Navigating an unexpected diagnosis - experience of a tertiary referral centre with two cases of intraplacental choriocarcinoma.

Intraplacental choriocarcinoma is a rare tumour, with approximately 62 reported cases. It may manifest as a spectrum of disease ranging from an incidental lesion diagnosed on routine placental examination to disseminated maternal and/or neonatal disease. In this case series, we presented two rare cases of intraplacental choriocarcinoma with extremely varied clinical presentations. The extremely varied clinical presentations of both patients described in the case series complicated the process of arriving at the diagnosis. In both cases, subsequent investigations showed no maternal or neonatal metastasis, and maternal serum beta-hCG levels downtrended with conservative management. We aim to highlight the importance of performing a detailed physical examination and evaluation of the patient and multidisciplinary management with oncology opinion. A detailed examination of the placenta should also be considered when faced with obstetric complications so that early diagnosis and the required management can be executed in a prompt fashion.

Postpartum choriocarcinoma - a rare cause of delayed postpartum hemorrhage: Four case reports and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Delayed postpartum hemorrhage is rare, with an incidence of 0.5% to 2.0% in all pregnancies. The most important causes are placental remnants, infections, and placental bed subinvolution. Postpartum choriocarcinoma, a highly malignant complication of pregnancy, is a rare condition that can be easily misdiagnosed as other common causes, such as gestational remnants, and delays the diagnosis. METHODS: Four patients visited our clinic complaining of delayed postpartum hemorrhage, combined with respiratory and neurological symptoms in 2 cases. Two cases were confirmed by histopathological examination and in addition, medical history, elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level, and imaging findings help confirm the diagnosis of delayed postpartum hemorrhage caused by postpartum choriocarcinoma in other cases. Individualized combination chemotherapies were prescribed. In the light of massive cerebral metastasis in case 2, intrathecal methotrexate injection combined with whole-brain radiotherapy was prescribed. RESULTS: Due to the absence of routine monitoring of ß-hCG following full-term delivery, there was widespread metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Three patients got complete remission and there is no sign of recurrence. One patient had relapse and widespread metastasis and died at home 6 months after the last chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: It is important to be aware of the possibility of choriocarcinoma in patients with delayed postpartum hemorrhage. Clinicians should improve the recognition of choriocarcinoma following full-term delivery, emphasize the monitoring of ß-hCG, comprehensively analyze the general condition of patients, and conduct standardized and individualized chemotherapy protocols.

An Unusual Presentation of Choriocarcinoma in a Postmenopausal Woman: A case report.

Choriocarcinoma (CC) is a malignant neoplasm of the trophoblastic tissue, with a potential to metastasise to distant organs. Limited case of gestational CC develops after a long latent period. We report a 52-year-old postmenopausal woman who developed metastatic choriocarcinoma presumably of gestational origin, 8 years after the last pregnancy and 2 years after the last menstrual period. The patient was brought to the emergency room of a tertiary care centre in Muscat, Oman, in 2022 and was diagnosed with CC metastatic to the brain, spleen, lung and the kidney. The ß-human chorionic gonadotrophin level was found to be raised (1,292,867 mIU/mL). The International Federation of Gynecologic Oncology risk score was calculated to be 14 (very high risk). The patient was initially treated with whole-brain radiotherapy and splenic artery embolisation because of a hemoperitoneum. Afterwards the patient received systemic treatment using the standard EMA/CO regimen till complete serological remission.

Intracardiac metastasis of gestational choriocarcinoma: a case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) with intracardiac metastasis is rare, and here we reported a patient with intracardiac metastasis of high-risk and refractory gestational choriocarcinoma and reviewed relevant literatures. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37-year-old woman presented with vaginal bleeding and high level of ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) at 199,060 (mIU/mL). It was clinically diagnosed with gestational choriocarcinoma. The patient initially received eight cycles of chemotherapy but unsatisfactory response was observed, and the level of ß-hCG still ranged between 5000 and 10,000. Then there was found intracardiac masses in the right atrium (2.6*1.7 cm), anterior chordae tendineae of the tricuspid valve (1.4*0.7 cm) and the right ventricle (4.1*2.9 cm) by ultrasonic cardiogram (UCG). PET/CT highly suspected the intracardiac metastasis of choriocarcinoma (SUVmax = 9.3) and no disease was found in the lung and pelvis. The patient undertook complete intracardiac masses resection. The pathology confirmed the intracardiac metastasis of disease. After a week of operation, the UCG found a 5.4*4.2 cm mass in the right atrium again. Considering the poor prognosis, the patient received palliative care and eventually died of disease progression. CONCLUSION: Intracardiac metastasis of GTN is an aggressive sign of disease. Patients can benefit from chemotherapy and surgery. Future investigation of PD-1 immunotherapy combines with chemotherapy are expected to improve the prognosis in this group of patients.

Short tandem repeats genotyping of gestational choriocarcinoma - our experiences.

OBJECTIVE: This short communication demonstrates how short tandem repeat genotyping can identify the origin of gestational choriocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The origin of gestational choriocarcinoma in our three cases was determined using the short tandem repeats genotyping technique, which involved quantitative fluorescent PCR and fragmentation analysis. RESULTS: In Case 1 despite no medical history of molar pregnancy, DNA analysis indicated that the choriocarcinoma originated from a homozygous complete hydatidiform mole. We conclude, that the patient's complete abortion 10 years prior to the choriocarcinoma diagnosis was an undiagnosed complete hydatidiform mole. In Case 2 and Case 3 the clinically presumed origin of choriocarcinoma was confirmed. CONCLUSION: Determining the origin of choriocarcinoma is essential for clinical application, as it affects the FIGO scoring system for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, which determines the patient's prognosis and treatment approach.

Intraplacental Gestational Neoplasms: A Review of Clinically Relevant Diagnostically Challenging Lesions.

CONTEXT.­: Case studies reporting intraplacental choriocarcinoma (IPC) and intraplacental "chorangiocarcinoma" have recently increased, with IPC also represented in molecular analyses of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. OBJECTIVE.­: To provide an overview of 2 intraplacental neoplastic lesions that can have a significant impact on both mother and fetus/infant, focusing on diagnostic characteristics, and ancillary and molecular tools that support diagnosis, determine prognosis, and further elucidate the nature of these lesions. DATA SOURCES.­: Data were compiled from a PubMed literature review that included diagnostic and additional keywords within the scope of study for gestational choriocarcinoma in general. Illustrative cases were retrieved from the pathology archives at Michigan Medicine, including the consultation files of the author. CONCLUSIONS.­: Intraplacental gestational tumors exist along the spectrum of benign (chorangioma) to aggressive malignant (choriocarcinoma) neoplasms with a high potential for metastasis. Although most gestational choriocarcinomas follow complete hydatidiform mole, 20% to 25% occur in association with normal intrauterine gestations, including rare cases in which they are detected within the placenta (IPC). IPCs range from asymptomatic to widely metastatic, with metastases possible even when only microscopic IPCs are present. A second, even less common lesion, variably called "chorangiocarcinoma" and chorangioma with atypical trophoblast proliferation, is also reviewed. The incidence of these lesions is likely to be underestimated. Heightened suspicion and more liberal placental sampling, particularly when specific clinical features are present, may result in higher detection. Enhanced detection to provide the earliest intervention for both mother and infant may improve prognosis, particularly for asymptomatic disease that may later present with metastasis.

Non-gestational choriocarcinoma: unraveling the similarities and distinctions from its gestational counterpart.

Choriocarcinoma is a highly vascular and invasive tumor of anaplastic trophoblast, predominantly made up of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts without villi. Based on its origin, choriocarcinoma can be either gestational or non-gestational. Non-gestational choriocarcinoma can be of germ cell origin, or can be seen in association with a somatic high-grade malignancy. It is difficult to differentiate gestational from non-gestational choriocarcinoma, especially in the reproductive age group. It is important to distinguish between the two, for accurate staging and prognostication, deciding the primary treatment modality, (ie, surgery or chemotherapy), and tailoring follow-up timeframes after diagnosis. An extensive literature search was performed regarding all cases of non-gestational choriocarcinoma, published before March 2023. A note was made of whether the origin of choriocarcinoma was ascertained and how gestational choriocarcinoma was differentiated from non-gestational choriocarcinoma. The keywords used for literature search were "non-gestational choriocarcinoma", "primary choriocarcinoma", "ovarian choriocarcinoma", "ovarian germ cell tumors", or "choriocarcinomatous differentiation". This review aims to summarize the similarities and differences in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management guidelines between gestational and non-gestational choriocarcinoma, which can form an important educational resource for clinicians and laboratory physicians dealing with such cases.

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease with Coexisting Progressing Pregnancy: Personalised Treatment Modalities.

Purpose: Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) coexisting with a steadily progressing pregnancy is an extremely rare condition presented in the literature as a single case or case series of successful delivery. The purpose of this study was to describe five cases of GTD and present possible management strategies for such patients. Methods: Clinical data of five pregnancies with coexisting GTD were identified within the Almazov National Medical Research Centre from 2018 to 2021. Results: Three cases of multiple pregnancies with complete hydatidiform moles and two cases of singleton pregnancies with intraplacental choriocarcinoma and invasive hydatidiform moles were identified. Three pregnancies were prolonged and ended with preterm deliveries. Malignant transformation of the GTD accounted for 60% of the cases. The condition of newborns was based on the level of prematurity and functional immaturity, and in all cases, it was aggravated by anemia. Conclusion: GTD coexisting with progressing pregnancy is threatened by the risks of preterm delivery, miscarriage, hemorrhage, and disease progression and requires monitoring in a multidisciplinary clinic experienced in the management of patients with malignant tumors during pregnancy. In cases of prolonged pregnancy against the background of GTD, we suggest the following monitoring during pregnancy: pelvic, abdominal ultrasound/MRI (without contrast), prenatal invasive fetal karyotype testing in cases of singleton pregnancy, lung X-ray/CT with uterine shielding, weekly assessment of ß-hCG levels, and dynamic monitoring of the fetus. The following postnatal monitoring should be performed: morphological examination of the placenta, weekly assessment of ß-hCG levels up to normalization, then monthly assessment up to six months, and control of ß-hCG level of the newborn.

Maternal and fetal outcomes of intraplacental choriocarcinoma complicated by fetomaternal hemorrhage: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Intraplacental choriocarcinoma is a gestational trophoblastic neoplasia located within the placenta. Due to the usual silent presentation, more than half of the cases are diagnosed incidentally. It has been demonstrated that this pathology is linked to feto-maternal hemorrhage (FMH), stillbirth, and intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of our review was to establish if there are recurrent signs that might lead to an early diagnosis and better management in cases complicated by FMH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature from 2000 up to March 2023. The adopted research strategy included the following terms: (gestational choriocarcinoma obstetrics outcome) AND (intraplacental choriocarcinoma) AND (gestational choriocarcinoma). The MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched. RESULTS: The research strategy identified 19 cases of FMH coexisting with intraplacental choriocarcinoma (IC), as described in 17 studies. The perinatal mortality rate was 36.8%. In eight cases, histological diagnosis of IC was made post-delivery. Metastatic lesions were found in 75% (6/8) of described cases. One case of maternal death has been described. Chemotherapy was necessary in seven cases. Sporadical prenatal ultrasound signs were described. DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of IC is usually delayed, mostly due to aspecific symptoms and signs. Histological analysis of the placenta, when not routinely performed, should be performed when warning symptoms are encountered. The maternal prognosis was good, with a mortality rate of 5.5%. A fertility-sparing approach is always possible even in the presence of metastasis. Chemotherapy seems to be useful in cases of maternal and neonatal metastasis.

Recurrent choriocarcinoma complicated with leprosy during chemotherapy: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: The global prevalence of leprosy has decreased substantially, and cases of leprosy infection are extremely rare in China. In this report, we present a case of recurrent choriocarcinoma complicated by leprosy infection during chemotherapy. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 24-year-old Chinese woman (gravida 3, para 2) presented to a local hospital with vaginal bleeding. Her medical history included a previous diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. DIAGNOSES, INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES: The patient was diagnosed with choriocarcinoma and received chemotherapy in 6 cycles. Shortly after the initial treatment was completed, the disease recurred twice with resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. In her second recurrence of choriocarcinoma, she was diagnosed with leprosy with many cutaneous nodules throughout her entire body. The patient was administered chemical treatment for leprosy with the multidrug therapy regimen after being diagnosed. To prevent exacerbating the infection, no immunotherapy was utilized to treat cancer, and the infection was well-controlled at the conclusion of anticancer therapy. LESSONS: Because of immunological reduction, cancer patients are susceptible to a variety of infections. For patients with cancer, prevention and early detection of rare infectious diseases should receive special attention. Immunotherapy must be used with caution when treating patients with cancer and infections.

Metastatic choriocarcinoma of the kidney in the absence of existing primary uterine tumor: A rare presentation.

Gestational choriocarcinomas are malignant neoplasms generally arising in the uterus in women of childbearing age. These are aggressive tumors with a high incidence of metastasis to vascular organs such as the lung, liver, and brain. Renal metastasis is extremely rare with low incidence rate and very few cases have been reported in literature. Hereby, we report a rare case of metastatic choriocarcinoma to the kidney in a 29-year-old female 10 years after resection of a hydatidiform mole. The histopathological diagnosis was made on a nephrectomy specimen. Pelvic and abdominal scan did not show any abnormal radiological findings. She was started on first-line chemotherapy and showed a complete response. In conclusion, gestational or primary nongestational choriocarcinomas should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in young females of reproductive age group presenting with flank abdominal pain, unexplained hematuria, and atypical renal tumor histology.

Pure testicular choriocarcinoma with gastrointestinal metastasis and paraneoplastic symptoms: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pure testicular choriocarcinoma is a rare type of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor extremely poor prognostic with the tendency to bleed at the metastatic site. At the time of the diagnosis, 70% of patients have metastatic lesions. Depending on the site of the metastasis, symptoms vary. Gastrointestinal involvement is seen in less than 5% of cases, mostly in the duodenum. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 47 years old male with testicular choriocarcinoma involving the jejunum, lung, liver, and kidney presenting with acute abdominal pain, melena, and dyspnea with some paraneoplastic symptoms. The patient had increased, severe and constant pain in the right lower quadrant for the previous four days. Additionally, he was complaining of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and a history of melena for the last 10 days. Dyspnea on exertion, hemoptysis, and dry cough were the symptoms he was suffering from, for almost one year. The patient's general appearance was pale, ill, and thin with 10 kg of weight loss during the last some months. The computed tomography (CT) scan reported multiple metastatic lesions in both liver lobes and the left kidney. Pathologic study of the samples of small bowel lesions showed metastatic choriocarcinoma. Following the patient had been referred to an oncologist to start the chemotherapy regime. Finally, the patient has expired after 40 days of his first admission. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular choriocarcinoma is a rare but fatal malignancy among young men. Gastrointestinal metastases are infrequent involvement represented by melena and acute abdominal pain, obstruction, and mass. Physicians should consider it as a differential diagnosis for acute abdomen and gastrointestinal bleeding causation.

Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT): a case report and review of the literature.

Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), also known as atypical choriocarcinoma, syncytioma, chorioepitheliosis or trophoblastic pseudotumor, is a rare gestational trophoblastic disease (0.25-5% of all trophoblastic tumors) and it is composed by neoplastic proliferation of intermediate trophoblasts at placental implantation site. It consists of aggregates or sheets of large, polyhedral to round, predominantly mononucleated cells with a characteristic vascular and myometrial invasion. Main differential diagnoses are gestational choriocarcinoma (GC) and epitelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). We present a case of PSTT in a 25-year-old woman. Neoplastic cells showed moderate/high nuclear pleomorphism, abundant amphophilic, eosinophilic and clear cytoplasm, numerous mitotic figures (10 mitoses/10 HPF), and myometrial invasion. Other features are necrosis, vascular invasion with replacement of myometrial vessels by tumor cells and hemorrhage. The patient showed typical low serum ß-hCG levels and high serum humane placental lactogen (hPL) levels.

Analysis of clinical characteristics and prognosis of 68 patients with primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma (PPC) is a highly malignant intrapulmonary tumor with a notorious prognosis. Few clinical studies have been undertaken to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of PPC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We systematically conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with PPC in the literature published in PubMed and CNKI databases until March 31, 2022. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Survival curves were depicted using the Kaplan‒Meier method and compared using the stratified log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the prognostic factors. RESULTS: A total of 68 patients were included, which consisted of 32 females and 36 males, with an average age of (44.5 ± 16.8) years old, ranging from 19 to 77 years. The clinical characteristics were mostly cough (49.2%), dyspnea (22.2%), hemoptysis (39.7%) and chest pain (39.7%). Kaplan‒Meier analysis showed that sex, age, hemoptysis, metastasis and treatment combining surgery with chemotherapy had a significant effect on survival. There were no effects on other outcomes. Furthermore, univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses showed that the impact of the treatment combining surgery with chemotherapy on OS showed independent prognostic significance. CONCLUSION: PPC is a rare disease that lacks specific clinical features. Early diagnosis with optimal management is a significant goal. Surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy may be the best treatment for PPC.

Primary Hepatic Choriocarcinoma with Pregnancy: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge.

Choriocarcinoma occurs mainly in the gonads, but an extragonadal origin has been reported, albeit infrequently. Primary hepatic choriocarcinoma (PHC) is a rare malignancy, with only 11 cases reported. Most cases reported were in males, with none reported in pregnant females. A 23-year-old primigravida presented with a large liver lesion involving the right lobe of the liver at 28 weeks of pregnancy. Preoperative imaging was suggestive of hepatocellular carcinoma. She underwent a non-anatomical resection of the liver lesion. Surprisingly, her postoperative histopathology revealed a diagnosis of PHC. Her blood workup showed elevated beta human chorionic gonadotrophin. She underwent a termination of her pregnancy at 32 weeks. Before initiating adjuvant chemotherapy four weeks after surgery, a whole-body PET scan revealed multiple bi-lobar liver and pelvic deposits. After a multidisciplinary team discussion, she was started on adjuvant chemotherapy. She is currently under regular follow-up, seven months post-surgery. PHC, one of the vascular lesions of the liver, poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, warranting a multidisciplinary approach.

Ultra-High-Risk Gestational Choriocarcinoma of the Ovary Associated with Ectopic Pregnancy.

Gestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary is an exceptionally rare and highly aggressive tumor. Preoperative diagnosis of extrauterine choriocarcinoma is difficult due to nonspecific clinical presentation and its resemblance to ectopic pregnancy. Without molecular genetic analysis, it is not possible to reliably differentiate gestational from non-gestational choriocarcinoma. Here, we present a case of a 44-year-old woman who presented to our emergency department with complaints of pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and amenorrhea. Because of a recent history of conservatively managed ectopic pregnancy, the patient underwent emergency laparoscopy. Right-sided salpingo-oophorectomy was performed due to intraoperatively suspected ovarian ectopic pregnancy. Histopathology results revealed the diagnosis of ovarian choriocarcinoma of possible gestational origin. It was classified as FIGO stage IV and WHO ultra-high-risk, and she underwent multi-agent chemotherapy without major complications. She has remained in complete remission after a 12-month follow-up. Considering the rarity of this diagnosis, we conducted a literature review including all published cases of suspected gestational choriocarcinomas of the ovary. We conclude that due to the rarity of this entity, preoperative differentiating between ovarian ectopic pregnancy and ovarian choriocarcinoma is extremely challenging, and without molecular genetic analysis, it is not possible to identify the genetic origin of the tumor.

Primary cesarean scar choriocarcinoma: A case series and literature review.

OBJECTIVES: To provide clinical guidance for early diagnosis and effective management of primary cesarean scar choriocarcinoma, which is an extremely rare but highly malignant trophoblastic tumor. METHODS: This retrospective case series summarized the clinical courses of seven patients diagnosed with cesarean scar choriocarcinoma. RESULTS: We identified two patients in our institution with cesarean scar choriocarcinoma. In addition, details of the previous five patients were extracted from databases and analyzed to provide more clinical information. The seven patients had an average age of 31.14 years, their tumor sizes ranged from 2.0 to 6.5 cm, and their pretreatment serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) levels ranged from 3664 to 312 468 mIU/mL. All the patients were categorized as having FIGO Stage I disease, with four patients at low risk and three at high risk. Six of the seven were misdiagnosed with ectopic pregnancy before pathologic examination. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should pay attention to masses in cesarean scar and to continuous elevation of serum ß-hCG levels after treatment. When cesarean scar choriocarcinoma is suspected, diagnostic surgery can be chosen for tentative treatment and pathologic sampling. Salvage EMA-CO chemotherapy (etoposide, actinomycin D, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and vincristine) should be performed as early as possible to prevent metastasis and recurrence after pathologic diagnosis.

Choriocarcinoma masquerading as lumbar spinal tumor: Case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Choriocarcinoma is a highly invasive gestational trophoblastic neoplasm, usually metastasis to lung and brain, but occurrence of choriocarcinoma following spontaneous abortion presenting as a vertebral tumor is extremely rare, to the best of our knowledge. Because of the poor diagnosis and high malignancy, the low progression-free survival follows up. PATIENT CONCERNS: We here are reporting a case of choriocarcinoma that presented with vertebral tumor induced paralysis of limbs and incontinence of urine. DIAGNOSIS: Combined with the childbearing history, high ß-human chorionic gonadotrophinin levels, and imaging examination, a clinical diagnosis was made exactly. Till the pathological results after the operation of lumbar spinal canal tumorectomy, the diagnosis was exactly clear. INTERVENTIONS: After performing the laminectomy, the fierce bleeding follows up, just did the temporary limited decompression. Because of the vertebral artery embolization, lumbar spinal canal tumorectomy, spinal canal and root canal decompression, subdural decompression and hematoma removal were performed. OUTCOMES: After performing the operation and chemotherapy timely and positively, the patient lost consciousness and died due to the pulmonary embolism at last. LESSONS: This is the first case report describing choriocarcinoma with metastases to the spine amongst Chinese population as well. Early metastasis is one of the marked tendencies of choriocarcinoma, but spine metastasis and the related spinal oppressional symptoms were found instead of vaginal bleeding in this case, which is indeed rare.

Gestational trophoblastic disease and associated factors among women experiencing first trimester pregnancy loss at a regional referral hospital in central Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) may follow any form of pregnancy or a pregnancy loss. Early detection of GTDs is important, as some benign forms of the disease may progress into a chemoresistant and metastatic disease. This study aimed at determining the frequency of GTDs among women experiencing first trimester pregnancy loss and the associated patients' characteristics. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included 200 conveniently sampled women who experienced first trimester pregnancy loss from January to December 2019 at a Regional Referral Hospital in central Tanzania. The specimen obtained from products of conception were collected, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded and submitted for histopathological evaluation, for which haematoxylin and eosin stain was used. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23.0. The χ2 test was used to determine the association between categorical variables. p-Values ˂0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Among 200 study participants, the overall frequency of GTDs was 42 (21%). Among those with GTDs, the most common histopathological diagnosis was partial hydatidiform mole (18 [42.9%]), followed by complete hydatidiform mole (17 [40.5%]) and choriocarcinoma (7 [16.5%]). In the studied participants, only increased human chorionic gonadotropin hormone levels were found to be statistically significantly associated with GTDs (p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study suggest that routine histopathological evaluation of the products of conception is recommended in order to allow early detection of GTDs, including choriocarcinoma, which usually carries a poor prognosis. The histopathological reporting of choriocarcinoma among first trimester products of conception from Tanzania is novel.