Traumatic Brain Injury and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the mechanisms of primary traumatic injury to the brain and spinal cord, with an emphasis on grading severity, identifying surgical indications, anticipating complications, and managing secondary injury. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS: Serum biomarkers have emerged for clinical decision making and prognosis after traumatic injury. Cortical spreading depolarization has been identified as a potentially modifiable mechanism of secondary injury after traumatic brain injury. Innovative methods to detect covert consciousness may inform prognosis and enrich future studies of coma recovery. The time-sensitive nature of spinal decompression is being elucidated. ESSENTIAL POINTS: Proven management strategies for patients with severe neurotrauma in the intensive care unit include surgical decompression when appropriate, the optimization of perfusion, and the anticipation and treatment of complications. Despite validated models, predicting outcomes after traumatic brain injury remains challenging, requiring prognostic humility and a model of shared decision making with surrogate decision makers to establish care goals. Penetrating injuries, especially gunshot wounds, are often devastating and require public health and policy approaches that target prevention.

Collaborative Care for Chronic Pain After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Chronic pain after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is prevalent and associated with poor outcomes. By providing multidisciplinary care through expert consultation, a collaborative care (CC) treatment approach may reduce pain interference. Objective: To compare CC with usual care (UC) in decreasing pain interference. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial was conducted from July 2018 through April 2021 at 2 hospital-based academic rehabilitation medicine clinics in Seattle, Washington. Participants included adults with mild-to-severe TBI (at least 6 months before enrollment) and chronic pain. Data analysis was performed from March 30, 2022, to August 30, 2023. Intervention: The CC intervention (called TBI Care) included up to 12 in-person or telephone visits over 16 weeks with a care manager (CM) who provided person-centered cognitive behavioral treatment. The CM met weekly with members of the expert team to review participants and discuss recommendations to optimize treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was pain interference on the Brief Pain Inventory at treatment conclusion (4 months after randomization). Secondary outcomes included pain interference at 8 months; pain severity; symptoms of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance; pain-related emergency department visits; community participation; and participant satisfaction. Linear mixed-effects regression was used for analysis. Results: A total of 1379 individuals were screened for eligibility, and 158 were randomized (79 to CC and 79 to UC). The participants were mostly women (92 participants [58%]) with a mean (SD) age of 46.8 (13.2) years and a mean (SD) of 15.3 (3.0) years of education. TBI occurred a mean (SD) of 4.0 (5.9) years (median [IQR], 1.9 [0.8-4.5] years) before enrollment. All TBI severities were included, and of 149 participants for whom TBI severity was known, the majority (97 participants [65%]) had mild TBI. In the CC group, 71 participants (90%) completed at least 11 sessions, and, at 4 months, this group had significantly lower pain interference scores compared with the UC group (mean [SD], 3.46 [2.17] vs 5.03 [2.28]). This difference was maintained at 8 months after randomization, with mean (SD) TBI care pain interference scores of 3.61 (2.22) for CC vs 4.68 (2.51) for UC. At 4 months, there was significantly lower pain severity in the CC group vs UC group (mean [SD] score, 3.63 [1.95] vs 4.90 [1.96]), as well as symptoms of depression (mean [SD] score, 8.07 [5.34] vs 11.31 [6.37]) and anxiety (mean [SD], 6.20 [5.17] vs 9.58 [6.00]). Satisfaction with pain treatment (mean [SD] score, 2.99 [1.23] vs 2.52 [1.25]), clinical care (mean [SD] score, 3.28 [1.00] vs 2.84 [1.26]), and overall health care (mean [SD] score, 3.25 [0.88] vs 2.82 [1.00]) were significantly higher in the CC group vs the UC group; global impression of change was significantly lower in the CC group vs the UC group (mean [SD] score, 2.74 [1.02] vs 3.47 [1.26]) (lower scores denote a better impression of change). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial of CC compared with UC for patients with TBI, CC was effective at reducing pain interference and was sustained at 8-month follow-up. Further research is needed to examine the implementation and cost-effectiveness of CC for TBI in other health care settings. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03523923.

Traumatic Brain Injuries: Manifestations, Evaluation, Management, and Outcomes.

The Psychiatric Consultation Service at Massachusetts General Hospital sees medical and surgical inpatients with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and conditions. During their twice-weekly rounds, Dr Stern and other members of the Consultation Service discuss diagnosis and management of hospitalized patients with complex medical or surgical problems who also demonstrate psychiatric symptoms or conditions. These discussions have given rise to rounds reports that will prove useful for clinicians practicing at the interface of medicine and psychiatry.Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2024;26(3):23f03667. Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article.

Epidemiological Burden of Neurotrauma in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of 45,763 Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Neurotrauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. We conducted this systematic review to generate nationally generalizable reference data for the country. METHODS: Four research databases and gray literature sources were electronically searched. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions and Cochrane's risk of bias tools. Descriptive analysis, narrative synthesis, and statistical analysis (via paired t-tests and χ2 independence tests) were performed on relevant article metrics (α = 0.05). RESULTS: We identified a cohort of 45,763 patients from 254 articles. The overall risk of bias was moderate to high. Most articles employed retrospective cohort study designs (37.4%) and were published during the last 2 decades (81.89%). The cohort's average age was 32.5 years (standard deviation, 20.2) with a gender split of ∼3 males per female. Almost 90% of subjects were diagnosed with traumatic brain injury, with road traffic accidents (68.6%) being the greatest cause. Altered consciousness (48.4%) was the most commonly reported clinical feature. Computed tomography (53.5%) was the most commonly used imaging modality, with skull (25.7%) and vertebral fracture (14.1%) being the most common radiological findings for traumatic brain injury and traumatic spinal injury, respectively. Two-thirds of patients were treated nonoperatively. Outcomes were favorable in 63.7% of traumatic brain injury patients, but in only 20.9% of traumatic spinal injury patients. Pressure sores, infection, and motor deficits were the most commonly reported complications in the latter. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and pooled analysis demonstrate the significant burden of neurotrauma across Nigeria.

Impact of childhood traumatic brain injury on fitness for service class, length of service period, and cognitive performance during military service in Finland from 1998 to 2018: A retrospective register-based nationwide cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause neuronal damage and cerebrovascular dysfunction, leading to acute brain dysfunction and considerable physical and mental impairment long after initial injury. Our goal was to assess the impact of pediatric TBI (pTBI) on military service, completed by 65-70% of men in Finland. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective register-based nationwide cohort study. All patients aged 0 to 17 years at the time of TBI, between 1998 and 2018, were included. Operatively and conservatively treated patients with pTBI were analyzed separately. The reference group was comprised of individuals with upper and lower extremity fractures. Information on length of service time, service completion, fitness for service class, and cognitive performance in a basic cognitive test (b-test) was gathered from the Finnish Military Records for both groups. Linear and logistic regression with 95% CI were used in comparisons. RESULTS: Our study group comprised 12 281 patients with pTBI and 20 338 reference group patients who participated in conscription. A total of 8 507 (66.5%) men in the pTBI group and 14 953 (71.2%) men in the reference group completed military service during the follow-up period. Men in the reference group were more likely to complete military service (OR 1.26, CI 1.18-1.34). A total of 31 (23.3%) men with operatively treated pTBI completed the military service. Men with conservatively treated pTBI had a much higher service rate (OR 7.20, CI 4.73-11.1). In the pTBI group, men (OR 1.26, CI 1.18-1.34) and women (OR 2.05, CI 1.27-3.36) were more likely to interrupt military service than the reference group. The PTBI group scored 0.15 points (CI 0.10-0.20) less than the reference group in cognitive b-test. CONCLUSIONS: PTBI groups had slightly shorter military service periods and higher interruption rate than our reference-group. There were only minor differences between groups in cognitive b-test.

Targeted temperature control following traumatic brain injury: ESICM/NACCS best practice consensus recommendations.

AIMS AND SCOPE: The aim of this panel was to develop consensus recommendations on targeted temperature control (TTC) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and in patients with moderate TBI who deteriorate and require admission to the intensive care unit for intracranial pressure (ICP) management. METHODS: A group of 18 international neuro-intensive care experts in the acute management of TBI participated in a modified Delphi process. An online anonymised survey based on a systematic literature review was completed ahead of the meeting, before the group convened to explore the level of consensus on TTC following TBI. Outputs from the meeting were combined into a further anonymous online survey round to finalise recommendations. Thresholds of ≥ 16 out of 18 panel members in agreement (≥ 88%) for strong consensus and ≥ 14 out of 18 (≥ 78%) for moderate consensus were prospectively set for all statements. RESULTS: Strong consensus was reached on TTC being essential for high-quality TBI care. It was recommended that temperature should be monitored continuously, and that fever should be promptly identified and managed in patients perceived to be at risk of secondary brain injury. Controlled normothermia (36.0-37.5 °C) was strongly recommended as a therapeutic option to be considered in tier 1 and 2 of the Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference ICP management protocol. Temperature control targets should be individualised based on the perceived risk of secondary brain injury and fever aetiology. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a modified Delphi expert consensus process, this report aims to inform on best practices for TTC delivery for patients following TBI, and to highlight areas of need for further research to improve clinical guidelines in this setting.

Assessing the impact of early progressive mobilization on moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of neurodisability worldwide, with notably high disability rates among moderately severe TBI cases. Extensive previous research emphasizes the critical need for early initiation of rehabilitation interventions for these cases. However, the optimal timing and methodology of early mobilization in TBI remain to be conclusively determined. Therefore, we explored the impact of early progressive mobilization (EPM) protocols on the functional outcomes of ICU-admitted patients with moderate to severe TBI. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at a trauma ICU of a medical center; 65 patients were randomly assigned to either the EPM group or the early progressive upright positioning (EPUP) group. The EPM group received early out-of-bed mobilization therapy within seven days after injury, while the EPUP group underwent early in-bed upright position rehabilitation. The primary outcome was the Perme ICU Mobility Score and secondary outcomes included Functional Independence Measure motor domain (FIM-motor) score, phase angle (PhA), skeletal muscle index (SMI), the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), and duration of ventilation. RESULTS: Among 65 randomized patients, 33 were assigned to EPM and 32 to EPUP group. The EPM group significantly outperformed the EPUP group in the Perme ICU Mobility and FIM-motor scores, with a notably shorter ICU stay by 5.9 days (p < 0.001) and ventilation duration by 6.7 days (p = 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed in PhAs. CONCLUSION: The early progressive out-of-bed mobilization protocol can enhance mobility and functional outcomes and shorten ICU stay and ventilation duration of patients with moderate-to-severe TBI. Our study's results support further investigation of EPM through larger, randomized clinical trials. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04810273 . Registered 13 March 2021.

Brain tissue oxygen plus intracranial pressure monitoring versus isolated intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with traumatic brain injury: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring plays a key role in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), however, cerebral hypoxia can occur without intracranial hypertension. Aiming to improve neuroprotection in these patients, a possible alternative is the association of Brain Tissue Oxygen Pressure (PbtO2) monitoring, used to detect PbtO2 tension. METHOD: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central for RCTs comparing combined PbtO2 + ICP monitoring with ICP monitoring alone in patients with severe or moderate TBI. The outcomes analyzed were mortality at 6 months, favorable outcome (GOS ≥ 4 or GOSE ≥ 5) at 6 months, pulmonary events, cardiovascular events and sepsis rate. RESULTS: We included 4 RCTs in the analysis, totaling 505 patients. Combined PbtO2 + ICP monitoring was used in 241 (47.72%) patients. There was no significant difference between the groups in relation to favorable outcome at 6 months (RR 1.17; 95% CI 0.95-1.43; p = 0.134; I2 = 0%), mortality at 6 months (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.57-1.18; p = 0.281; I2 = 34%), cardiovascular events (RR 1.75; 95% CI 0.86-3.52; p = 0.120; I2 = 0%) or sepsis (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.25-2.22; p = 0.604; I2 = 0%). The risk of pulmonary events was significantly higher in the group with combined PbtO2 + ICP monitoring (RR 1.44; 95% CI 1.11-1.87; p = 0.006; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that combined PbtO2 + ICP monitoring does not change outcomes such as mortality, functional recovery, cardiovascular events or sepsis. Furthermore, we found a higher risk of pulmonary events in patients undergoing combined monitoring.

Brain tissue oxygen partial pressure monitoring and prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis.

To assess whether monitoring brain tissue oxygen partial pressure (PbtO2) or employing intracranial pressure (ICP)/cerebral perfusion pressure (CCP)-guided management improves patient outcomes, including mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), mean daily ICP and mean daily CCP during the intensive care unit(ICU)stay. We searched the Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE databases until December 12, 2023. Prospective randomized controlled and cohort studies were included. A meta-analysis was performed for the primary outcome measure, mortality, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Eleven studies with a total of 37,492 patients were included. The mortality in the group with PbtO2 was 29.0% (odds ratio: 0.73;95% confidence interval [CI]:0.56-0.96; P = 0.03; I = 55%), demonstrating a significant benefit. The overall hospital LOS was longer in the PbtO2 group than that in the ICP/CPP group (mean difference:2.03; 95% CI:1.03-3.02; P<0.0001; I = 39%). The mean daily ICP in the PbtO2 monitoring group was lower than that in the ICP/CPP group (mean difference:-1.93; 95% CI: -3.61 to -0.24; P = 0.03; I = 41%). Moreover, PbtO2 monitoring did not improve the mean daily CPP (mean difference:2.43; 95%CI: -1.39 to 6.25;P = 0.21; I = 56%).Compared with ICP/CPP monitoring, PbtO2 monitoring reduced the mortality and the mean daily ICP in patients with severe traumatic brain injury; however, no significant effect was noted on the mean daily CPP. In contrast, ICP/CPP monitoring alone was associated with a short hospital stay.

Prevalence and Correlates of VA-Purchased Community Care Use Among Post-9/11-Era Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE: Post-9/11-era veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have greater health-related complexity than veterans overall, and may require coordinated care from TBI specialists such as those within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system. With passage of the Choice and MISSION Acts, more veterans are using VA-purchased care delivered by community providers who may lack TBI training. We explored prevalence and correlates of VA-purchased care use among post-9/11 veterans with TBI. SETTING: Nationwide VA-purchased care from 2016 through 2019. PARTICIPANTS: Post-9/11-era veterans with clinician-confirmed TBI based on VA's Comprehensive TBI Evaluation (N = 65 144). DESIGN: This was a retrospective, observational study. MAIN MEASURES: Proportions of veterans who used VA-purchased care and both VA-purchased and VA-delivered outpatient care, overall and by study year. We employed multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between veterans' sociodemographic, military history, and clinical characteristics and their likelihood of using VA-purchased care from 2016 through 2019. RESULTS: Overall, 51% of veterans with TBI used VA-purchased care during the study period. Nearly all who used VA-purchased care (99%) also used VA-delivered outpatient care. Veterans' sociodemographic, military, and clinical characteristics were associated with their likelihood of using VA-purchased care. Notably, in adjusted analyses, veterans with moderate/severe TBI (vs mild), those with higher health risk scores, and those diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, or pain-related conditions had increased odds of using VA-purchased care. Additionally, those flagged as high risk for suicide also had higher odds of VA-purchased care use. CONCLUSIONS: Veterans with TBI with greater health-related complexity were more likely to use VA-purchased care than their less complex counterparts. The risks of potential care fragmentation across providers versus the benefits of increased access to care are unknown. Research is needed to examine health and functional outcomes among these veterans.

An injectable refrigerated hydrogel for inducing local hypothermia and neuroprotection against traumatic brain injury in mice.

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is a promising therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the clinic. However, the neuroprotective outcomes of hypothermia-treated TBI patients in clinical studies are inconsistent due to several severe side effects. Here, an injectable refrigerated hydrogel was designed to deliver 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) to achieve a longer period of local hypothermia for TBI treatment. Hydrogel has four advantages: (1) It can be injected into injured sites after TBI, where it forms a hydrogel and avoids the side effects of whole-body cooling. (2) Hydrogels can biodegrade and be used for controlled drug release. (3) Released T1AM can induce hypothermia. (4) This hydrogel has increased medical value given its simple operation and ability to achieve timely treatment. METHODS: Pol/T hydrogels were prepared by a low-temperature mixing method and characterized. The effect of the Pol/T hydrogel on traumatic brain injury in mice was studied. The degradation of the hydrogel at the body level was observed with a small animal imager. Brain temperature and body temperature were measured by brain thermometer and body thermometer, respectively. The apoptosis of peripheral nerve cells was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The protective effect of the hydrogels on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after TBI was evaluated by the Evans blue penetration test. The protective effect of hydrogel on brain edema after injury in mice was detected by Magnetic resonance (MR) in small animals. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to measure the levels of inflammatory factors. The effects of behavioral tests on the learning ability and exercise ability of mice after injury were evaluated. RESULTS: This hydrogel was able to cool the brain to hypothermia for 12 h while maintaining body temperature within the normal range after TBI in mice. More importantly, hypothermia induced by this hydrogel leads to the maintenance of BBB integrity, the prevention of cell death, the reduction of the inflammatory response and brain edema, and the promotion of functional recovery after TBI in mice. This cooling method could be developed as a new approach for hypothermia treatment in TBI patients. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that injectable and biodegradable frozen Pol/T hydrogels to induce local hypothermia in TBI mice can be used for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.

[Effect of transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange on cerebral oxygen saturation during induction of general anesthesia in patients undergoing traumatic brain injury emergency surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) during induction of general anesthesia in patients undergoing traumatic brain injury (TBI) emergency surgery. METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted. The TBI emergency general anesthesia patients who underwent intracranial hematoma removal surgery at the Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital from January to July in 2023 were enrolled. The patients were divided into a conventional mask ventilation group and a THRIVE group using a random number table method. The patients in the conventional mask ventilation group were anesthetized and induced to pre oxygenate without positive pressure ventilation in the front mask for 10 minutes, with an oxygen flow rate of 8 L/min and an fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 1.00. After anesthesia induction for about 90 s, tracheal intubation was performed after the muscle relaxant took effect (patient's jaw muscle was relaxed). The patients in the THRIVE group were pre oxygenated with THRIVE for 10 minutes, with an oxygen flow rate of 30 L/min and a FiO2 of 1.00. During anesthesia induction, the oxygen flow rate was increased to 50 L/min, and anesthesia induction medication was used. The lower jaw of patient was supported with both hands to maintain airway patency, and the patient's mouth was kept closed throughout the process. After the muscle relaxant took effect (the patient's jaw muscle was relaxed), tracheal intubation was performed. At the time of patient entering the operating room, 10 minutes of pre oxygenation, and immediately after successful intubation, rScO2 was measured on the surgical and non-surgical sides. At the same time, ultrasound was used to measure the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the gastric antrum and arterial blood gas analysis was performed. The partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) during the first mechanical ventilation after successful tracheal intubation, the incidence of hypoxemia [pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 0.95] during tracheal intubation, as well as prognostic indicators such as the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, total length of hospital stay, and Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score at discharge were recorded. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 70 TBI patients underwent emergency general anesthesia surgery, of which 2 patients died postoperatively, 2 patients were unable to cooperate with closed mouth breathing, and 3 patients had poor ultrasound image acquisition in the gastric antrum, all of whom were excluded. A total of 63 patients were ultimately enrolled, including 32 in the conventional mask ventilation group and 31 in the THRIVE group. There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), baseline vital signs, fasting situation, anesthesia time, surgical time, and intraoperative blood loss between the patients in the two groups, indicating comparability. When entering the operating room, there was no statistically significant difference in rScO2 on the surgical and non-surgical sides, and blood gas analysis indexes arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) between the patients in the two groups. When pre oxygenated for 10 minutes, both the surgical and non-surgical sides rScO2 levels in the THRIVE group were significantly higher than those in the conventional mask ventilation group (surgical side: 0.709±0.036 vs. 0.636±0.028, non-surgical side: 0.791±0.016 vs. 0.712±0.027, both P < 0.01), and the PaO2 was significantly increased [mmHg (1 mmHg ≈ 0.133 kPa): 450.23±60.99 vs. 264.88±49.33, P < 0.01], PaCO2 was significantly reduced (mmHg: 37.81±3.65 vs. 43.59±3.76, P < 0.01), and the advantage continues tilled immediately after successful intubation. There was no statistically significant difference in CSA at each time point of ultrasound examination between the two groups. Compared with the conventional mask ventilation group, the patients in the THRIVE group showed a significant decrease in PETCO2 during the first mechanical ventilation after successful tracheal intubation (mmHg: 43.10±2.66 vs. 49.22±3.31, P < 0.01), and the incidence of hypoxemia during tracheal intubation was also significantly reduced [0% (0/31) vs. 28.12% (9/32), P < 0.01]. In terms of prognostic indicators, there was no statistically significant difference in the length of ICU stay and total length of hospital stay between the patients in the conventional mask ventilation group and the THRIVE group [length of ICU stay (days): 10 (9, 10) vs. 10 (9, 11), total length of hospital stay (days): 28.00 (26.00, 28.75) vs. 28.00 (27.00, 29.00), both P > 0.05]. However, the proportion of patients in the THRIVE group with a good prognosis at discharge (GOS score > 3) was significantly higher than that in the conventional mask ventilation group [35.5% (11/31) vs. 12.5% (4/32), P < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: THRIVE can significantly increase rScO2 during anesthesia induction in TBI emergency surgery patients and improve their neurological function prognosis.

Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation attenuates early traumatic brain injury through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway mediated by orexin-A/OX1R system.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant contributor to global mortality and disability, and emerging evidence indicates that trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation (TNS) is a promising therapeutic intervention for neurological impairment following TBI. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of TNS in TBI are poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the potential involvement of the orexin-A (OX-A)/orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) mediated TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in the neuroprotective effects of TNS in rats with TBI. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham, TBI, TBI+TNS+SB334867, and TBI+TNS. TBI was induced using a modified Feeney's method, and subsequent behavioral assessments were conducted to evaluate neurological function. The trigeminal nerve trunk was isolated, and TNS was administered following the establishment of the TBI model. The levels of neuroinflammation, brain tissue damage, and proteins associated with the OX1R/TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin staining, Nissl staining, western blot analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence techniques. RESULTS: The findings of our study indicate that TNS effectively mitigated tissue damage, reduced brain edema, and alleviated neurological deficits in rats with TBI. Furthermore, TNS demonstrated the ability to attenuate neuroinflammation levels and inhibit the expression of proteins associated with the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. However, it is important to note that the aforementioned effects of TNS were reversible upon intracerebroventricular injection of an OX1R antagonist. CONCLUSION: TNS may prevent brain damage and relieve neurological deficits after a TBI by inhibiting inflammation, possibly via the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway mediated by OX-A/OX1R.

[Injury mechanism, clinical status and prospects of traumatic brain injury].

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important in the world's public health and an important subject of basic and clinical research in the medical field. In the past 30 years, the epidemiology, injury mechanism, safety prevention, medical strategies, nursing measures and other aspects of TBI have made great progress, and the level of treatment has also been continuously improved, but it still faces many challenges. The focus of research on the injury mechanism of TBI has gradually shifted from the classic signaling pathways of primary injury to the study of secondary injury mechanisms. Pharmacological research on various therapeutic targets has also made significant progress, which is expected to be transformed into new TBI therapeutic drugs. On the other hand, many new clinical concepts, new systems, and new methods are constantly being integrated into the diagnosis and treatment of TBI, which has gradually transformed from the original treatment of acute neurological injury to the comprehensive treatment of chronic systemic diseases. This paper is based on the latest research progress in the basic and clinical aspects of TBI, and provides a review of its current status and development trends, providing reference for the medical treatment and research of TBI.

KCNJ2 inhibition mitigates mechanical injury in a human brain organoid model of traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) strongly correlates with neurodegenerative disease. However, it remains unclear which neurodegenerative mechanisms are intrinsic to the brain and which strategies most potently mitigate these processes. We developed a high-intensity ultrasound platform to inflict mechanical injury to induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cortical organoids. Mechanically injured organoids elicit classic hallmarks of TBI, including neuronal death, tau phosphorylation, and TDP-43 nuclear egress. We found that deep-layer neurons were particularly vulnerable to injury and that TDP-43 proteinopathy promotes cell death. Injured organoids derived from C9ORF72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD) patients displayed exacerbated TDP-43 dysfunction. Using genome-wide CRISPR interference screening, we identified a mechanosensory channel, KCNJ2, whose inhibition potently mitigated neurodegenerative processes in vitro and in vivo, including in C9ORF72 ALS/FTD organoids. Thus, targeting KCNJ2 may reduce acute neuronal death after brain injury, and we present a scalable, genetically flexible cerebral organoid model that may enable the identification of additional modifiers of mechanical stress.

Implementation of a strengths-based approach in a traumatic brain injury community service; perspectives of community workers.

Background The strengths-based approach (SBA) was initially developed for people living with mental health issues but may represent a promising support option for community participation of people living with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). A community-based organisation working with people living with TBI is in the process of adapting this approach to implement it in their organisation. No studies explored an SBA implementation with this population. This study explores the implementation of key components of the SBA in a community-based organisation dedicated to people living with TBI. Methods A qualitative descriptive design using semi-structured interviews (n = 10) with community workers, before and during implementation, was used. Transcripts were analysed inductively and deductively. Deductive coding was informed by the SBA fidelity scale. Results Group supervision and mobilisation of personal strengths are key SBA components that were reported as being integrated within practice. These changes led to improved team communication and cohesiveness in and across services, more structured interventions, and greater engagement of clients. No changes were reported regarding the mobilisation of environmental strengths and the provision of individual supervision. Conclusion The implementation of the SBA had positive impacts on the community-based organisation. This suggests that it is valuable to implement an adaptation of the SBA for people living with TBI.

Trauma diagnostic-related target proteins and their detection techniques.

Trauma is a significant health issue that not only leads to immediate death in many cases but also causes severe complications, such as sepsis, thrombosis, haemorrhage, acute respiratory distress syndrome and traumatic brain injury, among trauma patients. Target protein identification technology is a vital technique in the field of biomedical research, enabling the study of biomolecular interactions, drug discovery and disease treatment. It plays a crucial role in identifying key protein targets associated with specific diseases or biological processes, facilitating further research, drug design and the development of treatment strategies. The application of target protein technology in biomarker detection enables the timely identification of newly emerging infections and complications in trauma patients, facilitating expeditious medical interventions and leading to reduced post-trauma mortality rates and improved patient prognoses. This review provides an overview of the current applications of target protein identification technology in trauma-related complications and provides a brief overview of the current target protein identification technology, with the aim of reducing post-trauma mortality, improving diagnostic efficiency and prognostic outcomes for patients.

Transcranial direct current stimulation promotes angiogenesis and improves neurological function via the OXA-TF-AKT/ERK signaling pathway in traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its resulting complications pose a major challenge to global public health, resulting in increased rates of disability and mortality. Cerebrovascular dysfunction is nearly universal in TBI cases and is closely associated with secondary injury after TBI. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) shows great potential in the treatment of TBI; however, the exact mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we performed in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore the effects and mechanisms of tDCS in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) rat model simulating TBI. In vivo experiments show that tDCS can effectively reduce brain tissue damage, cerebral edema and neurological deficits. The potential mechanism may be that tDCS improves the neurological function of rats by increasing orexin A (OXA) secretion, upregulating the TF-AKT/ERK signaling pathway, and promoting angiogenesis at the injury site. Cellular experiments showed that OXA promoted HUVEC migration and angiogenesis, and these effects were counteracted by the ERK1/2 inhibitor LY3214996. The results of Matrigel experiment in vivo showed that TNF-a significantly reduced the ability of HUVEC to form blood vessels, but OXA could rescue the effect of TNF-a on the ability of HUVEC to form blood vessels. However, LY3214996 could inhibit the therapeutic effect of OXA. In summary, our preliminary study demonstrates that tDCS can induce angiogenesis through the OXA-TF-AKT/ERK signaling pathway, thereby improving neurological function in rats with TBI.

[Head injuries and their wound treatment]. / Verletzungen am Kopf und ihre Wundbehandlung.

Head injuries are frequent occurrences in emergency departments worldwide and are notable for the fact that attention must be paid to the sequelae of intracranial and extracranial trauma. It is crucial to assess potential intracranial injuries and to strive for both medically sound and esthetically pleasing extracranial outcomes. The aim of this continuing education article is to provide a refresher on knowledge of head injuries and the associated nuances for wound care.