Histomorphological, Histochemical and Ultrastructural Studies on the Healthy Liver of Yemen Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) in Southern Saudi Arabia / Estudios Histomorfológicos, Histoquímicos y Ultraestructurales en el Hígado Sano del Camaleón Velado de Yemen (Chamaeleo calyptratus) en el Sur de Arabia Saudita

SUMMARY: The livers of reptiles are being studied as a model for the link between the environment and hepatic tissue. There have been few investigations on the histology of reptile livers, and very few or no studies have examined the histology of liver of veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). This paper describes the histomorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the liver of veiled chameleons in southern Saudi Arabia. Seven Chamaeleo calyptratus were captured in the summer season in Abha City, Aseer region, southern Saudi Arabia. Chamaeleon liver samples were processed for histomorphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure analyses. Morphologically liver of Chamaeleo calyptratus was observed as a large dark brown organ with lighter speckles, which represent melanin deposits. It located at the ventral part of abdominal cavity forward of the stomach. Its dimensions approximately were 3.7 x 2 cm. The liver was a bilobed organ divided into two lobes, right and left lobes. The right one was bigger than the others. The gallbladder was well developed and had an elongated shape, situated between the two lobes and contained the bile for the digestion. Microscopically, the liver was found to be covered by a thick layer of connective tissue, which formed the hepatic capsule. Hepatic parenchyma probably appeared in cross sections as hepatic glandular-like alveoli "acini" or follicular structures with various diameters, each acinus contains approximately four to six hepatocytes, surrounded by sinusoidal capillaries filled with abundant melanomacrophages, which are absent in birds and mammals. Melanomacrophages are common in the hepatic parenchyma's perisinusoidal areas, particularly near portal spaces. Hepatocytes are polyhedral or pyramidal with and mostly contained large, rounded nuclei mostly peripherally located, with prominent dark oval nucleoli. Some of nuclei are eccentric or central position. The cytoplasm appeared spongy or vacuolated and more eosinophilic when stained by hematoxylin-eosin and strongly reactive to PAS staining technique, indicating abundant glycogen content. The reticular fibers that surround hepatocytes, blood arteries, and sinusoids supported the hepatic parenchyma. The blood sinusoids are seen interspersed among hepatocytes of varying sizes. The sinusoidal lumen was bordered by flattened endothelial cells and includes elliptical nucleated erythrocytes and liver macrophages as phagocytes, which are also known as Kupffer cells. Branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, small bile duct, and lymph vessels were detected in the hepatic portal area "tract" or triad which made up of connective. Hematopoietic tissue was observed in subcapsular region and portal triads. Ultrastructurally, the hepatocyte appeared polyhedric containing a single large rounded basal or eccentric vesicular nucleus with prominent nucleolus. Extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) often arranged in an array parallel to the nuclear membrane with many mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus were described. The cytoplasm contained glycogen granules, vesicles or vacuoles scattered throughout the cytoplasm especially at the apical region were reported. The bile canaliculi and the hepatic "Kupffer" cells were also discussed. This is the first study on the histological characterization of the healthy liver of Yemen veiled chameleon in southern Saudi Arabia. The findings reported here should be used as a reference to compare with the pathological abnormalities of the liver in this animal.

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Urgent call to action: Child rights and the state of child morbidity and mortality in Yemen.

More than 2.3 million children under the age of five in Yemen suffer from acute malnutrition. Approximately 450,000 are expected to suffer from severe acute malnutrition and may die if they do not receive urgent treatment. In this context, without security, stability, and better access for farmers to have the means to resume growing food, children and their families continue to sink deeper and deeper into hunger and malnutrition.

The silence of the lambs: Child morbidity and mortality from malnutrition in Yemen.

More than 2.3 million children under the age of five in Yemen suffer from acute malnutrition. Approximately 450,000 are expected to suffer from severe acute malnutrition and may die if they do not receive urgent treatment. In this context, without security, stability, and better access for farmers to have the means to resume growing food, children and their families continue to sink deeper and deeper into hunger and malnutrition. As a result, malnourished children are more vulnerable to illnesses, including diarrhea, respiratory infections, and malaria, which are a major concern in Yemen. This situation is a vicious and often deadly cycle.

Association of Khat chewing, smoking, age and sex with periodontal status among Yemeni adults / Associação da mastigação de Khat, tabagismo, idade e gênero com a condição periodontal entre adultos iemenitas

Objective: Periodontal diseases are very common dental disease. Many risk factors may play significant role in the periodontal disease initiation and progression. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of khat chewing, smoking, age and gender on periodontal status among Yemeni adults. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1231 patients attending the outpatient dental polyclinics of University of Science and Technology during the academic years 2017/2018. All completed sheets were collected throughout the year by the supervisors. Data cleaning, descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics were then performed. Results: Khat chewers were more frequent than non-chewers counterparts (60.7% vs. 39.3%). The prevalence of smoking was 25.5% (297 patients). Study results indicated that periodontitis is more associated with female gender and participants aged more than 35 years old. Results also showed that female and age older participants aged more than 35 years were significantly associated with gingival recession. Mean number of the teeth with gingival recession in male patients were higher than in females. Male gender and patients aged more than 35 years old were significantly associated with furcation involvement. Conclusion: The present study has shown females gender and age older than 35 seem to be risk factors of periodontal diseases. Males has more teeth affected by gingival recession and more furcation involvement (AU)

Objetivo: As doenças periodontais são patologias dentárias com alta prevalência. Diversos fatores de risco podem desempenhar papel significativo no início e progressão das doenças periodontais. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da mastigação de khat, tabagismo, idade e gênero na condição periodontal de adultos iemenitas. Material e Métodos: Este estudo transversal foi realizado em 1231 pacientes atendidos nas policlínicas odontológicas ambulatoriais da Universidade de Ciência e Tecnologia durante os anos acadêmicos de 2017/2018 através de um questionário para coleta de dados préestabelecido. Todas os questionários preenchidos foram coletados ao longo do ano pelos supervisores. A apuração dos dados, estatística descritiva e estatística inferencial foram realizadas. Resultados: os mastigadores de Khat foram mais frequentes do que as não-mastigadores (60,7% vs. 39,3%). A prevalência de tabagismo foi de 25,5% (297 pacientes). Os resultados do estudo indicaram que a periodontite está mais associada ao gênero feminino e aos participantes com mais de 35 anos de idade. Os resultados também mostraram que participantes do gênero feminino e acima de 35 anos foram significativamente associadas à recessão gengival. O número médio de dentes com recessão gengival em pacientes do gênero masculino foi maior que no feminino. O gênero masculino e os pacientes com mais de 35 anos de idade foram significativamente associados ao envolvimento da furca. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que o gênero feminino e a idade acima de 35 anos parecem ser fatores de risco para doenças periodontais. Pacientes do gênero masculino têm mais dentes afetados pela recessão gengival e mais envolvimento de furca.(AU)

The Reliability of Fishman and Nolla Methods in Prediction of Chronological Age of Yemeni Children / A confiabilidade dos métodos Fishman e Nolla na predição da idade cronológica de crianças iemenitas

Objective: This cross-sectional school based study aimed to assess the reliability of Fishman and Nolla methods in predicting the chronological age for Yemeni children. Material and Methods: Orthopantomographs and left handwrist radiographs were taken for 358 Yemeni children (193 boys and 165 girls) 8 - 16 years. Skeletal age estimated by Fishman method and dental age estimated by Nolla method were compared to chronological age using SPSS version 21, statistical significance was predetermined at P < 0.05 , using Intraclass Correlation CoefficientICC and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: The mean chronological, skeletal and dental ages were 12.00 ± 2.25 years, 12.39 ± 1.65 years and 11.32 ± 2.65 years, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient showed strong correlation between chronological age and skeletal and dental ages. Wilcoxon test showed Fishman method significantly underestimated the chronological age by 0.44 ± 1.26 years in boys and non-significantly underestimated the chronological age by 0.02 ± 1.08 years in girls. Nolla method significantly underestimated the chronological age by 0.59 ± 1.28 years in boys and 0.78 ± 1.21 years in girls. Conclusions: Chronological age of Yemeni children is highly correlated to skeletal age estimated by Fishman method and dental age estimated by Nolla method. However, the two methods underestimate the chronological age of Yemeni children.(AU)

Objetivo: Este estudo transversal de base escolar teve como objetivo avaliar a confiabilidade dos métodos Fishman e Nolla na predição da idade cronológica em crianças iemenitas. Material e Métodos: Foram realizadas ortopantomografias e radiografias do punho esquerdo em 358 crianças iemenitas (193 meninos e 165 meninas) de 8 a 16 anos. A idade esquelética estimada pelo método Fishman e a idade odontológica estimada pelo método Nolla foram comparadas com a idade cronológica pelo, utilizando-se o programa SPSS versão 21; a significância estatística foi predeterminada em P < 0,05, pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasseICC e pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: As idades cronológica, esquelética e odontológica média foram de 12,00 ± 2,25 anos, 12,39 ± 1,65 anos e 11,32 ± 2,65 anos, respectivamente. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse mostrou forte correlação entre idade cronológica e idade esquelética e dentária. O teste de Wilcoxon mostrou que o método Fishman subestimou significativamente a idade cronológica em 0,44 ± 1,26 anos nos meninos e não subestimou significativamente a idade cronológica em 0,02 ± 1,08 anos nas meninas. O método Nolla subestimou significativamente a idade cronológica em 0,59 ± 1,28 anos nos meninos e 0,78 ± 1,21 anos nas meninas. Conclusões: A idade cronológica de crianças iemenitas está altamente correlacionada à idade esquelética estimada pelo método Fishman e à idade dentária estimada pelo método Nolla. No entanto, os dois métodos subestimam a idade cronológica das crianças iemenitas.(AU)

The prevalence of tooth wear among a group of yemeni adults / La prevalencia del desgaste dental entre un grupo de adultos yemeníes

This study aimed at investigating tooth wear prevalence and determining the associated factors among a group of Yemeni adults. It is a preliminary cross-sectional and analytical investigation conducted on 600 participants aged 20­50 years. The participants were purposively selected from two main cities (Sana'a and Aden) with an equal sample size and divided equally by gender. For administering a questionnaire, interviews were conducted with all participants before clinically examining them. Using the Tooth Wear Index (TWI), tooth wear was assessed. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test to identify the relationship between tooth wear and associated factors., Tooth wear was prevalent among 78.67% of the participants; of which 64.83% were in anterior teeth, 63.83% in posterior teeth, 74% in maxillary teeth, and approximately 74.5% in mandibular teeth. It also was 100% prevalent in the 31-40 and 41-50 age groups, while it was 67.2% in the 20-30 age group. This showed that tooth wear prevalence was significantly higher in the two oldest groups than in the youngest group (p<0.001). Moreover, khat chewing, location, highly frequent consumption of foods and high frequency of acidic drinks consumption were critical indicators of tooth wear. Besides, a low education level, smoking and a low socio-economic status were associated with tooth wear. Finally, the study revealed that tooth wear is highly prevalent among adults in two Yemeni cities, and socio-behavioral risk indicators such as khat chewing and cigarette smoking have a significantly association with tooth wear.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la prevalencia del desgaste dental y determinar los factores asociados en un grupo de adultos yemeníes. Es una investigación preliminar analítica y transversal que se lleva a cabo en 600 participantes de entre 20 y 50 años. Los participantes fueron seleccionados a propósito de dos ciudades principales (Sana'a y Aden) con un tamaño de muestra igual y divididos por igual por género. Para administrar un cuestionario, se realizaron entrevistas con todos los participantes antes de examinarlos clínicamente. Usando el Índice de Desgaste Dental, se evaluó el desgaste dental. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la prueba de chi-cuadrado para identificar la relación entre el desgaste dental y los factores asociados. El degaste dental tuvo una prevalencia del 78,67% de los participantes; de los cuales 64.83% en dientes anteriores, 63.83% en dientes posteriores, 74% en dientes maxilares y aproximadamente 74.5% en dientes mandibulares. Fue 100% prevalente en los grupos de edad 31-40 y 41-50, mientras que la prevalencia fue 67.2% en el grupo de edad 20-30. Esto demostró que la prevalencia del desgaste dental fue significativamente mayor en los dos grupos de personas mayores que en el grupo más joven (p<0.001). Además, mascar khat, la ubicación, el consumo muy frecuente de alimentos y la alta frecuencia de bebidas ácidas fueron indicadores críticos del desgaste dental. Además, el bajo nivel educativo, el tabaquismo y el bajo nivel socioeconómico se asociaron con el degaste dental. Finalmente, el estudio reveló que el desgaste dental es altamente prevalente entre los adultos en dos ciudades yemeníes, y los indicadores de riesgo socioconductual como la masticación de khat y el tabaquismo tienen una asociación significativa con el desgaste dental.

Prevalence of impacted teeth among a sample of yemeni population and their association with sex and age / Prevalencia de dientes impactados entre una muestra de población yemení y su asociación con el sexo y la edad

Aim: the aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of impacted teeth and its association with sex and age among a sample of the Yemeni population. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study design was employed. The study included 999 radiographical records of patients who had panoramic X- rays previously done. All radiographs were assessed for the number and type of impacted teeth, pathology-associated impaction, sex, age and location (mandible and/or maxilla). The collected data was analyzed using SPSS®version21 software. Results: The study sample comprised digital panoramic radiographs of Yemeni patients aged 17 to 54 years (mean 26.6 years). The present study found 542 patients (54.3%) presented with at least one impacted tooth. The 17 to 25 years age group of the study sample had the highest prevalence of tooth impaction (28.6%). Only 10 (1.0%) case presented pathologies associated with the impacted teeth. There was a significant difference in the number of male 203 (20.3%) and female 339 (33.9%) patients with impacted teeth (p=0.031). Impacted teeth occurred slightly more often in the mandible (42.8%) compared to the maxilla (42.4%). Conclusion: The prevalence of impacted teeth among a sample of Yemeni population was high. Third molars and canines were the most common impacted teeth. The prevalence of impacted teeth in females was higher than in males and it was higher in the mandible than in the maxilla, with the younger patients with a higher prevalence of impaction.

Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de dientes impactados y su asociación con el sexo y la edad en una muestra de la población yemení. Material y Métodos: se empleó un diseño de estudio transversal. El estudio incluyó 999 registros radiográficos de pacientes con radiografías panorámicas realizadas previamente. Todas las radiografías fueron evaluadas en relación al número y tipo de dientes impactados, patología asociada a la impactación, sexo, edad y ubicación (mandíbula y/o maxilar). Los datos recopilados se analizaron utilizando el software SPSS® version 21. Resultados: La muestra del estudio comprendió radiografías panorámicas digitales de pacientes yemeníes entre 17 a 54 años (media 26,6 años). El presente estudio encontró que 542 pacientes (54,3%) presentaron al menos un diente impactado. El grupo de edad de 17 a 25 años de la muestra de estudio tuvo la mayor prevalencia de impactación dental (28,6%). Solo 10 casos (1,0%) presentaron patologías asociadas a los dientes impactados. Hubo una diferencia significativa en el número de pacientes masculinos 203 (20.3%) y femeninos 339 (33.9%) con dientes impactados (p=0.031). Los dientes impactados ocurrieron con un poco más de frecuencia en la mandíbula (42.8%) en comparación con el maxilar (42.4%). Conclusión: La prevalencia de dientes impactados entre una muestra de población yemení fue alta. Los terceros molares y caninos fueron los dientes más comúnmente impactados. La prevalencia de dientes impactados en las mujeres fue mayor que en los hombres y fue mayor en la mandíbula que en el maxilar, y los pacientes más jóvenes mostraron una mayor prevalencia de impactación.

Management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis in yemeni children by metatarsal bone grafts

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate temporomandibular joint reconstruction in Yemeni children with metatarsal bone graft after release of ankylosis. Methodology: Ten patients ≤12 years of age, comprising eight unilateral and two bilaterally TMJ ankylosis, were selected for this study. These patients underwent reconstruction with 10 non-vascularized metatarsal grafts. The reconstructed joints were then followed for an average of 1 year. Measures of opening, symmetry, and clinical symptoms relating to the reconstructed joints were assessed. Results: Mean pre-operative interincisal aperture was 8.2mm, and immediate post-operative aperture 23.4mm. At the end of the follow-up period, acceptable results were achieved in 8 out of 10 cases, with adequate mouth opening of 35.6mm in 8 out of 10 patients and overall interincisal aperture of 30.3mm. Re-ankylosis occurred in two bilaterally-treated patients at the end of follow-up. Subjectively, 80 percent of the patients rated their function as satisfactory and were able to occlude and masticate without any difficulty. Conclusion: Reconstruction of TMJ after release of ankylosis utilizing metatarsal bone graft shows a satisfactory interincisal aperture in 80 percent of patients.

Risk factors for periodontal diseases among Yemeni type II diabetic patients: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: chronic periodontal diseases are one of diabetes mellitus complications. The present study aims to compare the periodontal status of type II diabetic patients to a control group and assess the role of risk factors in both groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted of 270 individuals (132 type II diabetics and 138 non-diabetics). Full mouth periodontal examination including plaque index, gingival bleeding, gingival recession, clinical attachment loss (CAL), tooth mobility, furcation involvement and the number of missing teeth. The case group was subdivided according to glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) status (poorly controlled HbA1c >8 and well controlled HbA1c≤8) Likewise, the duration of diabetes mellitus as short or long duration (DM≤10 or >10). The diabetic group was also subdivided according to smoking and Khat chewing habits. RESULT: The severity of periodontal disease among type II diabetic patients were significantly higher compared to the control group regarding the plaque index 2.6 (1.6-4.3), bleeding on probing 3.5 (2.3-13.0), gingival recession 2.0 (1.2-3.4), furcation involvement 4.0 (2.3-6.7), clinical attachment loss 5.7 (3.1-10.5), tooth mobility 2.0 (1.2-3.4), and number of missing teeth 4.4 (2.3-8.5). In addition, poorly controlled type II DM and long duration had higher CAL and number of missing teeth than well-controlled DM and short duration. No significant differences were found between smokers/nonsmokers and Khat chewers/non-chewers among the diabetic group. CONCLUSION: Type II diabetic patients have severe periodontal destruction and tooth loss compared to non-diabetic people and there were no differences within the diabetic group in regards to smoking and Khat chewing habits.(

Cross-sectional assessment of the periapical status as related to quality of root canal fillings and coronal restorations in a Yemeni population

Aim: the present study aimed to examine the influence of the quality of root canal fillings and coronal restorations on the prevalence of periapical lesions. Materials and Methods: Two hundred digital panoramic radiographs were obtained from the archive of Al‑HamziDental Center in Sana’a, Yemen. The final sample consisted of 120 radiographs, and 675 root filled teeth.The quality of root canal fillings was scored according to criteria of length, homogeneity and taper. Coronal status (type of restoration, signs of marginal leakage or decay) was also evaluated. The periapical status was categorized on the basis of presence or absence of radiographical signs of apical periodontitis. Chi-square test was used to determine statistical significance between different parameters. Results: We found that 93.6 percent of root filled teeth were associated with apical periodontitis. Only 9.2 percent of root filled teeth were found to have an acceptable standard of root canal fillings, of which 32.3 percent was also associated to signs of periapical disease. In roots with an unacceptable root canal filling, 95.4 percent had periapical disease. Teeth with good (14.4 percent) and poor (32.9 percent) intra-coronal restorations had apical periodontitis in 93.8 percent and 97.7 percent of cases, respectively. Crown restorations were present in 52.7 percent of root filled teeth, of which 91.0 percent were associated with periapical lesions. Conclusion: The poor technical quality of root canal fillings and coronal restorations is consistent with a high prevalence of apical periodontitis.

Conformidade dos Estudantes de Odontologia no Controle de Infecção no Hospital de Ensino Odontológico da Universidade de Thamar - Iêmen / Compliance of Dental Students toward Infection Control in Dental Teaching Hospital at Thamar University ­ Yemen

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas relacionadas ao gênero e nível de estudo para o controle da infecção entre estudantes de odontologia sênior. Materiais e Métodos: Foi distribuído um questionário autoadministrado entre os alunos de final de curso (4º e 5º níveis) do Hospital de Ensino Dentário da Universidade de Thamar. Ele incluiu questões relacionadas à vacinação, bem como conhecimento e prática para controle de infecção. Os dados coletados foram analisados pelo teste Qui-quadrado, com valor de significância p < 0,05. Resultados: A taxa de resposta foi de 63%. A distribuição de gênero entre os participantes foi quase igual com ligeira superioridade de indivíduos do sexo masculino. O número de alunos de 4o e 5o anos também foi similar. A imunização contra hepatite foi concluída por apenas 12,9% de estudantes do sexo masculino e 17,3% do sexo feminino sem diferença significativa. Da mesma forma, não houve diferença significativa entre os participantes por nível de estudo. Mais de 90% dos participantes relataram usar luvas durante o tratamento odontológico. Inesperadamente, entretanto, o uso de outras barreiras protetoras foi baixo. Mais de 90% dos alunos, sem diferença significativa entre os sexos ou os níveis de estudo, relataram esterilizar instrumentos após cada procedimento odontológico. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que o nível de conhecimento e prática das medidas de controle de infecção foi pobre entre os estudantes de odontologia. A atitude em relação às medidas de controle infeccioso foi positiva, mas foi necessário um maior envolvimento. Rigoroso treinamento de controle de infecção para os alunos antes de finalizar a graduação também é altamente recomendado (AU)

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice related to gender and study level toward infection control among senior dental students. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among the pre-doctoral dental students (4th and 5th levels) in the Dental Teaching Hospital at Thamar University. It included questions related to vaccinations as well as knowledge and practice toward infection control. The collected data was analyzed using Chi-squared test with significant level P-value < 0.05. Results: Response rate was 63%. Distribution of gender among the participants was almost equal with slight increase in number of male subjects. Participated students from 4th-year level were also close to the number of students from 5thyear level. Hepatitis immunization was completed by only 12.9% male students and 17.3% females with no significant difference. Likewise, no significant difference was found among the participants by study level. More than 90% of participants reported always wearing gloves during dental treatment. Unexpectedly, however, using of other protective barriers was low. More than 90% of students, with no significant difference between genders or study levels, reported sterilizing instruments after each dental procedure. Conclusion: The present study showed that the level of knowledge and practice of infection control measures was poor among dental students. The attitude towards infectious control measures was positive, but a greater compliance was needed. Rigorous infection control training for students prior to graduation is also highly recommended. (AU)

Experiencias de colaboración docente en la Universidad de Adén / Teaching cooperation experiences in the University of Aden

Se relatan hechos importantes sobre el inicio de la primera colaboración internacionalista docente de la Revolución en materia de Educación Médica Superior al fundar la Facultad de Medicina de Adén. Se expone la experiencia docente de profesores especialistas en prótesis durante cinco años, quienes representaron la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas Carlos J. Finlay de Camagüey en la Universidad de Adén en la República de Yemen.

Significant events occurred in the beginning of the first internationalist cooperation of the Cuban revolution in the field of higher medical education were described, particularly in the foundation of the medical school of Aden. The five-year teaching experience of professors specialized in denture techniques, who represented the staff of the dental school of Carlos J Finlay university of medical sciences of Camaguey province present in the University of Aden, Republic of Yemen, were all set forth.

Rare Case of Giant Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst in a Female Patient Living in Taiz Governorate.

Pulmonary hydatid cyst is a common disorder in many areas of the world. In Yemen, echinococcosis is an endemic disease, however, hydatid disease of the lung is uncommon and usually caused by Echinococcus granulosus. We present a case of a 23-year old female who complained of shortness of breath, dry cough and left-sided dull aching pain for the past few weeks. Chest X-ray revealed a large, well-demarcated mass involving the left mid and lower lung zones with mediastinal shift to the right. Computed tomographic scan revealed a giant, low attenuation fluid density mass with enhancing wall. The diagnosis of giant hydatid cyst was confirmed by surgery and histopathological examination. Pulmonary hydatid cyst can assume a very large size without causing any symptoms and can be discovered incidentally while performing chest X-ray for another reason.

Experiencias de ortodoncistas sobre colaboración docente en la Universidad de Saná, República de Yemen / Orthodontists Experiences on the teachers collaboration in Saná University, Republic of Yemen

Se mencionan hechos importantes y transformaciones ocurridas en el Ministerio de Salud Pública, la Educación Superior desde el siglo XX, y la Colaboración Internacional de Cuba después del triunfo de la Revolución. Se relata la experiencia docente durante 7 años de profesoras especialistas en Ortodoncia, quienes representaron la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas "Carlos J. Finlay" de Camagüey, en la Universidad de Saná en la República de Yemen. El reconocimiento por parte de estudiantes, profesores y evaluadores externos de otras universidades del mundo árabe, sobre la calidad de programas de la especialidad, introducción de formas de organización docentes y la metodología en las evaluaciones frecuentes es una muestra de la utilidad de la colaboración docente cubana en países hermanos.

Important events and changes that occurred within the Public Health Ministry, the Higher Education from the 20th century, and the International Collaboration of Cuba after the Triumph of the Revolution are mentioned. The objective of the work is to expose the teaching experiences during the teaching of the undergraduate degree in Stomatology and contribution provided by two medical teachers from the Medical University "Carlos J. Finlay" of Camagüey in Sana'a University, Republic of Yemen during the international collaboration for 7 years. Recognition by students, faculty and external evaluators of other universities in the Arab world on the equality of programs of specialty, introduction of Teaching Organization Forms and the methodology in the frequent evaluations is an example of the usefulness of the Cuban educational collaboration in neighboring countries.

Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention (ILO No. 156).

PIP: The government of France ratified this UN Convention on Workers with Family Responsibilities on March 16, 1989; the government of Uruguay ratified it on November 16, 1989; and the government of the Yemen Arab Republic ratified it on March 13, 1989.^ieng

Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (ILO No. 111).

PIP: The government of Uruguay ratified this UN International Labor Organization Convention on employment and occupation discrimination on November 16, 1989, and the government of Democratic Yemen ratified it on January 3, 1989.^ieng