Balloon atrial septostomy: a weapon to challenge right heart failure after cardiac surgery.

Right heart failure is a common complication after cardiac surgery, and its mortality remains high. The medical management and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has shown significant improvement in the majority of cases. However, a minority of patients may still require long-term mechanical circulatory support or heart transplantation. Balloon atrial septostomy is a new method for the prevention and treatment of right heart failure, which may avoid the patient's dependence on mechanical circulatory support. We used this method to try to treat patients with right heart failure after cardiac surgery, and all received good benefits. Therefore, we selected several representative cases to report, in order to guide other qualified cardiac surgeons to carry out relevant clinical practice.

Giant coronary artery aneurysm in the atrial septum.

A man in his 60s with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was scheduled for a catheter ablation but was admitted to our department after contrast-enhanced CT showed a large homogeneous right atrial mass (52×52 mm) as well as a dilated right coronary artery (RCA). Coronary artery angiography showed a large fistula from the RCA to the mass in the right atrium. A giant coronary artery aneurysm was suspected and a surgical resection was performed. The mass was attached to the atrial septal wall and was palpated in the right atrium with a feeding artery from the RCA. The final diagnosis was an extremely rare case of giant coronary artery aneurysm originating from the RCA. The surgery was successful, and the patient was discharged 30 days later.

Bipolar Ablation for an Intramural Septal Atrial Tachycardia.

A 70-year-old man with recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) underwent transcatheter radiofrequency ablation after an earlier unsuccessful attempt. Although typical AF triggers were ablated, the patient's condition persisted, leading to the identification of the interatrial septum (IAS) as the probable source of the tachycardia trigger. Given the depth and thickness of the IAS, traditional radiofrequency ablation proved ineffective. However, using the alternative method of bipolar radiofrequency catheter ablation (B-RFCA), the atrial tachycardia was successfully terminated. B-RFCA demonstrates potential for effectively terminating tachycardias originating from deep intramural locations, suggesting its potential as a pivotal technique for complex cases with septal atrial tachycardia.

Unexpected diagnosis: large hemangioma in the interatrial septum.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac hemangiomas are very uncommon benign primary tumors. They are usually located preferentially in the right atrium and their location in the interatrial septum is extremely rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 41-year-old patient who was admitted due to a stroke. The transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a large mass in the right atrium adhered to the interatrial septum. Suspecting an atrial myxoma, surgical intervention was performed confirming that the mass extended within the thickness of the interatrial septum, protruding into the right atrial cavity. The histologic report confirmed a hemangioma. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac hemangiomas are rare primary tumors and are usually misdiagnosed as other cardiac tumors. Histopathological examination is essential for a definitive diagnosis.

Echocardiographic features and outcomes of fetuses with isolated restrictive foramen ovale or redundant foramen ovale flap using atrial septum excursion index.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the application value of the atrial septum excursion index (ASEI) in fetuses with isolated restrictive foramen ovale (RFO) or redundant foramen ovale flap (RFOF) and the outcomes of these fetuses. METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Healthy pregnant women who were examined by antenatal fetal echocardiography from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021, at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital were enrolled. One hundred seventy-seven (177) fetuses were categorized into three groups by diagnosis: (1) RFOF (n = 33), (2) RFO (n = 21), and (3) normal (n = 123). Fetal echocardiographic features and postnatal outcomes were collected. RESULTS: The median ASEIs were 0.50 (range, 0.41-0.65) in the control group, 0.76 (range, 0.67-0.88) in the RFOF group and 0.31 (range, 0.14-0.35) in the RFO group, and the differences were significant (p < 0.001). The ratios of right atrium/left atrium, right ventricle/left ventricle, and pulmonary artery diameter to aorta diameter (PA/AO) and the pulmonary annulus Z-scores were greater in fetuses with RFOF and RFO than in the controls (p < 0.05). Twenty-seven of 33 fetuses (87.9%) with RFOF and 19 of 21 fetuses (90.5%) with RFO had good outcomes after birth. CONCLUSION: The ASEI may be a new tool for quantitatively assessing the mobility of foramen ovale flaps in fetuses with isolated RFOF or RFO.

Stent Implantation Across the Atrial Flow Regulator Device.

The Atrial Flow Regulator (AFR) is a self-expandable double-disc device with a central fenestration, intended to maintain a calibrated communication across the interatrial septum. We reported for the first time a stent implantation across an AFR device in an adolescent born with complex congenital heart disease with duct-dependent systemic circulation and severe combined pulmonary hypertension.

Papillary fibroelastoma originating from the atrial septum touching the mitral valve leading to infective endocarditis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma is a rare benign tumor, which is often mistaken for a vegetation. Predominantly asymptomatic, it can cause life-threatening complications. Although rare, mobile papillary fibroelastoma movement between affected valves may hamper valve closure and damage the valve, leading to valvular regurgitation. Endothelial damage increases the risk of developing infective endocarditis. We report a rare case of a highly mobile papillary fibroelastoma originating from the atrial septum touching the mitral valve, leading to mitral regurgitation and, eventually, infective endocarditis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 26-year-old woman with suspected infective endocarditis was referred to us from a previous hospital after having experienced intermittent fever for a month. Before the fever, she had been experiencing exertional dyspnea. In addition, she had undergone a cesarean section two weeks before this admission. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed a mobile mass originating from the atrial septum touching the mitral valve with severe mitral regurgitation. Computed tomography revealed an occluded right profunda femoris artery with an embolus. Infective endocarditis associated with a mobile vegetation with high embolic risk was diagnosed, and urgent surgery was performed. Following the surgery, examinations revealed papillary fibroelastoma originating from the atrial septum and infective endocarditis of the mitral valve. The histopathological examination confirmed that a mass initially thought to be a mobile vegetation was a papillary fibroelastoma. The postoperative course was uneventful except for pericarditis. There has been no recurrence of infective endocarditis or papillary fibroelastoma. CONCLUSIONS: The highly mobile papillary fibroelastoma was thought to have caused both chronic mitral regurgitation and infective endocarditis. Mobile papillary fibroelastomas can cause endothelial damage to nearby valves and predispose patients to infective endocarditis.

Overview of the Interatrial Septum: Review of Cardiac Nomenclature for Transseptal Puncture.

Transseptal puncture is an increasingly common procedure undertaken to gain access to the left side of the heart during structural heart disease interventions. Precision guidance during this procedure is paramount to ensure success and patient safety. As such, multimodality imaging, such as echocardiography, fluoroscopy, and fusion imaging, is routinely used to guide safe transseptal puncture. Despite the use of multimodal imaging, there is currently no uniform nomenclature of cardiac anatomy between the various imaging modes and proceduralists, and echocardiographers tend to use imaging modality-specific terminology when communicating among the various imaging modes. This variability in nomenclature among imaging modes stems from differing anatomic descriptions of cardiac anatomy. Given the required level of precision in performing transseptal puncture, a clearer understanding of the basis of cardiac anatomic nomenclature is required by both echocardiographers as well as proceduralists; enhanced understanding can help facilitate communication across specialties and possibly improve communication and safety. In this review, the authors highlight the variation in cardiac anatomy nomenclature among various imaging modes.

In vivo study of a reserved atrial septal puncture area patent foramen ovale occluder.

PURPOSE: After patent foramen ovale interventional closure, puncture of the interatrial septum through the occluder is difficult but sometimes needed for further interventional treatment. This paper presents findings from an in vivo experimental study of a reserved atrial septal puncture area patent foramen ovale occluder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A patent foramen ovale model was established in canines using trans-septal puncture of the fossa ovale and high-pressure balloon dilation. Then, patent foramen ovale closure was performed with a reserved atrial septal puncture area and all canines were raised for 3 months. Then, the occluder was crossed and left atrial angiography was performed on the septal area with the occluder. Finally, DSA angiography, echocardiography, and histology were used to evaluate the performance and feasibility of the reserved atrial septal puncture area. RESULTS: A patent foramen ovale model was successfully established in 10 canines using the atrial septal puncture method. The average diameter of the patent foramen ovale was 3.77 ±0.19 mm, and the patent foramen ovale was successfully closed in all canines using a reserved atrial septal puncture area. As assessed using transoesophageal echocardiography, the new occluder exhibited an ideal position and was occluded entirely without a residual shunt intraoperatively and postoperatively. A 100% success rate of atrial septum puncture was achieved across the new occluder. The occluders were completely endothelialised 3 months post-implantation. CONCLUSIONS: The reserved atrial septal puncture area was effective in patent foramen ovale closure and exhibited positive sealing performance and biological compatibility. Trans-septal puncture was feasible and effective after reserved atrial septal puncture area patent foramen ovale closure.

First in-human modified atrial septostomy combining radiofrequency ablation and balloon dilation.

OBJECTIVE: Preclinical research suggests that the combined use of radiofrequency ablation and balloon dilation (CURB) could create stable interatrial communications without device implantation. This study examined the first in-human use of CURB for modified atrial septostomy in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS: Between July 2018 and October 2021, CURB was performed in 19 patients with severe PAH (age: 31.5±9.1 years; mean pulmonary artery pressure: 73 mm Hg (IQR: 66-92); pulmonary vascular resistance: 18.7 Wood units (IQR: 17.8-23.3)). Under guidance of intracardiac echocardiography and three-dimensional location system, (1) fossae ovalis was reconstructed and ablated point-by-point with radiofrequency; (2) then graded balloon dilation was performed after transseptal puncture and the optimal size was determined according to the level of arterial oxygen saturation (SatO2); (3) radiofrequency ablation was repeated around the rims of the created fenestration. The interatrial fenestrations were followed-up serially. RESULTS: After CURB, the immediate fenestration size was 4.4 mm (IQR: 4.1-5.1) with intracardiac echocardiography, systolic aortic pressure increased by 10.2±6.9 mm Hg, cardiac index increased by 0.7±0.3 L/min/m2 and room-air resting SatO2 decreased by 6.2±1.9% (p<0.001). One patient experienced increased pericardiac effusion postoperatively; the others had no complications. On follow-up (median: 15.5 months), all interatrial communications were patent with stable size (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.96, 95%CI:0.89 to 0.99). The WHO functional class increased by 1 (IQR: 1-2) (p<0.001) with improvement of exercise capacity (+159.5 m, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The interatrial communications created with CURB in patients with severe PAH were stable and the mid-term outcomes were satisfactory. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03554330.

Successful Usage of FlexCath Steerable Catheter in Case of Atrial Septal Closure Device Comes Perpendicular to Interatrial Septum.

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects is challenging in cases where the device is perpendicular to the septum during the procedure. Hence, different techniques, maneuvers, and auxiliary equipment may be required. We aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the FlexCath steerable catheter application in percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect cases in which the device was perpendicular to the septum. METHODS: Patients with atrial septal defect who presented to our clinic between January 2017 and December 2020 and were deemed eligible for percutaneous closure were included in the study. RESULTS: Atrial septal defects of 101 patients out of 110 patients were successfully closed using standard methods. Nine patients in whom it was seen if the device was perpendicular to the interatrial septum were successfully closed with FlexCath steerable catheter support. There was no statistically significant difference between patients in terms of age, gender, floopy rim, and multiple defects. In the group that was treated with FlexCath steerable catheter support, the aortic rim was smaller, and the defect diameter and the size of the atrial septal defects device were larger. The success of the procedure was 100% while using the flexcath steerable catheter in patients with the device perpendicular to the interatrial septum. There were no complica tions during the procedure. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous closure with FlexCath steerable catheter support in difficult cases with atrial septal defects was effective in those with the atrial septal closure device being per pendicular to the interatrial septum and was performed easily without any safety issues.

[Lipomatous Hypertrophy of Interatrial Septum in Patient with Venous Thrombus:Report of a Case].

A 64-year-old female underwent a computed tomography (CT) examination of the chest because of pneumonia, which revealed lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum. During medical treatment for pneumonia, venous thrombus of the superior vena cava occurred and then disappeared following apixaban administration. The patient refused surgery at that time, thus follow-up examinations include CT scans were conducted at the outpatient clinic. Two years later, the tumor became larger, and this time she accepted surgery. Under total cardiopulmonary bypass with beating heart a 5.0×3.5 cm tumor was resected. Because of its location very close to superior vena cava, upper area of the right atrium was augmented using a bovine pericardium. Following surgery, sick sinus syndrome developed and pacemaker implantation was performed. Thereafter, the patient had a smooth recovery and no recurrence is noted one year since.

The Many Faces of the Interatrial Septum: A Diagnostic Dilemma and Considerations for Defect Closure Device Selection.

PATENT FORAMEN ovales (PFOs) and atrial septal defects (ASDs) are 2 examples of interatrial septal pathology.1 The presence of a PFO is a well-known risk factor for cryptogenic stroke.1,2 Newer evidence over the course of the last decade suggests percutaneous device closure of PFOs significantly reduces the subsequent risk of recurrent stroke.2 Among ASDs, the ostium secundum type is the most common pathology and, due to its anatomy, is most amenable to transcatheter closure.1 The tools that are available to percutaneously close these different pathologies vary, and choosing the correct device for the procedure can have significant impact on the clinical outcome. The authors here present a case that highlights how the differentiation of an ASD from a PFO using 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography can affect the clinical decision-making and outcome in a challenging structural heart disease case.