrophages are significantly less motile and M2 macrophages are significantly more motile than unactivated M0 macrophages. We also showed that M1 macrophages generate significantly less force than M0 or M2 macrophages. We further found that M0 and M2, but not M1, macrophage force generation is dependent on ROCK signaling, as identified using the chemical inhibitor Y27632. Finally, using the chemical inhibitor blebbistatin, we found that myosin contraction is required for force generation by M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. This study represents the first investigation of the changes in the mechanical motility mechanisms used by macrophages after polarization.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: One of the fundamental structural elements of the cell is the cytoskeleton. Along with myosin, actin microfilaments are responsible for cellular contractions, and their organization may be related to pathological changes in myocardial tissue. Due to the complexity of factors involved, numerical modeling of the cytoskeleton has the potential to contribute to a better understanding of mechanical cues in cellular activities. In this work, a systematic method was developed for the reconstruction of an actomyosin topology based on the displacement exerted by the cell on a flexible substrate. It is an inverse problem which could be considered a phenomenological approach to traction force microscopy (TFM). Methods An actomyosin distribution was found with a topology optimization method (TOM), varying the material density and angle of contraction of each element of the actomyosin domain. The routine was implemented with a linear material model for the bidimensional actomyosin elements and tridimensional substrate. The topology generated minimizes the nodal displacement squared differences between the generated topology and experimental displacement fields obtained by TFM. The structure resulting from TOM was compared to the actin structures observed experimentally with a GFP-attached actin marker. Results The optimized topology reproduced the main features of the experimental actin and its squared displacement differences were 11.24 µm2, 27.5% of the sum of experimental squared nodal displacements (40.87 µm2). Conclusion This approach extends the literature with a model for the actomyosin structure capable of distributing anisotropic material freely, allowing heterogeneous contraction over the cell extension.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar teorias, utilizadas especialmente para simular situações reais de campo, contrastada por dados empíricos obtidos em condições reais de trabalho agrícola mecanizado em solo de textura argilosa com os resultados obtidos em trabalhos semelhantes realizados em outros países. Avaliou-se as demandas de tração de diferentes combinações entre velocidade e profundidade de trabalho de um escarificador. Buscou-se a representação gráfica da demanda requerida de força de tração e patinagem através da utilização do software Predição versão 1.0, contrastadas com resultados obtidos pela aplicação das teorias de predição Cn, Bn e Mn. As teorias preditivas Cn, Bn e Mn apresentam correlação boa com os valores experimentais, no entanto, existe uma superestimativa por parte das teorias comparadas aos valores medidos experimentalmente, para força de tração e patinagem, causando um dimensionamento do trator inadequado.
The objective of this research was studied theories used specially to simulate real field situations contrasted by empiric data obtained in real real working conditions in mechanized agricultural clay soil with the results obtained in similar studies conducted in other countries. We tried to the graphical representation of the demand required traction force and slippage through the use of Prediction software version 1.0, contrasted with results obtained by applying the theories of prediction Cn, Bn and Mn. Predictive theories Cn, Bn and Mn have good correlation with experimental values, however, there is an overestimation by the theory compared to the values measured experimentally, for traction force and slippage, causing a tractor design inadequate.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research was studied theories used specially to simulate real field situations contrasted by empiric data obtained in real real working conditions in mechanized agricultural clay soil with the results obtained in similar studies conducted in other countries. We tried to the graphical representation of the demand required traction force and slippage through the use of Prediction software version 1.0, contrasted with results obtained by applying the theories of prediction Cn, Bn and Mn. Predictive theories Cn, Bn and Mn have good correlation with experimental values, however, there is an overestimation by the theory compared to the values measured experimentally, for traction force and slippage, causing a tractor design inadequate.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar teorias, utilizadas especialmente para simular situações reais de campo, contrastada por dados empíricos obtidos em condições reais de trabalho agrícola mecanizado em solo de textura argilosa com os resultados obtidos em trabalhos semelhantes realizados em outros países. Avaliou-se as demandas de tração de diferentes combinações entre velocidade e profundidade de trabalho de um escarificador. Buscou-se a representação gráfica da demanda requerida de força de tração e patinagem através da utilização do software Predição versão 1.0, contrastadas com resultados obtidos pela aplicação das teorias de predição Cn, Bn e Mn. As teorias preditivas Cn, Bn e Mn apresentam correlação boa com os valores experimentais, no entanto, existe uma superestimativa por parte das teorias comparadas aos valores medidos experimentalmente, para força de tração e patinagem, causando um dimensionamento do trator inadequado.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research was studied theories used specially to simulate real field situations contrasted by empiric data obtained in real real working conditions in mechanized agricultural clay soil with the results obtained in similar studies conducted in other countries. We tried to the graphical representation of the demand required traction force and slippage through the use of Prediction software version 1.0, contrasted with results obtained by applying the theories of prediction Cn, Bn and Mn. Predictive theories Cn, Bn and Mn have good correlation with experimental values, however, there is an overestimation by the theory compared to the values measured experimentally, for traction force and slippage, causing a tractor design inadequate.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar teorias, utilizadas especialmente para simular situações reais de campo, contrastada por dados empíricos obtidos em condições reais de trabalho agrícola mecanizado em solo de textura argilosa com os resultados obtidos em trabalhos semelhantes realizados em outros países. Avaliou-se as demandas de tração de diferentes combinações entre velocidade e profundidade de trabalho de um escarificador. Buscou-se a representação gráfica da demanda requerida de força de tração e patinagem através da utilização do software Predição versão 1.0, contrastadas com resultados obtidos pela aplicação das teorias de predição Cn, Bn e Mn. As teorias preditivas Cn, Bn e Mn apresentam correlação boa com os valores experimentais, no entanto, existe uma superestimativa por parte das teorias comparadas aos valores medidos experimentalmente, para força de tração e patinagem, causando um dimensionamento do trator inadequado.