ABSTRACT
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalization in infants, the elderly, and immune-compromised patients. While a half-life extended monoclonal antibody and 2 vaccines have recently been approved for infants and the elderly, respectively, options to prevent disease in immune-compromised patients are still needed. Here, we describe spiro-azetidine oxindoles as small molecule RSV entry inhibitors displaying favorable potency, developability attributes, and long-acting PK when injected as an aqueous suspension, suggesting their potential to prevent complications following RSV infection over a period of 3 to 6 months with 1 or 2 long-acting intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injections in these immune-compromised patients.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents , Azetidines , Oxindoles , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Spiro Compounds , Humans , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy , Animals , Oxindoles/chemistry , Oxindoles/pharmacology , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Spiro Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Spiro Compounds/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Azetidines/chemistry , Azetidines/pharmacology , Azetidines/administration & dosage , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods , Injections, Intramuscular , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/administration & dosage , Indoles/pharmacology , Injections, Subcutaneous , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects , Virus Internalization/drug effectsABSTRACT
Siponimod is a promising agent for the inhibition of ocular neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Siponimod's development for ophthalmological application is hindered by the limited information available on the drug's solubility, stability, ocular pharmacokinetics (PK), and toxicity in vivo. In this study, we investigated the aqueous stability of siponimod under stress conditions (up to 60 °C) and its degradation behavior in solution. Additionally, siponimod's ocular PK and toxicity were investigated using intravitreal injection of two different doses (either 1300 or 6500 ng) in an albino rabbit model. Siponimod concentration was quantified in the extracted vitreous, and the PK parameters were calculated. The drug half-life after administration of the low and high doses was 2.8 and 3.9 h, respectively. The data obtained in vivo was used to test the ability of published in silico models to predict siponimod's PK accurately. Two models that correlated siponimod's molecular descriptors with its elimination from the vitreous closely predicted the half-life. Furthermore, 24 h and 7 days after intravitreal injections, the retinas showed no signs of toxicity. This study provides important information necessary for the formulation and development of siponimod for ophthalmologic applications. The short half-life of siponimod necessitates the development of a sustained drug delivery system to maintain therapeutic concentrations over an extended period, while the lack of short-term ocular toxicity observed in the retinas of siponimod-treated rabbits supports possible clinical use.
Subject(s)
Azetidines , Intravitreal Injections , Animals , Rabbits , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Azetidines/administration & dosage , Half-Life , Vitreous Body/drug effects , Vitreous Body/metabolism , Male , Retina/drug effects , Retina/metabolism , Eye/drug effects , Eye/metabolism , Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/toxicity , Solubility , Macular Degeneration/drug therapy , Benzyl CompoundsABSTRACT
Baricitinib is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in more than 70 countries, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in the European Union. Population pharmacokinetic (PK) models were developed in a phase 3 trial to characterize PK in pediatric patients with JIA and identify weight-based dosing regimens. The phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal, efficacy and safety trial, JUVE-BASIS, enrolled patients (aged 2 to <18 years) with polyarticular course JIA. During a safety/PK period, baricitinib concentration data from age-based dose cohorts were compared to concentrations from adult patients receiving 4-mg QD. PK data were used to develop a population PK model with allometric scaling to determine a weight-based posology in pediatric patients with JIA that matched the adult 4-mg exposure. Baricitinib plasma concentrations from 217 pediatric patients were used to characterize PK. Based on the adult model, pediatric PK was best described using a 2-compartment model with allometric scaling on clearance and volume of distribution and renal function (estimated with glomerular filtration rate [GFR], a known covariate affecting PK of baricitinib) on clearance. The PK modeling suggested the optimal dosing regimen based on weight for pediatric patients as: 2-mg QD for patients 10 to <30 kg and 4-mg QD for patients ≥30 kg. The use of a population PK model of baricitinib treatment in adult patients with RA, with the addition of allometric scaling for weight on clearance and volume terms, was useful to predict exposures and identify weight-based dosing in pediatric patients with JIA.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Juvenile , Azetidines , Models, Biological , Purines , Pyrazoles , Sulfonamides , Humans , Purines/pharmacokinetics , Purines/administration & dosage , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Azetidines/administration & dosage , Child , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/administration & dosage , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/administration & dosage , Arthritis, Juvenile/drug therapy , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Male , Female , Double-Blind Method , Adult , Body Weight , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antirheumatic Agents/administration & dosage , Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The combination of vemurafenib, a proto-oncogene B-Raf inhibitor (BRAFi) and cobimetinib, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEKi) has shown to improve survival in patients with BRAF V600-mutated melanoma. BRAF mutations are also frequently detected driver mutations in other tumor types, including thyroid carcinoma. Since thyroid carcinoma is not a labeled indication for BRAF/MEKi, a cohort for patients with BRAF V600-mutated thyroid carcinoma was opened within the Drug Rediscovery Protocol (DRUP), a national ongoing pan-cancer multi-drug trial, in which patients receive off-label treatment with approved drugs based on their molecular tumor profile. RESULTS: Here, we present two patients with BRAF-mutated thyroid carcinoma, who were successfully treated with vemurafenib/cobimetinib administered via a feeding tube. Plasma concentrations of vemurafenib and cobimetinib were determined. A partial response was observed in both patients, but they experienced significant toxicity. CONCLUSION: Our cases show that vemurafenib/cobimetinib treatment is effective in BRAF V600-mutated thyroid carcinoma, also when administered via a feeding tube. Although serious side effects occurred in both patients, we hypothesize that this was not attributable to the administration route. Therefore, administration of vemurafenib/cobimetinib by feeding tube is feasible and effective. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial identification: NCT02925234.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Azetidines , Piperidines , Skin Neoplasms , Thyroid Neoplasms , Vemurafenib , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Azetidines/adverse effects , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Piperidines/adverse effects , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics , Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy , Skin Neoplasms/genetics , Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy , Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics , Vemurafenib/adverse effects , Vemurafenib/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Baricitinib, typically applied as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, has recently attracted the attention of clinicians and researchers as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Naturally, there has been a need for the preparation of the isotope-labelled analogue of baricitinib to probe the pharmacokinetics of baricitinib in this new role. As such, we have developed a simple synthetic route to deuterated [2 H5 ]baricitinib, facilitating its formation over four steps and in a 29% overall yield based on starting [2 H5 ]ethanethiol (19% if we start with [2 H5 ]bromoethane instead). A critical component of the overall process involves the synthesis of [2 H5 ]ethanesulfonyl chloride, and we describe in detail the two routes that were explored to optimize this step.
Subject(s)
Azetidines , COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Chlorides , Humans , Purines , Pyrazoles , SulfonamidesABSTRACT
Nezulcitinib (TD-0903), a lung-selective pan-Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitor designed for inhaled delivery, is under development for treatment of acute lung injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This two-part, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose (part A) and multiple ascending dose (part B) phase I study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of nezulcitinib in healthy participants. Part A included three cohorts randomized 6:2 to receive a single inhaled dose of nezulcitinib (1, 3, or 10 mg) or matching placebo. Part B included three cohorts randomized 8:2 to receive inhaled nezulcitinib (1, 3, or 10 mg) or matching placebo for 7 days. The primary outcome was nezulcitinib safety and tolerability assessed from treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). The secondary outcome was nezulcitinib PK. All participants completed the study. All TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity, and none led to treatment discontinuation. Overall (area under the plasma concentration-time curve) and peak (maximal plasma concentration) plasma exposures of nezulcitinib were low and increased in a dose-proportional manner from 1 to 10 mg in both parts, with no suggestion of clinically meaningful drug accumulation. Maximal plasma exposures were below levels expected to result in systemic target engagement, consistent with a lung-selective profile. No reductions in natural killer cell counts were observed, consistent with the lack of a systemic pharmacological effect and the observed PK. In summary, single and multiple doses of inhaled nezulcitinib at 1, 3, and 10 mg were well-tolerated in healthy participants, with dose-proportional PK supporting once-daily administration.
Subject(s)
Azetidines/adverse effects , COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Imidazoles/adverse effects , Indazoles/adverse effects , Piperidines/adverse effects , Administration, Inhalation , Adult , Area Under Curve , Azetidines/administration & dosage , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Imidazoles/administration & dosage , Imidazoles/pharmacokinetics , Indazoles/administration & dosage , Indazoles/pharmacokinetics , Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology , Lymphocyte Count , Male , Middle Aged , Piperidines/administration & dosage , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Young AdultABSTRACT
Nav1.7 is an extensively investigated target for pain with a strong genetic link in humans, yet in spite of this effort, it remains challenging to identify efficacious, selective, and safe inhibitors. Here, we disclose the discovery and preclinical profile of GDC-0276 (1) and GDC-0310 (2), selective Nav1.7 inhibitors that have completed Phase 1 trials. Our initial search focused on close-in analogues to early compound 3. This resulted in the discovery of GDC-0276 (1), which possessed improved metabolic stability and an acceptable overall pharmacokinetics profile. To further derisk the predicted human pharmacokinetics and enable QD dosing, additional optimization of the scaffold was conducted, resulting in the discovery of a novel series of N-benzyl piperidine Nav1.7 inhibitors. Improvement of the metabolic stability by blocking the labile benzylic position led to the discovery of GDC-0310 (2), which possesses improved Nav selectivity and pharmacokinetic profile over 1.
Subject(s)
Azetidines/pharmacology , Benzamides/pharmacology , Drug Discovery , NAV1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/metabolism , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Animals , Azetidines/chemistry , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Benzamides/chemistry , Benzamides/pharmacokinetics , Cells, Cultured , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Piperidines/chemistry , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Piperidines/pharmacology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers/chemistry , Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Baricitinib (BTB) is an orally administered Janus kinase inhibitor, therapeutically used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Recently it has also been approved for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. In this study, four different BTB-loaded lipids (stearin)-polymer (Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)) hybrid nanoparticles (B-PLN1 to B-PLN4) were prepared by the single-step nanoprecipitation method. Next, they were characterised in terms of physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential (ζP), polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL). Based on preliminary evaluation, the B-PLN4 was regarded as the optimised formulation with particle size (272 ± 7.6 nm), PDI (0.225), ζP (-36.5 ± 3.1 mV), %EE (71.6 ± 1.5%) and %DL (2.87 ± 0.42%). This formulation (B-PLN4) was further assessed concerning morphology, in vitro release, and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats. The in vitro release profile exhibited a sustained release pattern well-fitted by the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model (R2 = 0.879). The in vivo pharmacokinetic data showed an enhancement (2.92 times more) in bioavailability in comparison to the normal suspension of pure BTB. These data concluded that the formulated lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles could be a promising drug delivery option to enhance the bioavailability of BTB. Overall, this study provides a scientific basis for future studies on the entrapment efficiency of lipid-polymer hybrid systems as promising carriers for overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations.
Subject(s)
Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Drug Liberation , Liposomes/chemistry , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Polymers/chemistry , Purines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Animals , Azetidines/administration & dosage , Azetidines/chemistry , Biological Availability , Male , Purines/administration & dosage , Purines/chemistry , Pyrazoles/administration & dosage , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Sulfonamides/administration & dosage , Sulfonamides/chemistryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This Phase Ib study explored combination dosing of the allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitor cobimetinib and the ATP-competitive pan-AKT inhibitor ipatasertib. METHODS: Patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled to two dose escalation arms, each using a 3 + 3 design in 28-day cycles. In Arm A, patients received concurrent cobimetinib and ipatasertib on days 1-21. In Arm B, cobimetinib was administered intermittently with ipatasertib for 21 days. Primary objectives evaluated dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), maximum tolerated doses (MTD), and the recommended Phase II dose (RP2D). Secondary objectives included analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters, MAPK and PI3K pathway alterations, changes in tissue biomarkers, and preliminary anti-tumor efficacy. Expansion cohorts included patients with PTEN-deficient triple-negative breast cancer and endometrial cancer. RESULTS: Among 66 patients who received ≥1 dose of study drug, all experienced an adverse event (AE). Although no DLTs were reported, 6 patients experienced Cycle 1 DLT-equivalent AEs. The most common treatment-related AEs were diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dermatitis acneiform, and fatigue. Thirty-five (53%) patients experienced drug-related AEs of ≥ grade 3 severity. Cobimetinb/ipatasertib MTDs were 60/200 mg on Arm A and 150/300 mg on Arm B; the latter was chosen as the RP2D. No pharmacokinetic interactions were identified. Biomarker analyses indicated pathway blockade and increases in IFNγ and PD-L1 gene expression following the combination. Three patients with endometrial or ovarian cancer achieved partial response, all with PTEN-low disease and two with tumor also harboring KRAS mutation. CONCLUSION: There was limited tolerability and efficacy for this MEK and AKT inhibitor combination. Nonetheless, pharmacodynamic analyses indicated target engagement and suggest rationale for further exploration of cobimetinib or ipatasertib in combination with other anticancer agents. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01562275.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Azetidines/pharmacology , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Piperazines/pharmacology , Piperazines/therapeutic use , Piperidines/pharmacology , Piperidines/therapeutic use , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/therapeutic use , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Azetidines/adverse effects , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Male , Maximum Tolerated Dose , Middle Aged , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/drug effects , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/drug effects , Piperazines/adverse effects , Piperazines/pharmacokinetics , Piperidines/adverse effects , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/adverse effects , Pyrimidines/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Cobimetinib is a kinase inhibitor indicated for use in combination with vemurafenib for treatment of unresectable/metastatic melanoma with specific BRAF mutations. Cobimetinib is extensively metabolized in liver; thus, patients with hepatic impairment (HI) might have increased cobimetinib exposure. In this study, we investigated the impact of HI on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of cobimetinib. Subjects with normal hepatic function and mild to severe HI were enrolled. All subjects received a single oral dose of 10 mg cobimetinib, and serial blood samples were collected at specified times. Cobimetinib PK in subjects with mild and moderate HI was similar to that in those with normal liver function. However, subjects with severe HI, on average, showed â¼30% lower total AUC0-∞ and â¼2-fold higher unbound AUC0-∞ compared with those with normal hepatic function. These exposure differences can be explained by lower albumin levels observed in subjects with severe HI, the strong correlation between albumin level and the unbound fraction and the general PK variability of cobimetinib. In addition, previous studies with cobimetinib showed a lack of an exposure-response relationship for efficacy and safety. Therefore, collectively, our results suggest that the starting dose for patients with hepatic impairment can be the same as that for those with normal hepatic function.
Subject(s)
Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Liver Diseases/physiopathology , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Adult , Aged , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Area Under Curve , Azetidines/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Piperidines/adverse effects , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
The objective of this phase 1 study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of baricitinib after single and multiple doses in healthy Chinese adults. Eligible subjects received a once-daily dose of baricitinib 2, 4, or 10 mg or placebo on day 1 (single dose) and days 4 through 10 for 7 consecutive days (multiple doses). Plasma pharmacokinetic samples were collected up to 48 hours after dosing on days 1 and 10, with predose samples collected before dosing on day 1 and days 4 through 10. Safety and tolerability were also assessed. Baricitinib was rapidly absorbed, reaching peak plasma concentrations within 0.5 to 1 hour (median). Plasma concentrations declined rapidly following the attainment of peak concentrations, with a mean terminal half-life of 5.7 to 7.3 hours. Steady-state plasma concentrations of baricitinib were achieved after the second day of once-daily dosing, with minimal accumulation of baricitinib in plasma (up to 10% increase in area under the plasma concentration-time curve). Single- and multiple-dose mean values for area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity and maximum plasma concentration appeared to increase in an approximately dose-proportional manner across the dose range. Single and multiple oral doses of once-daily baricitinib up to 10 mg were well tolerated by healthy Chinese subjects.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Healthy Volunteers/statistics & numerical data , Oxazoles/pharmacokinetics , Purines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Adult , Area Under Curve , Asian People/ethnology , Azetidines/administration & dosage , Azetidines/blood , Case-Control Studies , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Tolerance , Female , Half-Life , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Oxazoles/administration & dosage , Oxazoles/blood , Placebos/administration & dosage , Purines/administration & dosage , Purines/blood , Pyrazoles/administration & dosage , Pyrazoles/blood , Safety , Sulfonamides/administration & dosage , Sulfonamides/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease in which synovial fibroblasts (SF) play a key role. Baricitinib and Tofacitinib both act intracellularly, blocking the ATP-binding side of JAK proteins and thereby the downstream signalling pathway via STAT-3. Therefore, we investigated the role of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in Baricitinib and Tofacitinib cellular transport. METHODS: OCT expression was analysed in SF isolated from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The interaction of Baricitinib and Tofacitinib with OCTs was investigated using quenching experiments. The intracellular accumulation of both drugs was quantified using LC/MS. Target inhibition for both drugs was tested using Western blot for phosphorylated JAK1 and STAT3 upon stimulation with IL-6. RESULTS: MATE-1 expression increased in OASF compared to RASF. The other OCTs were not differentially expressed. The transport of Baricitinib was not OCT dependent. Tofacitinib; however, was exported from RASF in a MATE-1 dependent way. Tofacitinib and Baricitinib showed comparable inhibition of downstream signalling pathways. CONCLUSION: We observed different cellular uptake strategies for Baricitinib and Tofacitinib. Tofacitinib was exported out of healthy cells due to the increased expression of MATE1. This might make Tofacitinib the favourable drug.
Subject(s)
Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Purines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Fibroblasts/metabolism , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Janus Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Organic Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Piperidines/therapeutic use , Primary Cell Culture , Purines/therapeutic use , Pyrazoles/therapeutic use , Pyrimidines/therapeutic use , STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Sulfonamides/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Pharmacological modulation of the Janus kinase (JAK) family has achieved clinically meaningful therapeutic outcomes for the treatment of inflammatory and hematopoietic diseases. Several JAK1 selective compounds are being investigated clinically to determine their anti-inflammatory potential. We used recombinant enzymes and primary human lymphocytes to assess the JAK1 specificity of itacitinib (INCB039110) and study inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling. Rodent models of arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease were subsequently explored to elucidate the efficacy of orally administered itacitinib on inflammatory pathogenesis. Itacitinib is a potent and selective JAK1 inhibitor when profiled against the other JAK family members. Upon oral administration in rodents, itacitinib achieved dose-dependent pharmacokinetic exposures that highly correlated with STAT3 pharmacodynamic pathway inhibition. Itacitinib ameliorated symptoms and pathology of established experimentally-induced arthritis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, itacitinib effectively delayed disease onset, reduced symptom severity, and accelerated recovery in three distinct mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Low dose itacitinib administered via cannula directly into the colon was highly efficacious in TNBS-induced colitis but with minimal systemic drug exposure, suggesting localized JAK1 inhibition is sufficient for disease amelioration. Itacitinib treatment in an acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) model rapidly reduced inflammatory markers within lymphocytes and target tissue, resulting in a marked improvement in disease symptoms. This is the first manuscript describing itacitinib as a potent and selective JAK1 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity across multiple preclinical disease models. These data support the scientific rationale for ongoing clinical trials studying itacitinib in select GvHD patient populations.
Subject(s)
Azetidines/pharmacology , Inflammation/drug therapy , Isonicotinic Acids/pharmacology , Janus Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Chemokine CCL2/drug effects , Colitis/chemically induced , Colitis/drug therapy , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Graft vs Host Disease/drug therapy , Humans , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy , Isonicotinic Acids/pharmacokinetics , Isonicotinic Acids/therapeutic use , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Primary Cell Culture , Rats , Rats, Inbred Lew , STAT Transcription Factors/drug effects , STAT3 Transcription Factor/drug effects , Signal Transduction/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/drug effectsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Platinum/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy is the strategy for ovarian cancer, but chemoresistance, inherent or acquired, occurs and hinders therapy. Therefore, further understanding of the mechanisms of drug resistance and adoption of novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. METHODS: In this study, we report that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1)-mediated chemoresistance for ovarian cancer. Then we developed nanoparticles with a hydrophilic PEG2000 chain and a hydrophobic DSPE and biodegradable CaP (calcium ions and phosphate ions) shell with pH sensitivity as a delivery system (CaP-NPs) to carry BAF312, a selective antagonist of S1PR1 (BAF312@CaP-NPs), to overcome the cisplatin (DDP) resistance of the ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3DR. RESULTS: We found that S1PR1 affected acquired chemoresistance in ovarian cancer by increasing the phosphorylated-signal transduction and activators of transcription 3 (P-STAT3) level. The mean size and zeta potential of BAF312@CaP-NPs were 116 ± 4.341 nm and -9.67 ± 0.935 mV, respectively. The incorporation efficiency for BAF312 in the CaP-NPs was 76.1%. The small size of the nanoparticles elevated their enrichment in the tumor, and the degradable CaP shell with smart pH sensitivity of the BAF312@CaP-NPs ensured the release of BAF312 in the acidic tumor niche. BAF312@CaP-NPs caused substantial cytotoxicity in DDP-resistant ovarian cancer cells by downregulating S1PR1 and P-STAT3 levels. CONCLUSION: We found that BAF312@CaP-NPs act as an effective and selective delivery system for overcoming S1PR1-mediated chemoresistance in ovarian carcinoma by inhibiting S1PR1 and P-STAT3.
Subject(s)
Azetidines/administration & dosage , Benzyl Compounds/administration & dosage , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , STAT3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/genetics , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Benzyl Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Calcium Phosphates/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Cisplatin/therapeutic use , Drug Delivery Systems , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Female , Humans , Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics , Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors , Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/metabolismABSTRACT
The C-C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is broadly expressed on regulatory T cells (Treg) as well as other circulating and tissue-resident T cells. Treg can be recruited to the tumor microenvironment (TME) through the C-C chemokines CCL17 and CCL22. Treg accumulation in the TME has been shown to dampen the antitumor immune response and is thought to be an important driver in tumor immune evasion. Preclinical and clinical data suggest that reducing the Treg population in the TME can potentiate the antitumor immune response of checkpoint inhibitors. We have developed small-molecule antagonists of CCR4, featuring a novel piperidinyl-azetidine motif, that inhibit the recruitment of Treg into the TME and elicit antitumor responses as a single agent or in combination with an immune checkpoint blockade. The discovery of these potent, selective, and orally bioavailable CCR4 antagonists, and their activity in in vitro and in vivo models, is described herein.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Azetidines/chemistry , Azetidines/pharmacology , Receptors, CCR4/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Cell Line, Tumor , Dogs , Humans , Macaca fascicularis , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/immunology , Piperidines/chemistry , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Piperidines/pharmacology , Piperidines/therapeutic use , Receptors, CCR4/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunologyABSTRACT
Pharmacological reactivation of the γ-globin gene for the production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a promising approach for the management of ß-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD). We conducted a phenotypic screen in human erythroid progenitor cells to identify molecules that could induce HbF, which resulted in identification of the hit compound 1. Exploration of structure-activity relationships and optimization of ADME properties led to 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane derivative 18, which is more rigid and has a unique structure. In vivo using cynomolgus monkeys, compound 18 induced a significant dose-dependent increase in globin switching, with developable properties. Moreover, compound 18 showed no genotoxic effects and was much safer than hydroxyurea. These findings could facilitate the development of effective new therapies for the treatment of ß-hemoglobinopathies, including SCD.
Subject(s)
Azetidines/pharmacology , Erythroid Precursor Cells/drug effects , Fetal Hemoglobin/metabolism , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Animals , Azetidines/chemical synthesis , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Drug Design , Drug Stability , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Isoxazoles/chemical synthesis , Isoxazoles/pharmacokinetics , Isoxazoles/pharmacology , Macaca fascicularis , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , Spiro Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The introduction of novel, small-molecule Janus kinase inhibitors namely tofacitinib, baricitinib and upadacitinib has provided an alternative treatment option for patients with rheumatoid arthritis outside of traditional drugs and expensive biologics. This review aimed to critically assess the drug-drug interaction potential of tofacitinib, baricitinib and upadacitinib and provide a balanced perspective for choosing the most appropriate Janus kinase inhibitor based on the needs of patients with rheumatoid arthritis including co-medications and renal/hepatic impairment status. Based on the critical assessment, all three approved Janus kinase inhibitors generally provide a favourable opportunity for co-prescription with a plethora of drugs. While cytochrome P450 3A4-related inhibition or induction altered the exposures (area under the curve) of tofacitinib and upadacitinib, it did not impact the exposure of baricitinib. Transporter drug-drug interaction studies revealed that the disposition of baricitinib was altered with certain transporter inhibitors as compared with either tofacitinib or upadacitinib. Adjustment of tofacitinib or baricitinib dosages but not that of upadacitinib is required with the progression of renal impairment from a mild to a severe condition. While the dosage of tofacitinib needs to be adjusted for patients with moderate hepatic impairment status, it is not the case for either baricitinib or upadacitinib. Assessment of the drug-drug interaction potential suggests that tofacitinib, baricitinib and upadacitinib generally show a favourable disposition with no perpetrator activity; however, as victim drugs, they show subtle pharmacokinetic differences that may be considered during polypharmacy. Moreover, careful choice of the three drugs could be made in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with varying degrees of renal/hepatic impairments.
Subject(s)
Antirheumatic Agents/adverse effects , Azetidines/adverse effects , Drug Interactions , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/adverse effects , Janus Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pharmacokinetics , Piperidines/adverse effects , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Purines/adverse effects , Pyrazoles/adverse effects , Pyrimidines/adverse effects , Sulfonamides/adverse effects , Animals , Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Azetidines/toxicity , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacokinetics , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/therapeutic use , Humans , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Piperidines/toxicity , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Purines/pharmacokinetics , Purines/toxicity , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/toxicity , Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/toxicity , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/toxicityABSTRACT
Baricitinib is an oral Janus kinase (JAK)1/JAK2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that was independently predicted, using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, to be useful for COVID-19 infection via proposed anti-cytokine effects and as an inhibitor of host cell viral propagation. We evaluated the in vitro pharmacology of baricitinib across relevant leukocyte subpopulations coupled to its in vivo pharmacokinetics and showed it inhibited signaling of cytokines implicated in COVID-19 infection. We validated the AI-predicted biochemical inhibitory effects of baricitinib on human numb-associated kinase (hNAK) members measuring nanomolar affinities for AAK1, BIKE, and GAK. Inhibition of NAKs led to reduced viral infectivity with baricitinib using human primary liver spheroids. These effects occurred at exposure levels seen clinically. In a case series of patients with bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia, baricitinib treatment was associated with clinical and radiologic recovery, a rapid decline in SARS-CoV-2 viral load, inflammatory markers, and IL-6 levels. Collectively, these data support further evaluation of the anti-cytokine and anti-viral activity of baricitinib and support its assessment in randomized trials in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Artificial Intelligence , Azetidines/pharmacology , Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Adult , Aged , Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Azetidines/therapeutic use , COVID-19 , Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Repositioning , Female , Humans , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Leukocytes/drug effects , Liver , Male , Middle Aged , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Purines , Pyrazoles , SARS-CoV-2 , Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects , Spheroids, Cellular/virology , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/therapeutic use , COVID-19 Drug TreatmentABSTRACT
Baricitinib, is a selective and reversible Janus kinase inhibitor, is commonly used to treat adult patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A fast, reproducible and sensitive method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of baricitinib in rat plasma has been developed. Irbersartan was used as the internal standard (IS). Baracitinib and IS were extracted from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction using a mixture of n-hexane and dichloromethane (1:1) as extracting agent. Chromatographic separation was performed using Acquity UPLC HILIC BEH 1.7 µm 2.1 × 50 mm column with the mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 20 mM ammonium acetate (pH 3) (97:3). The electrospray ionization in the positive-mode was used for sample ionization in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Baricitinib and the IS were quantified using precursor-to-production transitions of m/z 372.15 > 251.24 and 429.69 > 207.35 for baricitinib and IS, respectively. The method was validated according to the recent FDA and EMA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. The lower limit of quantification was 0.2 ng/mL, whereas the intra-day and inter-day accuracies of quality control (QCs) samples were ranged between 85.31% to 89.97% and 87.50% to 88.33%, respectively. Linearity, recovery, precision, and stability parameters were found to be within the acceptable range. The method was applied successfully applied in pilot pharmacokinetic studies.
Subject(s)
Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Purines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Animals , Azetidines/chemistry , Drug Monitoring , Humans , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Purines/chemistry , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Rats , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sulfonamides/chemistryABSTRACT
Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) receptor (CSF1R) is a receptor protein-tyrosine kinase specifically expressed in monocyte-lineage cells, such as monocytes and macrophages. In this study, we characterized the pharmacological properties of an azetidine compound, JTE-952 ((2S)-3-{[2-({3-[4-(4-cyclopropylbenzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]azetidine-1-yl}carbonyl)pyridin-4-yl]methoxy}propane-1,2-diol), which is a novel CSF1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor. JTE-952 potently inhibited human CSF1R kinase activity, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 11.1 nmol/L, and inhibited the phosphorylation of CSF1R in human macrophages and the CSF1-induced proliferation of human macrophages. It also inhibited human tropomyosin-related kinase A activity, but only at concentrations 200-fold higher than that required to inhibit the activity of CSF1R in inducing the proliferation of human macrophages. JTE-952 displayed no marked inhibitory activity against other kinases. JTE-952 potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by human macrophages and in whole blood. JTE-952 (≥3 mg/kg given orally) also significantly attenuated the CSF1-induced priming of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in mice and arthritis severity in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Taken together, these results indicate that JTE-952 is an orally available compound with potent and specific inhibitory activity against CSF1R, both in vitro and in vivo. JTE-952 is a potentially clinically useful agent for various human inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.