Sound induces analgesia through corticothalamic circuits.

Sound-including music and noise-can relieve pain in humans, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. We discovered that analgesic effects of sound depended on a low (5-decibel) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) relative to ambient noise in mice. Viral tracing, microendoscopic calcium imaging, and multitetrode recordings in freely moving mice showed that low-SNR sounds inhibited glutamatergic inputs from the auditory cortex (ACxGlu) to the thalamic posterior (PO) and ventral posterior (VP) nuclei. Optogenetic or chemogenetic inhibition of the ACxGlu→PO and ACxGlu→VP circuits mimicked the low-SNR sound-induced analgesia in inflamed hindpaws and forepaws, respectively. Artificial activation of these two circuits abolished the sound-induced analgesia. Our study reveals the corticothalamic circuits underlying sound-promoted analgesia by deciphering the role of the auditory system in pain processing.

Sounding out pain.

A circuit for sound-induced analgesia has been found in the mouse brain.

Study on the health and self-efficacy of pregnant women in delivery with music analgesia and labor doula / Estudo sobre a saúde e autoeficácia de gestantes no parto com analgesia induzida por música e apoio de doula / Efectos del parto en la salud y la autoestima de la mujer embarazada

ABSTRACT To explore the effect of delivery supported by a labor doula combined with music therapy on stabilizing maternal psychology and improving delivery quality, and to find out the predictors of delivery self-efficacy. Statistical processing showed that P<0.05, which was statistically significant. Group was superior in numerical value, followed by the B group. Using the rank sum test, the pain grade of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). T test or χ2 test showed that the total labor time of the experimental group was shorter than that of the control group. Vaginal delivery rate was higher than that of the control group, and the cesarean section rate was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Doula delivery combined with music therapy is effective in parturient delivery, which can alleviate parturient pain, speed up labor progress and improve delivery quality, and is worthy of popularization and application. At the same time, increasing pregnant women's understanding of delivery strategies and techniques and improving their psychological state will help improve the level of delivery self-efficacy of pregnant women.

RESUMO Explorar o efeito do parto apoiado por doulas combinado com a terapia musical em estabilizar o estado psicológico materno e melhorar a qualidade do parto, e descobrir os indicadores de autoeficácia do parto. O processamento estatístico mostrou que P<0.05, o que foi estatisticamente significativo. O Grupo foi superior em valor numérico, seguido pelo Grupo B. Por meio do teste da soma dos ranks, o grau de dor do grupo experimental foi significativamente menor do que o do grupo controle, e a diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (P<0.05). O teste de T ou teste de χ2 mostrou que o tempo de trabalho de parto total do grupo experimental foi mais curto do que o do grupo controle. A taxa de parto normal foi maior do que a do grupo, e a taxa de cesariana foi menor do que a do grupo controle, e a diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (P<0.05). Conclusão: O parto feito com doulas combinado com a terapia musical é eficaz para a parturiente, podendo aliviar a dor do parto, acelerar o trabalho de parto e melhorar a qualidade do parto, merecendo maior popularização e aplicação. Ao mesmo tempo, aumentar a compreensão das gestantes sobre estratégias e técnicas de parto e melhorar seu estado psicológico ajudará a melhorar o nível de autoeficácia do parto dessas mulheres.

RESUMEN Explorar el efecto del parto apoyado por una doula combinado con musicoterapia para estabilizar el estado psicológico materno, mejorar la calidad del parto, y descubrir los predictores de la autoeficacia del mismo. El procesamiento estadístico mostró P <0.05, lo que fue estadísticamente significativo. El grupo fue superior en valor numérico, seguido por el grupo B. Usando la prueba de la suma de rangos, el grado de dolor del grupo experimental fue significativamente más bajo que el del grupo de control, y la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (P <0.05). La prueba T o la prueba χ2 mostraron que el tiempo total de trabajo del grupo experimental fue más corto que el del grupo de control. La tasa de parto vaginal fue mayor que la del grupo de control, y la tasa de cesáreas fue menor que la del grupo de control, y la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (P <0.05). Conclusión: El parto con doulas combinado con musicoterapia es eficaz, puede aliviar el dolor de las parturientas, acelerar el progreso del parto y mejorar la calidad del mismo, y es digno de popularización y aplicación. Al mismo tiempo, aumentar la comprensión de las mujeres embarazadas sobre las estrategias y técnicas de parto y mejorar su estado psicológico ayudará a mejorar el nivel de autoeficacia del parto de las mujeres embarazadas.

Effect of Audioanalgesia in 6- to 12-year-old Children during Dental Treatment Procedure.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the effect of audioanalgesia in 6- to 12-year-old children during dental treatment procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 children were selected and divided into two groups, study group - with audioanalgesia and control group - without audioanalgesia. The value of their pain was evaluated using Venham's pain rating scale. Data were compared using one-sample t-test using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (Inc.; Chicago, IL, USA), version 17.0. RESULTS: The difference in the control group and study group was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The method of distraction using audioanalgesia instills better positive dental attitude in children and decreases their pain perception. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Playing or hearing music during dental procedure significantly alters the perception of pain in 6- to 12-year-old children.

The use of virtual reality and audiovisual eyeglass systems as adjunct analgesic techniques: a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: This review focuses on the application of technologically advanced methods of audiovisual distraction as adjunct analgesic techniques; more specifically, (a) virtual reality (VR) and (b) audiovisual (A/V) eyeglass systems (A/V distraction). PURPOSE: It is assumed that distraction taxes the patient's limited attention capacity, resulting in the withdrawal of attention from the noxious stimulus with a subsequent reduction in pain. METHODS: Twenty studies evaluating the analgesic potential of both methods in different patient groups and in healthy volunteers were identified in the scientific literature. RESULTS: Although the majority of these studies are hampered by serious methodological drawbacks, particularly a small number of participants, the results nevertheless strongly suggest that both VR and A/V distraction can be a very promising analgesic technique that may be used safely and effectively for the reduction of pain and discomfort during medical procedures. An additional important aspect is that few negative side effects have been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Directions for future research are presented.

Evaluation of audio analgesia for restorative care in children treated using electronic dental anesthesia.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of music and white noise in the management of sensitive children treated using electronic dental anesthesia for restorative care. Sound (music and random noise) was used in combination with electronic dental anesthesia in 16 pediatric patients, who have been found to have low pain tolerances during operative procedures under electronic anesthesia alone. Pain was assessed by means of two scales, the color scale and the sound, eye and motor scale. Behavior was assessed through use of the North Carolina Behavior Rating Scale. The comfort was evaluated mainly during penetration of the dentin-enamel junction of the tooth. A procedure involving music and "noisy" music has been effective in 14 children. The music promoted relaxation, whereas the "noise" in combination with electronic signals suppressed pain. It has been demonstrated that audio analgesia and electronic dental anesthesia are quite compatible and may be used with considerable success in combination in difficult circumstances.

Hipnoanestesia con auriculares (influencia de la hipnosis, aplicada por medio de auriculares, sobre la respuesta a fármacos utilizados durante el intra y posoperatorio) / Hypno-anaesthesia with headphones (influence of hypnosis, through headphones, on drugs used during intra and post-surgery)

Una antigua y conocida técnica psicológica, la Hipnosis, aplicada por medio de auriculares, fue utilizada en combinación con anestesia general inhalatoria en base a Enflurano-Oxígeno-Fentanil, con la finalidad de evaluar su acción en relación a tres parámetros: hipnosis, relajación muscular por succinilcolina y analgesia postoperatoria inmediata, usando el método de doble ciego, randomizado y controlado. Se estudiaron 30 pacientes de ambos sexos, sometidos a distintas intervenciones quirúrgicas, cuyas edades oscilaron entre los 40 y 65 años y cuyos pesos variaron entre 50 y 90 kg. Fueron distribuidos al azar en tres grupos que escucharon sendas grabaciones: el primero (Grupo Ruidos), con los sonidos habituales de un quirófano; el segundo (Grupo Música), con música clásica suave; y el tercero (Grupo Hipnosis), con una sesión de terapéutica hipnótica. Los resultados de este estudio parecen indicar, que la utilización de un método hipnótico grabado, que llega a los oídos del paciente por medio de auriculares, durante los períodos pre y postoperatorio inmediatos, podría influir favorablemente, no sólo sobre la analgesia postoperatoria inmediata, sino también sobre algunos eventos intra-anestésicos, como la intensidad de las fasciculaciones producidas por la succinilcolina y las dosis de medicación hipnótica utilizada.

Hipnoanestesia con auriculares (influencia de la hipnosis, aplicada por medio de auriculares, sobre la respuesta a fármacos utilizados durante el intra y posoperatorio) / Hypno-anaesthesia with headphones (influence of hypnosis, through headphones, on drugs used during intra and post-surgery)

Una antigua y conocida técnica psicológica, la Hipnosis, aplicada por medio de auriculares, fue utilizada en combinación con anestesia general inhalatoria en base a Enflurano-Oxígeno-Fentanil, con la finalidad de evaluar su acción en relación a tres parámetros: hipnosis, relajación muscular por succinilcolina y analgesia postoperatoria inmediata, usando el método de doble ciego, randomizado y controlado. Se estudiaron 30 pacientes de ambos sexos, sometidos a distintas intervenciones quirúrgicas, cuyas edades oscilaron entre los 40 y 65 años y cuyos pesos variaron entre 50 y 90 kg. Fueron distribuidos al azar en tres grupos que escucharon sendas grabaciones: el primero (Grupo Ruidos), con los sonidos habituales de un quirófano; el segundo (Grupo Música), con música clásica suave; y el tercero (Grupo Hipnosis), con una sesión de terapéutica hipnótica. Los resultados de este estudio parecen indicar, que la utilización de un método hipnótico grabado, que llega a los oídos del paciente por medio de auriculares, durante los períodos pre y postoperatorio inmediatos, podría influir favorablemente, no sólo sobre la analgesia postoperatoria inmediata, sino también sobre algunos eventos intra-anestésicos, como la intensidad de las fasciculaciones producidas por la succinilcolina y las dosis de medicación hipnótica utilizada. (AU)

[A study of communication and behavior management in pediatric dentistry. Approach to the child using the fairy tales].

There were a total of 100 subjects, of which 50 were children and 50 were mothers. The first time, the doctor lends the child the fairy tale book. The second time, the child is treated under the audio-analgesia with the same fairy tale book and the child borrows on other fairy tale book. The third time, the child is also treated under the audio-analgesia. The child, the mother and the doctor answered the questionnaires. Changes in internal behavior were observed by polygraph system. The subjects comprised a total 13 children (4 to 6 years), of which 6 were males and 7 were females. The first time, the emotional reactions were observed when the subjects were stimulated by the engine, the turbine and the crying for 10 seconds each. The Second and third time, the emotional reactions were also observed under the audio-analgesia. The change ratios were analyzed with respect to Plethysmogram, Respiration Curve and Galvanic Skin Reflex. The results are summarized as follows: 1. 91.8% of the parents answered "I would like my children to be treated under the audio-analgesia using fairy tales." 2. 73.5% (2nd time) and 80% (3rd time) of the children answered "The treatment has been pleasant." 3. 61.2% (2nd time) and 64% (3rd time) of the doctors answered "The anxiety and fear was reduced by the approach." 4. With the engine stimulation, the emotional reaction decreased in the order, of the 1st time greater than 3rd time greater than 2nd time. There were significant differences between the 1st time and the 2nd time, and also between the 1st time and the 3rd time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Stress, anxiety and audio-analgesia in dental treatment measured with the aid of biosignals]. / Angst, Stress und Audio-Analgesie in der zahnärztlichen Praxis mit Biosignalen gemessen.

Fear of dental treatment is undoubtedly widespread. In the present study this fear, the "stress phenomenon", has been investigated. So-called biosignals were used to demonstrate the factual presence of these "anxiety conditions"; it has been found that they are increasing at the beginning of treatment and reach peak levels during certain much feared procedures. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that audio-analgesia may reduce anxiety and stress.

Music research in medical/dental treatment: meta-analysis and clinical applications.

This article is a comprehensive analysis and application of music therapy research in the general field of music in medicine, and consists of a thorough review of the literature and a meta-analysis of all empirical studies using music in actual medical/dental treatments. It also transfers research results to clinical applications of music therapy techniques and program development in a general hospital setting.

The use of verbal relaxation therapy for sedation during dental therapy.

Verbal relaxation therapy is a valuable auxiliary aid in dentistry and oral surgery in the preparation of the patient prior to local anesthesia, operative dental procedures, or conscious sedation, with or without pharmacological adjuncts and in reducing the number of dental phobic patients.