Factors Associated with Parametrial Involvement in Endometrial Carcinoma in Patients Treated with Radical Hysterectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Describe factors associated with parametrial involvement, and how these factors modify the prognosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma treated with radical hysterectomy. METHODS: Observational study in which categorized patients according to those with and without parametrial involvement. A descriptive analysis and comparative analysis were performed for associations between parametrial spread and clinical, surgical, and pathology variables. RESULTS: We analyzed 85 patients, which 18 (21%) had parametrial involvement. Pathology factors associated with parametrial involvement were the endometrioid subtype, grade 3, and variants of poor prognosis (odds ratio (OR) 3.41, 95% CI 1.09-10.64; P = 0.035), myometrial invasion of over 50% (OR 7.76, 95% CI 1.65-36.44; P = 0.009), serosal involvement (OR 17.07, 95% CI 3.87-75.35; P < 0.001), ovarian metastasis (OR 5.15, 95% CI 1.36-19.46; P = 0.016), positive peritoneal cytology (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.04-14.77; P = 0.044), and lymph node metastasis (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.16-9.97; P = 0.026). Five-year disease-free survival was 74% (95% CI 57.4-85.4) for the group without parametrial spread and 50.8% (95% CI 22.7-73.4) for the group with parametrial spread (P = 0.001). Similarly, 5-year overall survival was 85.2% (95% CI 67.9-93.6) for the group without parametrial spread and 47.5% (95% CI 8.1-80.2) for the group with parametrial spread (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Factors associated with parametrial involvement were histologies of poor prognosis, tumors affecting uterine serosa, cervix, or spread beyond the uterus. Additionally, parametrial involvement directly affects prognosis by reducing overall survival, disease-free survival and increasing odds for recurrence.

The clinical significance of lymphovascular space invasion in patients with low-risk endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of lymphovascular space invasion on recurrence and disease-free survival in patients with low-risk endometrial cancer. METHODS: The study included patients with stage 1A, grade 1-2 endometrioid endometrial cancer who underwent a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. Independent prognostic predictors of endometrial cancer recurrence were assessed using the Cox regression model. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of distant recurrence. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to describe survival curves, and the log-rank test was used to compare the differences in survival curves. RESULTS: A total of 189 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 24 (12.7%) had lymphovascular space invasion. The median follow-up time was 60 (3-137) months. Distant recurrence was present in 11 of 22 patients who developed recurrence. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the 5-year disease-free survival rates of patients with lymphovascular space invasion(+) and lymphovascular space invasion(-) were 62.5 and 91.9%, respectively, which were significantly lower (p<0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, the presence of lymphovascular space invasion (p<0.001) and age ≥60 years (p=0.017) remained as prognostic factors for reduced disease-free survival. In binary logistic regression analysis, only lymphovascular space invasion (adjusted OR=13, 95%CI=1.456-116.092, p=0.022) was a prognostic factor for distant recurrence. CONCLUSION: lymphovascular space invasion is a prognostic risk factor for recurrence and distant metastasis and also a predictor of poorer disease-free survival outcomes in low-risk endometrial cancer.

Can mismatch repair status be added to sentinel lymph node mapping algorithm in endometrioid endometrial cancer?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation between mismatch repair (MMR) status and the risk of lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer, and whether this additional data can be incorporated to current SLN (sentinel lymph node) algorithm. METHODS: We included a series of 332 women that underwent SLN mapping ± systematic lymphadenectomy from January 2013 to December 2021. Protein expressions of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 were examined by immuno-histochemistry and considered MMRd (deficient) when at least one protein was not expressed. RESULTS: MMRd was noted in 20.8% of cases and correlated to grade 3 (p = 0.018) and presence of lymphovascular space invasion (p = 0.032). Moreover, MMRd was an independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.36-5.62). Notably, 21.7% (15/69) cases with MMRd had lymph node metastasis compared to 9.5% (25/263) of cases with MMRp (proficient) (p = 0.005). The overall and bilateral SLN detection rates were 91.9% and 75.9%, respectively. Of the 80 (24%) cases of non-bilateral SLN detection, 66.2% had low-grade tumors (G1/G2) and myometrial invasion <50%. Considering MMR status an independent prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis, a systematic lymphadenectomy (side specific or bilateral) would forgo in 53.7% (43/80) of cases with non-bilateral detection, representing 13% (43/332) of all endometroid tumors. CONCLUSION: MMR status was independently related to lymph node metastasis in endometrioid EC. Moreover, MMR status may help to select patients that can forgo systematic lymphadenectomy in case of undetected SLN.

Malignant uterine neoplasms attended at a brazilian regional hospital: 16-years profile and time elapsed for diagnosis and treatment / Neoplasias malignas do útero atendidas em hospital regional brasileiro: Perfil em 16 Anos e tempo dispendido até diagnóstico e tratamento

Abstract Objective The present study aims to evaluate the profile of endometrial carcinomas and uterine sarcomas attended in a Brazilian cancer center in the period from 2001 to 2016 and to analyze the impact of time elapsed fromsymptoms to diagnoses or treatment in cancer stage and survival. Methods This observational study with 1,190 cases evaluated the year of diagnosis, age-group, cancer stage and histological type. A subgroup of 185 women with endometrioid histology attended in the period from 2012 to 2017 was selected to assess information about initial symptoms, diagnosticmethods, overall survival, and to evaluate the influence of the time elapsed from symptoms to diagnosis and treatment on staging and survival. The statistics used were descriptive, trend test, and the Kaplan- Meier method, with p-values < 0.05 for significance. Results A total of 1,068 (89.7%) carcinomas (77.2% endometrioid and 22.8% nonendometrioid) and 122 (10.3%) sarcomas were analyzed, with an increasing trend in the period (p < 0.05). Histologies of non-endometrioid carcinomas, G3 endometrioid, and carcinosarcomas constituted 30% of the cases. Non-endometrioid carcinomas and sarcomas weremore frequently diagnosed in patients over 70 years of age and those on stage IV (p < 0.05). The endometrioid subgroup with 185 women reported 92% of abnormal uterine bleeding and 43% diagnosis after curettage. The average time elapsed between symptoms to diagnosis was 244 days, and between symptoms to treatment was 376 days, all without association with staging (p = 0.976) and survival (p = 0.160). Only 12% of the patients started treatment up to 60 days after diagnosis. Conclusion The number of uterine carcinoma and sarcoma cases increased over the period of 2001 to 2016. Aggressive histology comprised 30% of the patients and, for endometrioid carcinomas, the time elapsed between symptoms and diagnosis or treatment was long, although without association with staging or survival.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo avaliou o perfil dos carcinomas endometriais e sarcomas uterinos atendidos em um centro brasileiro de câncer no período de 2001 a 2016, e avaliou o impacto do tempo decorrido entre os sintomas até o diagnóstico ou tratamento no estadiamento e sobrevida pelo câncer. Métodos Estudo observacional com 1.190 casos que analisou o ano do diagnóstico, faixa etária, estágio e tipo histológico do câncer. Um subgrupo de 185 mulheres com histologia endometrioide e atendidas no período de 2012 a 2017 foi selecionado para avaliar informações sobre sintomas iniciais, métodos de diagnóstico, sobrevida global e para analisar a relação entre o tempo decorrido a partir dos sintomas até o diagnóstico e tratamento no estadiamento e sobrevida. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritiva, de tendência linear e de sobrevida pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, com valores de p < 0,05 para significância. Resultados Os casos estudados de acordo com a histologia foram 1.068 (89,7%) carcinomas (77,2% endometrioides e 22,8% não endometrioides) e 122 (10,3%) sarcomas, com tendência crescente no período (p < 0,05). Histologias de carcinomas não endometrioides, G3 endometrioides e carcinossarcomas consistiram em 30% dos casos. Carcinomas não endometrioides e sarcomas forammais frequentemente diagnosticados em pacientes acima de 70 anos de idade e em estágio IV (p < 0,05). O subgrupo com185 mulheres com carcinoma endometrioide apresentou 92% de sangramento uterino anormal e 43% de diagnóstico após curetagem. O tempo médio decorrido entre os sintomas e o diagnóstico foi de 244 dias e entre os sintomas e o tratamento, 376 dias, todos sem associação com estadiamento (p = 0,976) e sobrevida (p = 0,160). Apenas 12% das pacientes iniciaram o tratamento em até 60 dias após o diagnóstico. Conclusão O número de casos de carcinomas e sarcomas uterinos aumentaram no período de 2001 a 2016. A histologia agressiva compreendeu 30% dos pacientes e, no caso dos carcinomas endometrioides, o tempo decorrido entre os sintomas e o diagnóstico ou tratamento foi longo, embora sem associação com estadiamento ou sobrevida.

Malignant Uterine Neoplasms Attended at a Brazilian Regional Hospital: 16-years Profile and Time Elapsed for Diagnosis and Treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to evaluate the profile of endometrial carcinomas and uterine sarcomas attended in a Brazilian cancer center in the period from 2001 to 2016 and to analyze the impact of time elapsed from symptoms to diagnoses or treatment in cancer stage and survival. METHODS: This observational study with 1,190 cases evaluated the year of diagnosis, age-group, cancer stage and histological type. A subgroup of 185 women with endometrioid histology attended in the period from 2012 to 2017 was selected to assess information about initial symptoms, diagnostic methods, overall survival, and to evaluate the influence of the time elapsed from symptoms to diagnosis and treatment on staging and survival. The statistics used were descriptive, trend test, and the Kaplan-Meier method, with p-values < 0.05 for significance. RESULTS: A total of 1,068 (89.7%) carcinomas (77.2% endometrioid and 22.8% non-endometrioid) and 122 (10.3%) sarcomas were analyzed, with an increasing trend in the period (p < 0.05). Histologies of non-endometrioid carcinomas, G3 endometrioid, and carcinosarcomas constituted 30% of the cases. Non-endometrioid carcinomas and sarcomas were more frequently diagnosed in patients over 70 years of age and those on stage IV (p < 0.05). The endometrioid subgroup with 185 women reported 92% of abnormal uterine bleeding and 43% diagnosis after curettage. The average time elapsed between symptoms to diagnosis was 244 days, and between symptoms to treatment was 376 days, all without association with staging (p = 0.976) and survival (p = 0.160). Only 12% of the patients started treatment up to 60 days after diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The number of uterine carcinoma and sarcoma cases increased over the period of 2001 to 2016. Aggressive histology comprised 30% of the patients and, for endometrioid carcinomas, the time elapsed between symptoms and diagnosis or treatment was long, although without association with staging or survival.

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo avaliou o perfil dos carcinomas endometriais e sarcomas uterinos atendidos em um centro brasileiro de câncer no período de 2001 a 2016, e avaliou o impacto do tempo decorrido entre os sintomas até o diagnóstico ou tratamento no estadiamento e sobrevida pelo câncer. MéTODOS: Estudo observacional com 1.190 casos que analisou o ano do diagnóstico, faixa etária, estágio e tipo histológico do câncer. Um subgrupo de 185 mulheres com histologia endometrioide e atendidas no período de 2012 a 2017 foi selecionado para avaliar informações sobre sintomas iniciais, métodos de diagnóstico, sobrevida global e para analisar a relação entre o tempo decorrido a partir dos sintomas até o diagnóstico e tratamento no estadiamento e sobrevida. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritiva, de tendência linear e de sobrevida pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, com valores de p < 0,05 para significância. RESULTADOS: Os casos estudados de acordo com a histologia foram 1.068 (89,7%) carcinomas (77,2% endometrioides e 22,8% não endometrioides) e 122 (10,3%) sarcomas, com tendência crescente no período (p < 0,05). Histologias de carcinomas não endometrioides, G3 endometrioides e carcinossarcomas consistiram em 30% dos casos. Carcinomas não endometrioides e sarcomas foram mais frequentemente diagnosticados em pacientes acima de 70 anos de idade e em estágio IV (p < 0,05). O subgrupo com 185 mulheres com carcinoma endometrioide apresentou 92% de sangramento uterino anormal e 43% de diagnóstico após curetagem. O tempo médio decorrido entre os sintomas e o diagnóstico foi de 244 dias e entre os sintomas e o tratamento, 376 dias, todos sem associação com estadiamento (p = 0,976) e sobrevida (p = 0,160). Apenas 12% das pacientes iniciaram o tratamento em até 60 dias após o diagnóstico. CONCLUSãO: O número de casos de carcinomas e sarcomas uterinos aumentaram no período de 2001 a 2016. A histologia agressiva compreendeu 30% dos pacientes e, no caso dos carcinomas endometrioides, o tempo decorrido entre os sintomas e o diagnóstico ou tratamento foi longo, embora sem associação com estadiamento ou sobrevida.

Residual Disease after Operative Hysteroscopy in Patients with Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer Associated with Polyps.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of residual disease in the uterine specimen after hysteroscopic polypectomy or polyp biopsy in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: We analyzed a series of 104 patients (92 cases from the Hospital AC Camargo and 12 from the Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo) with polyps that were diagnosed by hysteroscopy, showing endometrioid EC associated with the polyp or in the final pathological specimen. Patients underwent a surgical approach for endometrial cancer from January 2002 to January 2017. Their clinical and pathological data were retrospectively retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS: In 78 cases (75%), the polyp had EC, and in 40 (38.5%), it was restricted to the polyp, without endometrial involvement. The pathologic stage was IA in 96 cases (92.3%) and 90 (86.5%) had histologic grade 1 or 2. In 18 cases (17.3%), there was no residual disease in the final uterine specimen, but only in 9 of them the hysteroscopy suggested that the tumor was restricted to the polyp. In 5 cases (4.8%) from the group without disease outside of the polyp during hysteroscopy, myometrial invasion was noted in the final uterine specimen. This finding suggests the possibility of disease extrapolation through the base of the polyp. CONCLUSION: Patients with endometrioid EC associated with polyps may have the tumor completely removed during hysteroscopy, but the variables shown in the present study could not safely predict which patient would have no residual disease.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de doença residual no exame anatomopatológico definitivo de pacientes com câncer de endométrio endometrioide após polipectomia ou biópsia de pólipo histeroscópica. MéTODOS: Analisamos 104 pacientes (92 casos do Hospital AC Camargo e 12 casos do Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo) com pólipos diagnosticados durante histeroscopia e cuja biópsia histeroscópica ou exame patológico final do útero acusaram câncer de endométrio endometrioide. As pacientes foram submetidas a cirurgia para câncer de endométrio de janeiro de 2002 a janeiro de 2017. Os dados clínicos e anatomopatológicos de cada paciente foram retirados dos prontuários médicos RESULTADOS: Em 78 casos (75%), o pólipo continha a neoplasia, e em 40 (38.5%), ela estava restrita ao tecido do pólipo, sem envolvimento endometrial adjacente. O estadio final foi IA em 96 casos (92.3%) e em 90 (86.5%) tratava-se de grau 1 ou 2. Em 18 casos (17.3%), não havia doença residual no espécime uterino, mas em apenas 9 deles a histeroscopia sugeriu doença restrita ao pólipo. Em 5 casos (4.8%), não havia doença aparente extrapólipo na histeroscopia, mas havia invasão miometrial, sugerindo extravasamento do tumor pela base do pólipo. CONCLUSãO: Pacientes com câncer de endométrio associado a pólipos podem ter o tumor completamente removido durante a histeroscopia, mas, com as variáveis avaliadas, é difícil predizer com segurança qual paciente ficará sem tumor residual.

Efficacy of Endometrial Cancer Follow-up Protocols: Time to Change?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze relapse rates and patterns in patients with endometrial cancer with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of current follow-up procedures in terms of patient survival, as well as the convenience of modifying the surveillance strategy. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study including all patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer relapse at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Complejo Hospitalario Insular-Materno Infantil de Canarias, between 2005 and 2014. RESULTS: Recurrence was observed in 81 patients (10.04% of the sample); 66.7% of them suffered relapse within 2 years and 80.2% within 3 years after the termination of the primary treatment; 41.9% showed distant metastases while the rest corresponded to local-regional (40.7%) or ganglionar (17.4%) relapse; 42% of these were symptomatic; 14 patients showed more than 1 site of relapse. Relapse was detected mainly through symptoms and physical examination findings (54.3%), followed by elevated serum marker levels (29.6%), computed tomography (CT) images (9.9%) and abnormal vaginal cytology findings (6.2%). No differences in global survival were found between patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic relapse. CONCLUSION: Taking into account that the recurrence rate of endometrial cancer is low, that relapse occurs mainly within the first 3 years post-treatment and that symptom evaluation and physical examination are the most effective follow-up methods, we postulate that a modification of the current model of hospital follow-up should be considered.

Residual disease after operative hysteroscopy in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer associated with polyps / Doença residual após histeroscopia cirúrgica em pacientes com câncer de endométrio endometrioide associado a pólipo endometrial

Abstract Objective To evaluate the presence of residual disease in the uterine specimen after hysteroscopic polypectomy or polyp biopsy in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC). Methods We analyzed a series of 104 patients (92 cases from the Hospital AC Camargo and 12 from the Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo) with polyps that were diagnosed by hysteroscopy, showing endometrioid EC associated with the polyp or in the final pathological specimen. Patients underwent a surgical approach for endometrial cancer from January 2002 to January 2017. Their clinical and pathological data were retrospectively retrieved from the medical records. Results In78cases (75%), thepolyphad EC, and in 40(38.5%), itwas restricted tothe polyp, without endometrial involvement. The pathologic stage was IA in 96 cases (92.3%) and 90 (86.5%) had histologic grade 1 or 2. In 18 cases (17.3%), there was no residual disease in the final uterine specimen, but only in 9 of them the hysteroscopy suggested that the tumor was restricted to the polyp. In 5 cases (4.8%) from the group without outside of the polyp during hysteroscopy, myometrial invasion was noted in the final uterine specimen. This finding suggests the possibility of disease extrapolation through the base of the polyp. Conclusion Patients with endometrioid EC associated with polyps may have the tumor completely removed during hysteroscopy, but the variables shown in the present study could not safely predict which patient would have no residual disease.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a presença de doença residual no exame anatomopatológico definitivo de pacientes com câncer de endométrio endometrioide após polipectomia ou biópsia de pólipo histeroscópica. Métodos Analisamos 104 pacientes (92 casos do Hospital AC Camargo e 12 casos do Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo) com pólipos diagnosticados durante histeroscopia e cuja biópsia histeroscópica ou exame patológico final do útero acusaram câncer de endométrio endometrioide. As pacientes foram submetidas a cirurgia para câncer de endométrio de janeiro de 2002 a janeiro de 2017. Os dados clínicos e anatomopatológicos de cada paciente foram retirados dos prontuários médicos Resultados Em 78 casos (75%), o pólipo continha a neoplasia, e em 40 (38.5%), ela estava restrita ao tecido do pólipo, sem envolvimento endometrial adjacente. O estadio final foi IA em 96 casos (92.3%) e em 90 (86.5%) tratava-se de grau 1 ou 2. Em 18 casos (17.3%), não havia doença residual no espécime uterino, mas emapenas 9 deles a histeroscopia sugeriu doença restrita ao pólipo. Em 5 casos (4.8%), não havia doença aparente extrapólipo na histeroscopia, mas havia invasão miometrial, sugerindo extravasamento do tumor pela base do pólipo. Conclusão Pacientes com câncer de endométrio associado a pólipos podem ter o tumor completamente removido durante a histeroscopia, mas, com as variáveis avaliadas, é difícil predizer com segurança qual paciente ficará sem tumor residual.

Efficacy of endometrial cancer follow-up protocols: time to change?

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze relapse rates and patterns in patients with endometrial cancer with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of current follow-up procedures in terms of patient survival, as well as the convenience of modifying the surveillance strategy. Methods Retrospective descriptive study including all patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer relapse at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Complejo Hospitalario Insular-Materno Infantil de Canarias, between 2005 and 2014. Results Recurrence was observed in 81 patients (10.04% of the sample); 66.7% of them suffered relapse within 2 years and 80.2% within 3 years after the termination of the primary treatment; 41.9% showed distant metastases while the rest corresponded to local-regional (40.7%) or ganglionar (17.4%) relapse; 42% of these were symptomatic; 14 patients showed more than 1 site of relapse. Relapse was detected mainly through symptoms and physical examination findings (54.3%), followed by elevated serummarker levels (29.6%), computed tomography (CT) images (9.9%) and abnormal vaginal cytology findings (6.2%). No differences in global survival were found between patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic relapse. Conclusion Taking into account that the recurrence rate of endometrial cancer is low, that relapse occurs mainly within the first 3 years post-treatment and that symptom evaluation and physical examination are the most effective follow-up methods, we postulate that a modification of the current model of hospital follow-up should be considered.

Diagnostic performance of intraoperative assessment in grade 2 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Grade 2 carcinoma is associated with pelvic lymph-node metastasis, depending on selected risk factors. Intraoperative assessment (IOA) can identify patients at risk for lymph node metastasis who should undergo staging surgery. Our objective was to establish the diagnostic precision of IOA in determining the need for surgical staging in grade 2 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-two patients underwent IOA. Results were compared to the final pathology report. The accuracy of the IOA parameters was calculated. Variables were evaluated in patients with positive versus negative IOA. Overall and disease-free survivals were calculated according to IOA, lymphadenectomy, and nodal metastasis. RESULTS: IOA was positive in 80 patients. It showed an accuracy of 76.13% when compared with the postoperative assessment. The best individual parameter was myometrial invasion. Nodal metastasis was observed in 16 patients in the positive IOA group and 7 patients in the negative group. Patients with lymph node metastasis had a 5-year overall survival rate of 80.9%, whereas patients without metastasis had a 5-year overall survival rate of 97.9%. CONCLUSIONS: IOA is an adequate tool to identify high-risk patients in grade 2 endometrial carcinoma. Myometrial invasion is the individual parameter that yields the highest diagnostic precision.

Carcinoma endometrioide sincrónico de ovario y endometrio / Ovarian and endometrial synchronous endometrioid carcinoma

ANTECEDENTES: existe una asociación demostrada entre endometriosis y algunas histologías del carcinoma epitelial de ovario. Por otra parte, se ha observado que hasta un 30% de las neoplasias de ovario se presentan de forma concomitante a neoplasias del endometrio. Para considerar la sincronicidad entre estos tumores, estos deben cumplir criterios anatomopatológicos estrictos como los descritos por scully. OBJETIVO: presentar un caso clínico de carcinoma endometrioide sincrónico de ovario y endometrio sobre focos de endometriosis, así como su diagnóstico y manejo. CASO CLÍNICO: paciente de 27 años que consulta por spotting intermenstrual. En la ecografía endocavitaria se observa un pólipo endometrial. Además, se describe un tumor anexial izquierdo de 42mm, trilobulado, con un polo sólido de 17×15mm. Se somete a una polipectomía histeroscópica y quistectomía ovárica laparoscópica. Asimismo, se reseca implante sospechoso en el fondo de saco posterior. El resultado anatomopatológico de las piezas quirúrgicas fue: pólipo endometrial con hiperplasia compleja con atipias y focos de adenocarcinoma endometrioide grado I; el tumor quístico ovárico izquierdo consistente con quiste endometriósico con focos de adenocarcinoma endometrioide. La lesión peritoneal corresponde a un implante de adenocarcinoma endometrioide grado I. El estudio de las características anatomopatológicas y la presencia del implante peritoneal sugieren el diagnóstico de un carcinoma endometrioide ovárico con origen en una lesión endometriósica sincrónico con un carcinoma endometrioide endometrial. CONCLUSIÓN: el diagnóstico diferencial entre la sincronicidad o diseminación de los tumores de ovario y endometrio de estirpe endometrioide supone un reto para el clínico y es fundamental para el correcto manejo de estas neoplasias.

BACKGROUND: there is a demonstrated association between endometriosis and some epithelial ovarian carcinoma histologies. On the other hand, it has been observed that up to 30% of ovarian neoplasms present concomitantly with endometrial neoplasms. To consider synchronicity between these neoplasms, they must meet strict pathological criteria such as those described by scully. OBJECTIVE: to introduce a case of an ovarian and endometrial synchronous endometrioid carcinoma implanted on endometriosis sites, as well as its diagnosis and management. CLINICAL CASE: a 27-year-old patient who consulted because of an intermenstrual spotting. The ultrasound image showed an endometrial polyp. Furthermore, a 42 mm left adnexal trilobal tumor with a 17×15mm solid pole was described. She underwent a hysteroscopic polypectomy and laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy. Likewise, resection of a suspicious implant in the posterior vaginal fornix was done. The pathological result of the surgical pieces was: endometrial polyp with complex hyperplasia with atypia and focal points of grade I endometrioid adenocarcinoma; the left ovarian cystectomy: endometriotic cyst with focal points of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. The peritoneal lesion corresponded to a grade I endometrioid adenocarcinoma implant. The study of the pathological characteristics and the presence of the peritoneal implant suggest the diagnosis of endometrioid ovarian carcinoma originated in a synchronous endometriotic lesion with endometrial endometrioid carcinoma. CONCLUSION: differential diagnosis between the synchronicity or spread of ovarian and endometrial endometrioid cell line carcinomas, is a great challenge and it is essential for the correct management of these neoplasms

Size of Sentinel Node Metastasis Predicts Non-sentinel Node Involvement in Endometrial Cancer.

PURPOSE: To analyze the relationship between the size of metastatic sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) and the risk of non-sentinel lymph node (non-SLN) metastasis in endometrial cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From a total of 328 patients with endometrial cancer who underwent SLN mapping from January 2013 to April 2019, 142 patients also underwent systematic completion pelvic ± paraaortic node dissections, and they form the basis of this study. The SLNs were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) when the hematoxylin-eosin stain was negative. RESULTS: The median age was 60 years. The overall detection rate for SLNs was 87.5%, and bilateral SLNs were observed in 66.2%, with a median of 2 SLNs resected (range 1-8). Twenty-nine (20.4%) cases had positive SLNs, with a median of one positive SLN. Regarding the size of SLN metastasis, 5 (3.5%) cases had isolated tumor cells (ITCs), 13 (9.2%) had micrometastases, and 11 (7.7%) had macrometastases. Notably, 14/29 (48.3%) had node metastases that were detected after IHC. Eight (27.6%) patients had positive non-SLNs, with a median count of 7 positive nodes (range 2-23). Regarding the size of SLN metastasis, non-SLN involvement was not present in cases with ITC (0/5) but was present in 15.4% (2/13) of cases with micrometastases and 54.5% (6/11) of cases with macrometastases. The only risk factor for positive non-SLNs was the size of SLN metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that size of SLN metastasis is associated with the risk of non-SLN metastasis. No patients with ITCs in SLNs had another metastatic lymph node in this study.

L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM) expression in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas: A possible pre-operative surrogate of lymph vascular space invasion.

BACKGROUND: Risk stratification of endometrial carcinomas is primarily based on surgical staging that requires extensive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. One of the most powerful predictor of lymph node involvement is the lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI). The objective of this study was to determine the potential of L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM) to predict LVSI and its association with other risk factors in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 47 consecutive patients aged 37-88 (61.34±10.52). Twenty-three patients (48.9%) were submitted to complete surgical staging. Nine patients (19.1%) underwent surgical staging without para-aortic dissection. Seven (14.9%) were submitted to hysterectomy with no lymph node dissection. Eight patients (17.0%) only had the biopsy material for analysis. The 32 patients submitted to lymphadenectomy were staged according to the FIGO system and classified among the risk categories of the ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO guidelines. The following histological characteristics were analyzed: tumor size (mm), depth of myometrial infiltration, presence of microcystic, elongated, and fragmented (MELF) pattern of myoinvasion, and lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI). Immunohistochemical analyses of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, p53, and L1CAM were performed in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded whole tumor tissue sections. RESULTS: LVSI was identified in 26/41 (63,4%) of the cases. L1CAM was positive in 8/47 (17%) cases, all of them positive for LVSI and within the high-risk category of ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO. L1CAM-positive cases were associated with high histological grade and p53 aberrant immunohistochemical profile. Besides, it showed a trend to larger tumors, greater depth of myometrial infiltration, and with a higher frequency of the MELF pattern of myoinvasion. LVSI was also associated with FIGO stage, tumor size, depth of myometrial infiltration, and tumor grade. CONCLUSIONS: L1CAM is highly associated with LVSI and could be used as a pre-operative predictor of lymph node involvement in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas.

Are endometrial cancer radiotherapy results age related?

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of age on radiotherapy results based on cancer-specific survival (CSS), vaginal-cuff relapses (VCR) and complications analysis in 438 patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) receiving postoperative radiotherapy (PRT) divided into three age groups for analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2003 to 2015, 438 patients with EC were treated with PRT and divided into three age groups: Group-1: 202 patients < 65 years; Group-2: 210 patients ≥ 65 and < 80 years; Group-3: 26 patients ≥ 80 years. Vaginal toxicity was assessed using the objective LENT-SOMA criteria and RTOG scores were recorded for the rectum, bladder, and small bowel. STATISTICS: Chi square and Student's t tests, Kaplan-Meier survival study for analysis of CSS. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 5.6 years in Group-1, 5.6 years in Group-2 and 6.3 years in Group-3 (p = 0.38). No differences were found among the groups in distribution of stage, grade, myometrial invasion, Type 1 vs. 2 EC and VLSI (p = 0.97, p = 0.52, p = 0.35, p = 0.48, p = 0.76, respectively). There were no differences in rectal, bladder and vagina late toxicity (p = 0.46, p = 0.17, p = 0.75, respectively). A better CSS at 5 years was found in Group-1 (p = 0.006), and significant differences were found in late severe small bowel toxicity in Group-3 (p = 0.005). VCR was increased in Group-3 (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Patients ≥ 65 years had a worse outcome in comparison to younger patients. Late vaginal, rectal and bladder toxicities were similar in the three groups, although an increase of severe late small bowel toxicity led to IMRT in patients ≥ 80 years. Further larger studies are needed including quality of life analysis in patients ≥ 80 years.

Single-institutional outcomes of adjuvant brachytherapy for Stage I endometrial cancer-Are outcomes consistent with randomized studies?

PURPOSE: Vaginal brachytherapy (VBT) alone has been shown to be a viable adjuvant treatment strategy for most patients with Stage I endometrioid endometrial cancer. We sought to examine our institutional data following practice pattern changes resulting from the publications of GOG-99 and PORTEC-2. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We retrospectively analyzed women who underwent adjuvant VBT after surgical staging for Stage 1 endometrioid endometrial cancer at our institution from 2007 to 2014. RESULTS: We identified 297 women. Median time to last followup or death was 52.3 months (interquartile range: 32.3-72.3 months). By International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009 staging, 162 patients (54.5%) had Stage IA and 128 (43.1%) had Stage IB disease. Ninety-nine (33.3%) patients had Grade 1, 153 (51.5%) had Grade 2, and 45 (15.2%) had Grade 3 disease. According to GOG-249 and PORTEC-2 criteria, 167 (56.2%) and 127 (42.7%) patients were with high-intermediate-risk disease. Two women had Stage IB Grade 3 disease. The most common high-dose-rate-VBT regimen was 2100 cGy/three fractions to a depth of 5 mm. Four (two acute and two late) (1.3%) Grade 3 genitourinary toxicities were reported: three episodes of vaginal dehiscence (after second course of VBT, 2 months after completion of VBT, and 1 year after completion of VBT) and one episode of radiation necrosis. Twenty-one (7%) women recurred: three recurred in the vagina, two recurred in the pelvic lymph nodes, and 16 recurred distantly. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes appear consistent with published randomized data in women with high-intermediate-risk endometrial cancer who are treated with brachytherapy alone. Recurrence and complication rates were minimal.

National Cancer Database Report of Lymphadenectomy Trends in Endometrial Cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Lymph node involvement has a significant impact on prognosis that may direct adjuvant therapy. The role of routine lymph node staging (LNS) is controversial given conflicting results in multiple studies. Our aims are to describe treatment patterns of LNS, identify factors impacting LNS, and quantify the contemporary trends. METHODS/MATERIALS: The National Cancer Data Base was queried for patients undergoing hysterectomy for endometrioid and serous uterine carcinomas from 2003 to 2012. For endometrioid tumors, LNS was considered indicated if at least 1 of 4 criteria was met. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards model were used. RESULTS: A total of 161,683 patients were identified who received hysterectomy for 155,893 (96.4%) endometrioid and 5790 (3.6%) serous carcinomas. Receipt of LNS was significantly associated with greater than 50% myometrial invasion (odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55-1.73), grades 3 to 4 (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 2.83-3.25), and tumor size greater than 2 cm (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.28-1.26). Of the 97,152 patients with endometrioid carcinoma who met criteria for comprehensive staging, 73,268 (75.4%) underwent LNS. Patients with endometrioid carcinoma meeting criteria for LNS were less likely to receive LNS if they were of African American race (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.98), had Medicaid insurance status (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.69-0.81), had Medicare insurance (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.79-0.86), or received care at a community program (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.33-0.46). CONCLUSIONS: Nationally, most patients with greater than 50% myometrial invasion, grades 3 to 4, and/or tumor size greater than 2 cm receive LNS, but this was significantly impacted by insurance status, demographic characteristics, and facility location/type.

Agreement Between Preoperative Endometrial Sampling and Surgical Specimen Findings in Endometrial Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to evaluate agreement between preoperative endometrial samples and surgical specimens in endometrial carcinoma and to correlate this agreement with sample and patient characteristics. METHODS: Patients who received primary surgical treatment for endometrial carcinoma at a tertiary care center and had undergone preoperative endometrial sampling were included. Medical records were reviewed to collect information from pathology reports and data on patient characteristics. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 166 patients (mean age, 64.6 years). The histological results of the biopsies were the following: endometrioid cancer (n = 118), nonendometrioid tumor (n = 38), and hyperplasia (n = 10). The agreement rates were 93.2% for endometrioid and 68.9% for nonendometrioid tumors, with a κ coefficient of 0.73 for tumor cell type. Tumor International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grade was distributed as follows: 37.1% G1, 35.7% G2, and 27.1% G3, with agreement rates of 61.5%, 56%, and 78.9%, respectively. The overall κ coefficient for FIGO grading was 0.46. Only 1.9% of the tumors originally classified as G1 were upgraded to G3, whereas 16% of G2 lesions were upgraded. There was no significant difference in agreement rates for tumor cell type and FIGO grade in relation to any of the studied variables, except that biopsy specimens weighing more than 3 g had significantly better agreement in FIGO grading (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative biopsy has suboptimal accuracy for prediction of characteristics in the definitive surgical specimen. Caution must be taken when using preoperative information to determine extent of surgical resection, due to the risk of understaging. Additional information must be combined with the biopsy data to help in the decision-making process.

Histopathology Discrepancy of Preoperative Endometrial Sampling and Final Specimen: How Does This Influence Selective Lymph Node Dissection?

OBJECTIVE: Preoperative histology is a major component in the perioperative selective lymph node (LN) dissection decision process. Discrepancy between preoperative endometrial sampling and final specimen histopathology is generally accepted. The goals of this project are to determine if discrepancy of histopathology is associated with alteration of adjuvant treatment or outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of all patients undergoing surgery for endometrial cancer at a single institution from 2010 to 2014. All patients had preoperative endometrial sampling. Histopathology discrepancy was evaluated for potential in variation of perioperative LN dissection. Criteria for not performing LN dissection was defined as preoperative endometrioid histology, grade 1 or 2 lesion, myometrial invasion of 50% or less, and primary tumor diameter 2 cm or less. RESULTS: A total of 352 patients were identified; 44 were excluded because of no preoperative pathology or no residual disease on final pathology. Discrepancy of histopathology was noted in 64/308 (20.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.2%-25.3%) patients. Preoperative endometrioid histology was noted in 272 patients, and 17/272 (6.3%; 95% CI, 3.4%-9.1%) had preoperative sampling reviewed as a grade 1 or 2 endometrioid lesion and final specimen was upgraded to grade 3. Downstaging occurred in 3/272 (1.1%; 95% CI, 0%-2.3%) patients with preoperative grade 3 lesion and final specimen demonstrated grade 1 or 2 disease. All 3 patients' primary tumor diameter was greater than 2 cm and therefore received LN dissection. Histopathological discrepancy that would alter perioperative LN dissection decision based on the aforementioned criteria occurred in 2/272 (0.7%; 95% CI, 0%-1.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a 20% discrepancy of preoperative and postoperative histopathology, discrepancy that would alter a perioperative decision for LN dissection occurs in only 0.7% of cases in this retrospective single-institutional experience. Myometrial invasion and tumor size may be more influential than histology in LN selection criteria.

[Triple synchronous primary gynaecological tumours. A case report]. / Tumores triple sincrónicos ginecológicos. Reporte de un caso.

BACKGROUND: Synchronous multiple primary malignancies in the female genital tract are infrequent. From 50 to 70% of them corresponds to synchronous cancers of the endometrium and ovary. To our knowledge, this is only the third case report in the international literature of three concurrent gynaecological cancers of epithelial origin. A case is presented, as well as a literature review due to the infrequency of its diagnosis and the lack of information on the subject. CLINICAL CASE: A 49-year-old woman, with previous gynaecological history of ovarian endometriosis. She underwent a hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy, as she had been diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia with atypia. The final histopathology reported synchronous ovarian, Fallopian tube, and endometrial cancer. An extension study and complete surgical staging was performed, both being negative. She received adjuvant treatment of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. She is currently free of disease. CONCLUSIONS: The aetiology is uncertain. There is controversy relating to increased susceptibility of synchronous neoplasms to pelvic endometriosis and inherited genetic syndromes. Its diagnosis needs to differentiate them from metastatic disease. Additionally, they are problematical from a clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic point of view. The presentation of more cases of triple synchronous cancers is necessary for a complete adjuvant and surgical treatment.

[Hormone therapy effect in postmenopausal women with history of endometrial cancer]. / Efecto de la terapia hormonal en mujeres posmenopáusicas con antecedente de cáncer de endometrio.

BACKGROUND: The increase of endometrial cancer survivors' incidence let the question if the management of postmenopausal hormone therapy will increase the risk of carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the recurrence rate, in postmenopausal patients managed with hormonal therapy (HT) compared with patients without HT treated in El Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective, analytical, historical cohort. We analyzed 29 patients who met the inclusion criteria from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2008 RESULTS: The average age for diagnosis of endometrial cancer was 45 years. 100% of the patients had surgical treatment (82.8% routine endometrial open approach, laparoscopic 17.2%). The 93% of patients had criteria to begin HT, however, was administered alone to 37% due to medical criteria, 36% received tibolona, 64% received estrogen with an average administration time of 39 and 54 months for each one without affecting disease-free period. Patients who received hormonal therapy had no recurrence of disease-free period of 58 months. There was only one patient with recurrence for which no hormonal therapy was administered. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who were under hormonal therapy did not modify the rate of endometrial cancer recurrence compared with those without HT. Although we cannot conclude irrefutably the safety of hormone therapy, based on biological knowledge and the results of this study, hormone therapy can be safely administered in stage I and II.