Long-term effects of local radiotherapy on growth and vertebral features in children with high-risk neuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effects of local radiotherapy (RT) on growth, we evaluated the chronological growth profiles and vertebral features of children with high-risk neuroblastoma. METHODS: Thirty-eight children who received local photon or proton beam therapy to the abdomen or retroperitoneum between January 2014 and September 2019 were included. Simple radiography of the thoracolumbar spine was performed before and every year after RT. The height and vertical length of the irradiated vertebral bodies (VBs) compared with the unirradiated VBs (vertebral body ratio, VBR) were analyzed using the linear mixed model. Shape feature analysis was performed to compare the irradiated and unirradiated vertebrae. RESULTS: The follow-up was a median of 53.5 months (range, 21-81 months) after RT. A decline in height z-scores was mainly found in the early phase after treatment. In the linear mixed model with height, the initial height (fixed, p < 0.001), sex (time interaction, p = 0.008), endocrine dysfunction (time interaction, 0.019), and age at diagnosis (fixed and time interaction, both p = 0.002) were significant. Unlike the trend in height, the change in VBR (ΔVBR) decreased gradually (p < 0.001). The ΔVBR in the group that received more than 30 Gy decreased more than in the group that received smaller doses. In the shape feature analysis, the irradiated VBs changed to a more irregular surface that were neither round nor rectangular. CONCLUSION: The irradiated VBs in children were gradually restricted compared to the unirradiated VBs in long-term follow-up, and higher RT doses were significantly affected. Radiation-induced irregular features of VBs were observed.

Growth and Nutritional Outcomes in Children Post-Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant without Exposure to Total Body Irradiation.

AIMS: Poor growth in childhood cancer survivors who undergo haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) without exposure to radiation is reported anecdotally, although literature to support this is limited. The aims of this study were to assess the change in height standard deviation score (SDS) and the final adult height (FAH) in children who underwent chemotherapy-only conditioned HSCT and to identify predictors of poor growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective hospital medical record review (1984-2010) of children (1-10 years) who underwent chemotherapy-only conditioned HSCT, noting anthropology measurements at cancer diagnosis, HSCT, 10 years old and FAH. RESULTS: The median age at HSCT of the 53 patients was 4.5 years, 75% had a haematological malignancy and 25% a solid tumour. Half of the cohort underwent allogenic HSCT and most (89%) conditioned with busulphan. The mean change in height SDS from primary cancer diagnosis to FAH was -1.21 (±1.18 SD), equivalent to 7-8.5 cm loss, with a mean FAH of -0.91 SDS (±1.10 SD). The greatest height loss occurred between diagnosis and HSCT (-0.77 SDS, 95% confidence interval -1.42, -0.12, P = 0.01), with no catch-up growth seen by FAH. Patients with solid tumours had the greatest height loss. Overall body mass index SDS did not change significantly over time, or by cancer type. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy-only conditioned HSCT during childhood can impact FAH, with the greatest height loss occurring prior to HSCT and no catch-up growth after treatment finishes. Children transplanted for a solid tumour malignancy seem to be more at risk, possibly due to intensive treatment regimens, both pre-transplant and during conditioning.

Height after photon craniospinal irradiation in pediatric patients treated for central nervous system embryonal tumors.

BACKGROUND: We modeled height after craniospinal irradiation (CSI) in pediatric patients with central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors to identify factors that impair stature. PROCEDURE: During 1996-2012, 212 pediatric patients (131 male) with CNS embryonal tumors received postoperative CSI: 23.4 Gy (n = 147) or ≥36 Gy (n = 65), similar postirradiation chemotherapy, and were followed for at least 5 years without tumor progression or other event. The group was further characterized by age at CSI and hormone-replacement therapy received. Models were developed to identify factors associated with growth impairment and estimate final height. RESULTS: With median follow up of 10.2 years (range 5.0-20.4 years), the mean final height z-scores at 18 years of age, compared to United States standards, were -1.3 for female and -1.5 for male survivors. Younger age at the time of CSI, higher CSI dose, and female sex were associated with height impairment. Factors associated with higher growth rates before 15 years of age were older age at CSI, male sex, CSI dose < 36 Gy, replacement therapy for growth hormone (GH) and central adrenal insufficiency, and white race. Growth after age 15 in male survivors was associated with treatment of gonadotropin deficiency. Linear mixed-effects models were developed using clinical factors to estimate final height, demonstrate the unique growth curve of this cohort, and interactions between clinical variable and radiation dose. CONCLUSIONS: CSI significantly impaired height at current doses used to treat standard- or high-risk CNS embryonal tumors. Measures to reduce the impact of CSI on height should be sought, with our models serving as benchmarks.

ESTIMATION OF Hp(3) TO THE EYE LENS OF INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGISTS-RELATION BETWEEN THE EYE LENS DOSE AND RADIOLOGIST'S HEIGHT.

The aim of the study was to estimate occupational radiation dose to the eye lens of radiologists and the dose reduction ratio of lead glasses during interventional radiology. Three interventional radiologists monitored Hp(3) using small-type optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters attached to the left inside and outside of the lead glasses with 0.07-mmPb [Hp(3)eye]. Hp(10) and Hp(0.07) were monitored, respectively, by attaching the personal dosemeter to the lead neck collar above the lead apron. The median Hp(3)eye with lead glasses and the median dose reduction ratio of lead glasses for the three radiologists were 8.02 mSv/y and 57.7%, respectively. The median Hp(3)eye without lead glasses [Hp(3)eye-w/o] for the three radiologists was 18.6 mSv/y, but Hp(3)eye-w/o for one of the radiologists was 24.1 mSv/y. Monitoring occupational radiation dose to the eye lens is important because interventional radiologists are at risk of exceeding the new dose limit.

Modeling the Skeleton Weight of an Adult Caucasian Man.

The reference value for the skeleton weight of an adult male (10.5 kg) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection in Publication 70 is based on weights of dissected skeletons from 44 individuals, including two US Transuranium and Uranium Registries whole-body donors. The International Commission on Radiological Protection analysis of anatomical data from 31 individuals with known values of body height demonstrated significant correlation between skeleton weight and body height. The corresponding regression equation, Wskel (kg) = -10.7 + 0.119 × H (cm), published in International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 70 is typically used to estimate the skeleton weight from body height. Currently, the US Transuranium and Uranium Registries holds data on individual bone weights from a total of 40 male whole-body donors, which has provided a unique opportunity to update the International Commission on Radiological Protection skeleton weight vs. body height equation. The original International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 70 and the new US Transuranium and Uranium Registries data were combined in a set of 69 data points representing a group of 33- to 95-y-old individuals with body heights and skeleton weights ranging from 155 to 188 cm and 6.5 to 13.4 kg, respectively. Data were fitted with a linear least-squares regression. A significant correlation between the two parameters was observed (r = 0.28), and an updated skeleton weight vs. body height equation was derived: Wskel (kg) = -6.5 + 0.093 × H (cm). In addition, a correlation of skeleton weight with multiple variables including body height, body weight, and age was evaluated using multiple regression analysis, and a corresponding fit equation was derived: Wskel (kg) = -0.25 + 0.046 × H (cm) + 0.036 × Wbody (kg) - 0.012 × A (y). These equations will be used to estimate skeleton weights and, ultimately, total skeletal actinide activities for biokinetic modeling of US Transuranium and Uranium Registries partial-body donation cases.

Changes in body mass index in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated without cranial radiation and with reduced glucocorticoid therapy.

BACKGROUND: Cranial radiation and glucocorticoids are associated with an increase in body mass index (BMI) z-score in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We aimed to investigate the impact of a contemporary treatment protocol that omitted prophylactic cranial radiation and glucocorticoids from the maintenance phase on longitudinal BMI, height, and weight z-scores in children with ALL. METHOD: We retrospectively studied 184 children with standard- and medium-risk ALL treated without cranial radiation or glucocorticoids. Height, weight, and BMI z-scores were collected from diagnosis to 7 years after diagnosis. Longitudinal changes in anthropometric data were compared to diagnosis using separate linear mixed models, adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS: Relative to diagnosis, there was a significant increase in estimated marginal mean BMI z-score during dexamethasone-containing re-induction (1.08, P < 0.001) that persisted throughout intensification (0.85, P < 0.001) and maintenance phases (0.81, P < 0.001), and up to 7 years after diagnosis (0.76, P = 0.002). Height z-scores decreased over the same time (P < 0.001), whereas weight z-scores fluctuated during treatment and declined thereafter (P = 0.007). A higher BMI z-score at diagnosis was associated with a younger age (P < 0.001), male sex (P < 0.001), and lower SES (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Children who did not receive cranial radiation or glucocorticoids during maintenance remain at increased risk of treatment-related increases in BMI z-score, which is associated with a loss of height z-score. Interventions designed to mediate this risk should begin early, even while children are on treatment because of the association with cardiovascular risk. Monitoring of survivors of ALL should include anthropometric measures.

Growth after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with acute myeloid leukemia.

Previous studies have shown that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may result in growth impairment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth during 5 yr after HSCT and to determine factors that influence final adult height (FAH). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who received HSCT. Among a total of 37 eligible patients, we selected 24 patients who began puberty at 5 yr after HSCT (Group 1) and 19 patients who reached FAH without relapse (Group 2). In Group 1, with younger age at HSCT, sex, steroid treatment, hypogonadism and hypothyroidism were not significantly associated with growth impairment 5 yr after HSCT. History of radiotherapy (RT) significantly impaired the 5 yr growth after HSCT. Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) only temporarily impaired growth after HSCT. In Group 2, with younger age at HSCT, steroid treatment and hypogonadism did not significantly reduce FAH. History of RT significantly reduced FAH. Growth impairment after HSCT may occur in AML patients, but in patients without a history of RT, growth impairment seemed to be temporary and was mitigated by catch-up growth.

Differential effects of radiotherapy on growth and endocrine function among acute leukemia survivors: a childhood cancer survivor study report.

BACKGROUND: The differential effects of cranial radiotherapy (CRT), spinal radiotherapy (SRT), and total body irradiation (TBI) on growth and endocrine outcomes have rarely been examined in combination among childhood acute leukemia survivors. PROCEDURE: Self-reported height/weight, hypothyroidism, and pregnancy/live birth were determined among acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia survivors (n = 3,467) participating in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, an ongoing cohort study of 5-year survivors of pediatric cancers diagnosed from 1970 to 1986. RESULTS: Compared with no radiotherapy, risk estimates were consistent across outcomes (adult short stature, hypothyroidism, absence of pregnancy/live birth) with CRT treatment associated with 2-3-fold increased risks, TBI associated with 5-10 fold increased risks, and CRT + TBI associated with >10 fold increased risks. Exposure to any SRT further increased risk of these outcomes 2-3-fold. Changes in body composition were more nuanced as CRT only was associated with an increased risk of being overweight/obese (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-1.9) whereas TBI only was associated with an increased risk of being underweight (OR 6.0, 95% CI 2.4-14.9). CONCLUSIONS: Although patients treated with CRT + TBI were at greatest risk for short stature, hypothyroidism, and a reduced likelihood of pregnancy/live birth, those treated with either modality alone had significantly increased risks as well, including altered body composition. Any SRT exposure further increased risk in an independent fashion.

Final height in survivors of childhood cancer compared with Height Standard Deviation Scores at diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Our study aimed to evaluate final height in a cohort of Dutch childhood cancer survivors (CCS) and assess possible determinants of final height, including height at diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We calculated standard deviation scores (SDS) for height at initial cancer diagnosis and height in adulthood in a cohort of 573 CCS. Multivariable regression analyses were carried out to estimate the influence of different determinants on height SDS at follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, survivors had a normal height SDS at cancer diagnosis. However, at follow-up in adulthood, 8.9% had a height ≤-2 SDS. Height SDS at diagnosis was an important determinant for adult height SDS. Children treated with (higher doses of) radiotherapy showed significantly reduced final height SDS. Survivors treated with total body irradiation (TBI) and craniospinal radiation had the greatest loss in height (-1.56 and -1.37 SDS, respectively). Younger age at diagnosis contributed negatively to final height. CONCLUSION: Height at diagnosis was an important determinant for height SDS at follow-up. Survivors treated with TBI, cranial and craniospinal irradiation should be monitored periodically for adequate linear growth, to enable treatment on time if necessary. For correct interpretation of treatment-related late effects studies in CCS, pre-treatment data should always be included.

Growth after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Previous studies have shown that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may result in growth impairment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth during 5 yr after HSCT and to determine factors that influence final adult height (FAH). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who received HSCT. Among a total of 37 eligible patients, we selected 24 patients who began puberty at 5 yr after HSCT (Group 1) and 19 patients who reached FAH without relapse (Group 2). In Group 1, with younger age at HSCT, sex, steroid treatment, hypogonadism and hypothyroidism were not significantly associated with growth impairment 5 yr after HSCT. History of radiotherapy (RT) significantly impaired the 5 yr growth after HSCT. Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) only temporarily impaired growth after HSCT. In Group 2, with younger age at HSCT, steroid treatment and hypogonadism did not significantly reduce FAH. History of RT significantly reduced FAH. Growth impairment after HSCT may occur in AML patients, but in patients without a history of RT, growth impairment seemed to be temporary and was mitigated by catch-up growth.

Growth hormone treatment impact on growth rate and final height of patients who received HSCT with TBI or/and cranial irradiation in childhood: a report from the French Leukaemia Long-Term Follow-Up Study (LEA).

The literature contains a substantial amount of information about factors that adversely influence the linear growth in up to 85% of patients undergoing haematopoietic SCT (HSCT) with TBI and/or cranial irradiation (CI) for acute leukaemia (AL). By contrast, only a few studies have evaluated the impact of growth hormone (GH) therapy on growth rate and final height (FH) in these children. We evaluated growth rates during the pre- and post-transplant periods to FH in a group of 25 children treated with HSCT (n=22), TBI (n=21) or/and CI (n=8) for AL and receiving GH therapy. At the start of GH treatment, the median height Z-score was -2.19 (-3.95 to 0.02), significantly lower than at AL diagnosis (P<0.001). Overall height gain from start of GH treatment to FH was 0.59Z (-2.72 to 2.93) with a median height Z-score at FH of -1.35 (-5.35 to 0.27). This overall height gain effect was greater in girls than in boys (P=0.04). The number of children with heights in the reference population range was greater after than before GH therapy (P=0.07). At FH the GVHD and GH treatments lasting <2 years were associated with shorter FH (P=0.02 and 0.05). We found a measurable beneficial effect of GH treatment on growth up to FH.

The limited screening value of insulin-like growth factor-I as a marker for alterations in body composition in very long-term adult survivors of childhood cancer.

BACKGROUND: The clinical relevance of low IGF-I levels, caused by cranial radiotherapy, in adult childhood cancer survivors has not been studied extensively. We evaluated whether IGF-I is a useful marker for altered body composition and growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in this group. PROCEDURE: We analyzed retrospective data from 610 adult childhood cancer survivors, retrieved from the late effects clinic. Median age at diagnosis was 6 years (interquartile range 3-11) and follow-up time was 18 years (13-24). We assessed IGF-I standard deviation scores (SDS), anthropometrical measures, growth hormone stimulation tests in patients with clinical signs of GHD, and measures of body composition (assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry, Lunar Prodigy). RESULTS: In 58 cranially irradiated acute leukemia survivors (25 Gy (24-25)) and 56 locally irradiated brain tumor survivors (42 Gy (35-54)) we found significantly lower IGF-I SDS (P < 0.001), lower height SDS (P < 0.001), higher body mass index (P = 0.01), higher waist-hip ratio (WHR; P = 0.001), higher total fat percentage SDS (P < 0.001), and lower lean body mass SDS (P < 0.001), as compared to 452 not cranially irradiated survivors. IGF-I showed a weak inverse correlation with BMI (r = -0.12, P = 0.04), WHR (r = -0.15, P = 0.01), total fat percentage (r = - 0.14, P = 0.02), and a positive correlation with lean body mass (r = 0.15, P = 0.01). In patients with low IGF-I levels, IGF-I did not significantly differ between subjects with and without GHD as determined by GH-stimulation testing (P = 0.39). CONCLUSION: This study shows that IGF-I has limited value as a marker for alterations in body composition in adult childhood cancer survivors.

Height impairment after lower dose cranial irradiation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether height measurements are affected by cranial radiation doses of 12-18 Gy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1997 to 2007, 23 children received cranial RT for T-cell or pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Dose fractionation schemes included 18 Gy in 9 fractions (n = 8), 18 Gy in 10 fractions (n = 5), 12.6 Gy in 7 fractions (n = 6), and 12 Gy in 8 fractions (n = 4). These patients were matched and compared to a control group of 23 patients who had ALL but no cranial RT. Height z-scores at diagnosis and last follow-up were compared using the paired Student's t-test. Differences in z-scores according to host and treatment parameters were compared using the unpaired Student's t-test. Median follow-up for irradiated patients was 63.5 months while for unirradiated patients was 91 months. RESULTS: The mean z-scores at initial diagnosis and last follow-up were 0.14 and -0.48 for patients receiving 12-12.6 Gy (P = 0.016), -0.16 and -0.89 for 18 Gy (P = 0.003), and 0.34 and 0.22 for no RT (P = 0.62). For children receiving RT, the mean difference in z-scores at initial diagnosis and last follow-up was -0.67 while for those not receiving RT, it was -0.10 (P = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Children receiving 12-18 Gy cranial RT for ALL were found to have height impairment compared to those not receiving RT.

Evaluación de la talla final y sobrevida libre de eventos en pacientes sobrevivientes de meduloblastoma con deficiencia de hormona de crecimiento, tratados o no con hormona de crecimiento biosintética recombinante humana en la niñez. Comparación con pacientes con craneofaringioma tratados con rhGH / Evaluation of final height and event-free survival in medulloblastoma patients with growth hormone deficiency with and without biosynthetic recombinant human growth hormone treatment in childhood

Introduccion: La deficiencia de GH (DGH) y la radioterapia espinal (RE) han sido implicadas en la etiología de la talla adulta (TA) baja en los sobrevivientes de meduloblastoma en la niñez. Sin embargo la dinámica del crecimiento luego del diagnóstico tumoral y la efectividad de la Hormona de crecimiento biosintética recombinante humana (rhGH) sobre la TA en comparación con sobrevivientes no tratados con rhGH no han sido reportadas. Objetivo. Evaluación de la talla (T) SDS (SDST) desde el diagnóstico del meduloblastoma y el efecto de la rhGH en pacientes con DGH comparando con pacientes no tratados con rhGH y con pacientes con craniofaringioma y DGH, tratados con rhGH. Analizar si había alguna diferencia en la sobrevida libre de eventos en los pacientes con meduloblastoma al ser tratados con rhGH. Material Clínico y Métodos. Catorce pacientes con meduloblastoma recibieron rhGH hasta la TA, grupo meduloblastoma tratado con GH (GrMGH). Diecinueve pacientes rechazaron la terapia con rhGH, grupo meduloblastoma control (GrMC). Se midieron la talla parada (T) y la talla sentada (Tsent). Ocho pacientes con craneofaringioma recibieron rhGH hasta la TA (GrCra). Se realizó seguimiento de 72 pacientes con meduloblastoma, 20 con tratamiento con rhGH. Resultados. En GrMGH, la media±DS SDST disminuyó de 0.09±0.63 al diagnóstico del tumor a -1.38±0.91 al diagnóstico del DGH, y a -1.90±0.72 al comienzo de rhGH, p<0.01, pero se mantuvo sin cambios durante el tratamiento con rhGH (TA -2.12±0.55). En GrMC la SDST (-0.25±0.88) no fue diferente de GrMGH al diagnóstico del tumor, pero fue -3.40±0.88 a la TA, significativamente menor que en GrMGH, p=0.001. La Tsent SDS a la TA (-4.56±0.82) fue significativamente menor que al comienzo de rhGH (-2.86±0.75), p=0.003, y no fue diferente de GrMC (-4.85±1.77). El GrCra mostró la mayor ganancia de talla (GT = TA-SDSTinicial), p< 0.007, y la menor pérdida de talla (PT= Tblanco - TA), p < 0.0001. Conclusión. El tratamiento con rhGH mejora la TA en sobrevivientes de meduloblastoma en la niñez con DGH, pero no el crecimiento espinal. Las características del crecimiento y la respuesta a rhGH son diferentes en GrMGH y en GrCra, mientras que el primer grupo sólo pudo mantener la talla relativa, el segundo mostró una franca recuperación del crecimiento. Además no hubo diferencias en la sobrevida libre de eventos en los pacientes con meduloblastoma con y sin tratamiento con rhGH (AU)

Background. GH deficiency (GHD) and spine irradiation (SI) have been implicated in the mechanism of reduced adult height (AH) in childhood survivors of medulloblastoma. However, growth dynamics after tumor diagnosis and the effectiveness of (rhGH) Recombinant human Growth Hormone on AH in comparison with rhGH-untreated survivors has not been reported. Aim. Follow up of height (H) SDS (HSDS) after diagnosis of meduloblastoma, and the effect of rhGH in GHD meduloblastoma patients. Comparison with GH-untreated GHD meduloblastoma patients and with GHD craniopharyngioma patients treated with rhGH. To evaluate event free survival in medulloblastoma patiens treated with rhGH. Clinical Material and Methods. Fourteen survivors of medulloblastoma received rhGH treatment until AH, Medulloblastoma GH-treated group (MGHGr). Nineteen patients refused rhGH therapy, GH-untreated Control Medulloblastoma Group, (MCGr). Standing H and sitting H (SitH) were measured. Eight patients with craniopharyngioma received rhGH treatment until AH (CraGr). 72 patients with medulloblastoma were followed up, 20 with rhGH. Results. In MGHGr, mean±SD HSDS decreased from 0.09±0.63 at tumor diagnosis to -1.38±0.91 at diagnosis of GHD, and to -1.90±0.72 at the onset of rhGH, p<0.01, but it remained unchanged during rhGH (AH -2.12±0.55). MCGr HSDS (- 0.25±0.88) was not different from MGHGr at tumor diagnosis, but it was -3.40 ± 0.88 at AH, significantly lower than in MGHGr, p=0.001. SitH SDS at AH (-4.56±0.82) was significantly lower than at the onset of rhGH (-2.86±0.75), p=0.003, and it was not different from MCGr (-4.85 ± 1.77). CraGr showed the highest height SDS gain (HG = FH ­ startHSDS), p<0.007, and the lowest height lost (HL = targetH - AH), p< 0.0001. Conclusions. rhGH treatment improves AH in GH-deficient childhood medulloblastoma survivors but not spinal growth. Growth pattern and response to rhGH differed in MGHGr and CraGR, while the former just could maintain height SDS under treatment, the latter showed a clear catch up growth. There wasn't any difference in the event free survival in medulloblastoma patients with or without rhGH (AU)

Long-term effects on bone mineral density of different therapeutic schemes for acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma during childhood.

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding long-term bone deficit in relationship with the modalities of cancer therapy among survivors of childhood malignancy. METHODS: Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated at lumbar spine (LS), total hip and femoral neck in 89 patients (44 men) more than 5 years after remission of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The patients had received chemotherapy (group I; n = 41), chemotherapy and cranial irradiation (group II; n = 32), or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with total body irradiation (TBI) (group III; n = 16). All patients had received methylprednisolone and 47 additional dexamethasone treatment. RESULTS: A reduced BMD at any site was observed in 44 of the 89 patients, more frequently in men (66%) than women (33%) (p < 0.001). In comparison with group I, mean BMD was significantly lower at all sites in group II and at the total hip and femoral neck in group III. A multivariate analysis showed independent significant influences of male gender at LS (p < 0.001) and of type of treatment and dexamethasone at the hip (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A low bone mass is frequently observed in adult survivors of childhood ALL and NHL, and is associated with male gender at the LS and with dexamethasone treatment, cranial irradiation and BMT/TBI at the hip.

Adult final height after GH therapy for irradiation-induced GH deficiency in childhood survivors of brain tumors: the Belgian experience.

OBJECTIVES: The treatment of brain tumors in childhood is frequently complicated by growth retardation with a high proportion of irradiation (Irr)-induced GH deficiency (GHD) resulting in reduced adult final height (AFH) even after GH therapy (GHT). In order to optimize future GHT protocols, more information on the factors influencing the growth response to GH in these children is needed. This retrospective study evaluated AFH and influencing auxological and treatment factors of a standardized daily biosynthetic GHT in childhood survivors of brain tumors with documented GHD after brain Irr. DESIGN AND METHODS: From the Belgian GH Registry, 57 children survivors of a brain tumor outside the hypothalamo-pituitary area with available AFH were stratified into two groups depending on cranial (C-Irr; n=25) or craniospinal (CS-Irr; n=32) Irr. RESULTS: In the C-Irr patients, results showed an AFH of -0.8 (-2.5, 1.4) SDS (median (range)) and in the CS-Irr patients, results showed a significantly (P<0.001) lower AFH of -1.8 (-4.2, 0.0) SDS. AFH SDS corrected for mid-parental height (MPH) in the C-Irr group was -0.5 (-2.2, 0.9) and -1.5 (-3.6, 0.0) SDS in the CS-Irr group. AFH was positively correlated with age at end of tumor therapy, height SDS at start GHT, height gain SDS first year GHT, and negatively correlated with CS-Irr. CONCLUSIONS: GHT failed to restore adult height to MPH in nearly half of Irr-induced GHD patients for brain tumor, especially those receiving CS-Irr, irradiated at a younger age or shorter at start GHT.

Bone markers after total body irradiation in childhood.

Total body irradiation (TBI) can cause short stature because of decreased growth hormone (GH) and skeletal abnormalities. To evaluate the plasma concentrations of markers of bone formation (osteocalcin and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide, P1NP) and resorption (carboxy-terminal telopeptide, CTX), in patients (n=65) who had been given TBI at 6.6+/-0.4 years were evaluated at 9.8+/-0.4 years. Patients given single 10 Gy or fractionated 12 Gy TBI had similar characteristics, except that plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) was lower in those given a single 10 Gy. Seven had lower osteocalcin and two had higher CTX than controls. Bone markers (as zs) were positively correlated (osteocalcin with P1NP, rho=0.42, P=0.0007; osteocalcin with CTX, rho=0.3, P<0.02), but not P1NP with CTX. Plasma osteocalcin and CTX were also positively correlated with plasma IGF-1, but not with growth rate during the first year on GH (n=28). Adult height was -2.5+/-0.2 s.d.s. (n=49). Those irradiated when young (P=0.0002) or given single TBI lost more height between TBI and adult height. Most TBI patients had normal bone formation and resorption markers. Thus, impaired bone turnover is probably not the cause of their short stature and poor response to GH.

Endocrine consequences of childhood malignancies.

Advances in cancer therapy over the last years have resulted in improved survival rates for pediatric cancer patients. However, new treatments are associated with short and long-term morbidity. The endocrine system is particularly sensitive to cancer therapies. Long-term survivors of childhood cancer are at risk for hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction, gonadal failure or disorders relating to pubertal progress, thyroid disease, obesity, disorders of lipid metabolism and disorders of bone and mineral metabolism. Long-term follow-up is indicated, as these disorders may not become apparent until adulthood.

Growth and development after hematopoietic cell transplant in children.

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) following high-dose chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for children with malignant or nonmalignant hematologic disorders has resulted in an increasing number of long-term disease-free survivors. The preparative regimens include high doses of alkylating agents, such as CY with or without BU, and may include TBI. These agents impact the neuroendocrine system in growing children and their subsequent growth and development. Children receiving high-dose CY or BUCY have normal thyroid function, but those who receive TBI-containing regimens may develop thyroid function abnormalities. Growth is not impacted by chemotherapy-only preparative regimens, but TBI is likely to result in growth hormone deficiency and decreased growth rates that need to be treated with synthetic growth hormone therapy. Children who receive high-dose CY-only have normal development through puberty, whereas those who receive BUCY have a high incidence of delayed pubertal development. Following fractionated TBI preparative regimens, approximately half of the patients have normal pubertal development. These data demonstrate that the growth and development problems after HCT are dependent upon the preparative regimen received. All children should be followed for years after HCT for detection of growth and development abnormalities that are treatable with appropriate hormone therapy.

[Physical development of the teenagers who were exposed to radiation in utero after the accident on the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant].

Some features of physical development of teenagers exposed to radiation during utero development are revealed. These teenagers have been found to have more often, than in the control group disorders connected with harmonicity of physical development. Thus in the group of teenagers who have been exposed to acute radiation in utero period of their development prevails tall young men and girls while among the teenagers who have been born in 1986 and stayed living in the polluted territories low growth, subnanysm and nanysm is more often observed.