ABSTRACT
Adolescents eating habits are determined by social, psychological, economic, political, and educational influences. They tend to prefer foods with inadequate nutritional value and high fat and carbohydrate content which leads to excessive weight gain and for many, calcium intake is restricted. According to some authors, low calcium intake is linked to increased adiposity. The objective was to evaluate adolescent calcium intake and investigate a possible relationship between calcium intake and nutritional state. As part of their first consultation at Botucatu Adolescent Outpatient Clinic -UNESP, 107 adolescents were nutritionally classified by BMI, according to age, gender, and bands proposed by CDC and AAP. Diet was evaluated by a 3 day 24h food recall, adopting 1300mg/day calcium intake as recommended by Dietary Reference Intakes. Median calcium intake for the whole sample was 546.6mg/day, with 91.30 percent female and 86.84 percent male presenting lower than adequate daily recommended ingestion levels (DRI). There was significant difference between calcium densities (Ca mg/1000kcal) in eutrophic and overweight/obesity in males. Male adolescents showed an inverse relationship between calcium intake and adiposity (r= -0.488 and p=0.0173), which corroborates the hypothesis that low calcium intake is linked to fatty tissue gain. Only 8.70 percent of female and 13.16 percent of male adolescents reached their daily recommended calcium intake levels. It must therefore be stressed that nutritional education is an important protection factor for children and adolescents in later life.
Los hábitos alimentarios se desarrollan dependiendo de los determinantes sociales, psicológicos, económicos, políticos y educacionales y sus preferencias recaen sobre alimentos con inadecuado valor nutricional, elevado contenido de grasa y carbohidratos que conducen a un aumento excesivo de peso. De acuerdo con algunos autores la baja ingestión de calcio se asocia al incremento de la adiposidad. Los objetivos fueron evaluar la ingestión de calcio por adolescentes e investigar una posible relación con el estado nutricional. En su primera consulta en el Ambulatorio de Medicina del Adolescente-Botucatu-UNESP, 107 adolescentes se clasificaron nutricionalmente por el IMC, de acuerdo con la edad y sexo y puntos de corte propuestos por el CDC y AAP. La evaluación dietética fue realizada por el método de recordatorio de 24 hrs. en 3 días diferentes y se adoptó la recomendación de Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), de 1.300 mg de Ca/día. La ingestión mediana de calcio para la muestra total fue de 546,6 mg/día. Un 91,3 por ciento de las adolescentes y un 86,8 por ciento de los jóvenes presentaron un consumo inferior a los valores de DRI. Al comparar la densidad de calcio (Ca mg/1.000 kcal) entre los grupos eutróficos y sobrepeso/obeso del sexo masculino, se constató una diferencia significativa. En los adolescentes masculinos se evidenció una relación inversa enttre consumo de calcio y adiposidad (r = -0,488 y p = 0,0173), lo cual confirma la hipótesis de que la baja ingestión de calcio se asocia al aumento de tejido graso. Solamente el 8,7 por ciento de las adolescentes mujeres alcanzaron las recomendaciones diarias de DRI y de los adolescente masculinos, el 13,16 por ciento.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Calcium, Dietary/adverse effects , Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diet therapy , Obesity , Adolescent Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
AIM: To assess the long-term effect of a gluten-free diet on bone mineral density of adults with untreated coeliac disease. METHODS: Bone mineral density was assessed at baseline and after a mean duration of 37 months of treatment in 25 unselected newly diagnosed coeliac patients. RESULTS: At baseline, osteopenia (> -1 s.d. below normal) was evident in the lumbar spine and total skeleton in 18 (72%) and 21 (84%) patients, respectively. At the end of the study, bone density had increased (mean bone mass Z-score increase: Z-score +1.0 for the lumbar spine and +1.1 for total skeleton) in 22 and 23 patients, respectively. Patients who adhered to strict gluten restriction (n = 15) demonstrated a similar bone remineralization in the spine than those patients with partial compliance (n = 10) (mean Z-score increase: +1.0, in both areas). A greater mean annual change in Z-score in the total skeleton was noted in patients who followed strict gluten restriction (0.4 +/- 0.1) respect to those with partial compliance (0.3 +/- 0.1); however, this difference was not statistically significant. Pre-menopausal women had significantly greater remineralization that post-menopausals (P > 0.05). Remineralization showed an inverse correlation with the degree of basal osteopenia (r = -0.525; P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term treatment with gluten-free diet produces a significant improvement in bone density in coeliac patients. Remineralization was more pronounced in patients who better comply with gluten-free diet, in pre-menopausal women and in patients with the lowest baseline bone mineral density.
Subject(s)
Bone Density , Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diet therapy , Celiac Disease/diet therapy , Glutens/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology , Celiac Disease/complications , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) were studied by X-ray absorptiometry in 20 untreated and 12 treated women with celiac disease, as well as in 85 age-matched control women. Untreated patients had a significantly lower body weight, fat mass, lean tissue mass and BMD at the lumbar spine and total skeleton compared to controls (p < 0.001 for all parameters). Treated patients had also a significantly lower body weight (p < 0.01) fat mass (p < 0.05) and bone mineral density at lumbar spine and total skeleton (p < 0.05) compared with controls, but lean tissue mass was not diminished. However, treated patients had a significantly higher body weight, fat mass and BMD of the total skeleton compared with untreated celiac patients (p < 0.01 for all parameters). Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were increased in untreated patients but serum 250HD was normal. In conclusion, celiac disease causes a global and almost universal reduction of fat mass and BMD. The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that osteopenia does not seem to be completely restored by adequate treatment. Alteration of vitamin D metabolism was not the cause of osteopenia in the majority of patients.
Subject(s)
Body Composition/physiology , Bone Density/physiology , Celiac Disease/physiopathology , Absorptiometry, Photon , Adult , Aged , Alkaline Phosphatase/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Body Weight/physiology , Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diet therapy , Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology , Bone Diseases, Metabolic/physiopathology , Bone and Bones/physiology , Calcifediol/blood , Calcium/blood , Celiac Disease/complications , Celiac Disease/diet therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Lumbar Vertebrae/physiology , Middle Aged , Parathyroid Hormone/blood , Radioimmunoassay , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
La osteopenia del pretérmino es cada vez más frecuente. Los métodos que actualmente se emplean para evaluarla son las fosfatasas alcalinas y la radiología, de poca precisión. La densitometría ósea es más precisa, pero hay poca experiencia con ella en el período neonatal. Con el objetivo de describir su aporte, en el diagnóstico de osteopenia del prematuro, se estudiaron 12 RN pretérmino de 25 a 30 semanas de gestación; y 10 RN sanos de 36 a 37 semanas de edad gestacional como controles. La medición se efectuó con densitómetro Norland 2600 de doble fotón. Se establecieron valores para TBM (contenido mineral óseo total), TBM/peso y BMD (densidad mineral ósea). El grupo control tuvo un peso promedio de 2.833 g la medición se efectuó en los primeros tres días de vida. En el grupo de estudio, la edad gestacional promedio fue 28,5 semanas, el peso al nacer 1.238 g, las mediciones se efectuaron a las 36 y 44 semanas postconcepcionales y su alimentación se hizo con leche materna o fórmula con 80 mg% de Ca y 40 mg% de P o ambas. Los RN controles tuvieron TBM 54,9ñ9,05 g, TBM/peso 19,65ñ1,98, y BMD 0,531ñ0,0061 g/cm* a la edad de tres días. En los RN pretérmino, a las 36 semanas los resultados fueron: TBM 27,75ñ6,6 g TBM/peso 10,86ñ1,6 y BMD 0,262ñ0,05 g/cm* y, a las 44 semanas, TBM 54,98ñ14,5 g (ns), TBM/peso 12,0ñ2,22 (p<0,0001), y BMD 0,346ñ0,06 g/cm* (p<0,0001). TBM/peso y BMD, a las 44 semanas persistían significativamente más bajos que el grupo control. La densitometría ósea es útil para demostrar la disminución del contenido mineral óseo en prematuros, seguir su evolución y controlar su manejo