ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between unilateral or bilateral criptorchidism, patient age, primary location of the gonad and modality of treatment with testicular volume and hormonal status at 18 years in patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Testicular volume, LH, FSH, and testosterone were evaluated in 143 young men at 18 years treated in childhood for unilateral (n=103) or bilateral (n=40) cryptorchidism. RESULTS: Unilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 36 patients, inguinal in 52 and non-palpable in 15. The mean volume was 9.7 mL compared to 16.2 L. for the spontaneously descended testicle in unilateral cryptorchidism. However, 22 patients who received HCG had a significantly bigger testis (11.8 mL.) than those treated with primary surgery (9.2 mL). The results showed a significant positive correlation between testicular volume and patient age at treatment. Bilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 34 cases, inguinal in 40 and 6 patients with non-palpable testicles. Mean volume at 18 years was 12.9 mL, greater than unilateral cryptorchid testis (9.7 mL) but smaller than healthy contralateral in unilateral cases (16.2 mL). There were significant differences in the testicular growth for bilateral patients with testicular descent after being treated with HCG (14.4 mL) in respect with those untreated (11.1 mL) or those who underwent primary surgery (11.4 mL). There was a significant positive correlation between the testicular volume and palpable (12.4 mL) or non-palpable testis (10.4 mL). There was a correlation between unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and levels of FSH. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years for patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood are strongly influenced by whether the undescended testis was unilateral or bilateral. Location of the testes at diagnosis or age of initial treatment exerts no definite effect on testicular volume improvement r hormonal levels at 18 years of age.
Subject(s)
Cryptorchidism/pathology , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Testis/pathology , Testosterone/blood , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Chorionic Gonadotropin/therapeutic use , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cryptorchidism/blood , Humans , Infant , Male , Organ Size , Statistics, Nonparametric , Testis/metabolism , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Purpose To evaluate the relationship between unilateral or bilateral criptorchidism, patient age, primary location of the gonad and modality of treatment with testicular volume and hormonal status at 18 years in patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood. Materials and Methods Testicular volume, LH, FSH, and testosterone were evaluated in 143 young men at 18 years treated in childhood for unilateral (n=103) or bilateral (n=40) cryptorchidism. Results Unilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 36 patients, inguinal in 52 and non-palpable in 15. The mean volume was 9.7 mL compared to 16.2 mL. for the spontaneously descended testicle in unilateral cryptorchidism. However, 22 patients who received HCG had a significantly bigger testis (11.8 mL.) than those treated with primary surgery (9.2 mL). The results showed a significant positive correlation between testicular volume and patient age at treatment. Bilateral cryptorchidism Location of testis was prescrotal in 34 cases, inguinal in 40 and 6 patients with non-palpable testicles. Mean volume at 18 years was 12.9 mL, greater than unilateral cryptorchid testis (9.7 mL) but smaller than healthy contralateral in unilateral cases (16.2 mL). There were significant differences in the testicular growth for bilateral patients with testicular descent after being treated with HCG (14.4 mL) in respect with those untreated (11.1 mL) or those who underwent primary surgery (11.4 mL). There was a significant positive correlation between the testicular volume and palpable (12.4 mL) or non-palpable testis (10.4 mL). There was a correlation between unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and levels of FSH. Conclusions Testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years for patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood are strongly influenced by whether the undescended testis was unilateral or bilateral. Location of the testes at diagnosis or ...
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Male , Cryptorchidism/pathology , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Testis/pathology , Testosterone/blood , Age Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Chorionic Gonadotropin/therapeutic use , Cryptorchidism/blood , Organ Size , Statistics, Nonparametric , Treatment Outcome , Testis/metabolismSubject(s)
Cryptorchidism/therapy , Chorionic Gonadotropin/therapeutic use , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , MaleABSTRACT
Tomando como excusa un caso de criptorquidia, los autores describen la epidemiología, el pronóstico y las dos alternativas terapéuticas de esta condición clínica (quirúrgica y hormonal). Se explayan sobre la eficacia del tratamiento en términos de disminuir las principales complicaciones de la criptorquidia -infertilidad y cáncer testicular- y del mejor momento de instituirlos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Cryptorchidism/surgery , Cryptorchidism/diagnosis , Cryptorchidism/epidemiology , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Case Reports , Therapeutics , Early DiagnosisABSTRACT
Tomando como excusa un caso de criptorquidia, los autores describen la epidemiología, el pronóstico y las dos alternativas terapéuticas de esta condición clínica (quirúrgica y hormonal). Se explayan sobre la eficacia del tratamiento en términos de disminuir las principales complicaciones de la criptorquidia -infertilidad y cáncer testicular- y del mejor momento de instituirlos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Cryptorchidism/epidemiology , Cryptorchidism/diagnosis , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Cryptorchidism/surgery , Therapeutics , Case Reports , Early DiagnosisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of peritoneography in assessing the patency of processus vaginalis (PV) in pediatric patients diagnosed with cryptorchidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the patency of PV in boys presenting cryptorchidism. Herniography was performed in 310 prepubertal boys. Data about the morphology of PV was compared with operative findings in those surgically treated patients. Retractile and ectopic testes were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 376 undescended testes (310 patients), 281 cases were associated with an obliterated PV. Herniography revealed 95 cases of open PV in cryptorchid boys. The 244 normally descended testes had associated patent processus vaginalis in only 31 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Herniography is the most relevant procedure for accurate diagnosis of persistent PV. The persistence of PV was significantly more frequent when the position of the testes is more cranial. The incidence of an open PV decreases with age.
Subject(s)
Cryptorchidism/diagnostic imaging , Diagnostic Techniques, Urological/standards , Diverticulum/diagnostic imaging , Hernia, Inguinal/diagnostic imaging , Peritoneum/diagnostic imaging , Age Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , Cryptorchidism/complications , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Double-Blind Method , Hernia, Inguinal/complications , Hernia, Inguinal/therapy , Humans , Infant , Male , Peritoneum/abnormalities , Prospective Studies , RadiographyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of peritoneography in assessing the patency of processus vaginalis (PV) in pediatric patients diagnosed with cryptorchidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the patency of PV in boys presenting cryptorchidism. Herniography was performed in 310 prepubertal boys. Data about the morphology of PV was compared with operative findings in those surgically treated patients. Retractile and ectopic testes were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 376 undescended testes (310 patients), 281 cases were associated with an obliterated PV. Herniography revealed 95 cases of open PV in cryptorchid boys. The 244 normally descended testes had associated patent processus vaginalis in only 31 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Herniography is the most relevant procedure for accurate diagnosis of persistent PV. The persistence of PV was significantly more frequent when the position of the testes is more cranial. The incidence of an open PV decreases with age.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Male , Cryptorchidism , Diagnostic Techniques, Urological/standards , Diverticulum , Hernia, Inguinal , Peritoneum , Age Distribution , Cryptorchidism/complications , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Double-Blind Method , Hernia, Inguinal/complications , Hernia, Inguinal/therapy , Prospective Studies , Peritoneum/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
O criptorquismo corresponde à localização extra-escrotal do testículo, atingindo cerca de 3 por cento dos recém-nascidos e 0,5 a 1,0 por cento dos adultos. Geralmente é um achado clínico isolado, porém em 10 por cento dos casos pode estar associado a disfunções hipotalâmico-hipofisárias, doenças genéticas ou embrionárias, e sua associação com outras anormalidades genitais, como a hipospádia e o micropênis, aumenta a probabilidade de se tratar de um estado intersexual. A exata descrição da localização testicular em repouso e sua mobilidade durante o exame físico são essenciais para o adequado diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico evolutivo. O diagnóstico é clínico, exigindo cuidadoso exame físico. O diagnóstico complementar por exames de imagem tem valor limitado. A avaliação gonadotrófica e da secreção hormonal testicular pode ser informativa nos primeiros 6 meses de vida ou na época puberal, períodos em que o eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário encontra-se ativado. O tratamento clínico é indicado em pacientes com testículo retido ou com grande retratilidade, utilizando-se a gonadotrofina coriônica humana na dose de 50UI/kg/semana durante 6 semanas. O tratamento clínico está contra-indicado na presença de hérnia inguino-escrotal comprovada, varicocele ou cisto de cordão espermático. A cirurgia é indicada na falha terapêutica clínica ou nos testículos ectópicos. A precocidade terapêutica (1-2 anos vida) tem sido apontada como um aspecto decisivo na prevenção das principais complicações do criptorquismo, como a esterilidade e o maior risco neoplásico gonadal.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Cryptorchidism/diagnosis , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Decision TreesABSTRACT
Cryptorchidism corresponds to the extra-scrotal position of the testis, and can be found in 3% of the term newborns and 0.5 to 1.0% of adults. It is usually an isolated clinical feature, but in around 10% of the cases can be associated to hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction and genetic or embryonic disorders. The presence of additional genital abnormalities, such as hypospadia or micropenis, increases the probability of the diagnosis of an intersex condition. Detailed description of the testicular anatomic position is essential to adequate diagnosis, treatment and prognostic evaluation. The diagnosis of cryptorchidism is made by clinical examination. The complementary exams, such as image analysis, add limited information on the diagnosis. Gonadotropins and testicular hormones measurement can be useful if the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is activated, as observed during the first 6 months of life or during puberty. Clinical treatment is indicated in patients with retained testis or in severely retractile testis. In these cases, human chorionic gonadotropin is employed at a dose of 50 IU/kg/week for 6 consecutive weeks. Clinical treatment cannot be used in cases of confirmed inguinal hernia, varicocele or spermatic cord cysts. Surgical correction is indicated after failure of clinical treatment or for ectopic testes. The long-term prognosis of cryptorchidism seems to be related to the precocity of the therapy. Therefore, recognition and treatment of cryptorchid testes should be done during the first 2 years of life, potentially improving the risks of infertility and gonadal neoplasia.
Subject(s)
Cryptorchidism/diagnosis , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Decision Trees , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , MaleSubject(s)
Child, Preschool , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child , Cryptorchidism/therapy , PediatricsSubject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Cryptorchidism/diagnosis , Cryptorchidism/therapy , PediatricsSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Child, Preschool , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Cryptorchidism/diagnosisABSTRACT
Testículo no descendido es la falta de descenso testicular en el saco escrotal. Si esto ocurre en cualquier punto del trayecto normal de descenso recibe el nombre de criptorquidia y si ésta se ubica por fuera se denomina testículo ectópico. El testículo retráctil o en ascensor es aquel testículo no descendido que desciende fácil a nivel escrotal y permanece en éste durante el examen, constituyendo una condición normal frecuente durante la infancia, especialmente entre los 2 y 7 años, por un acentuado reflejo cremasteriano
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Child , Cryptorchidism/diagnosis , Chorionic Gonadotropin/therapeutic use , Cryptorchidism/complications , Cryptorchidism/etiology , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Gonadotropins/deficiency , Infertility, Male/etiology , Orchiectomy , Signs and Symptoms , Testicular Neoplasms/etiologySubject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Child , Cryptorchidism/epidemiology , Cryptorchidism/etiology , Cryptorchidism/genetics , Cryptorchidism/therapy , Cryptorchidism/surgery , Infertility, Male , Sertoli Cells , Chorionic Gonadotropin/therapeutic use , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/therapeutic useABSTRACT
O criptorquidismo é uma das patologias testiculares mais frequentes em todas as raças, apresentando distribuiçäo global e podendo ter consequências desastrosas quando näo diagnosticado e tratado adequadamente. Os autores revisam as principais características epidemiológicas, etiológicas e diagnósticas desta patologia, dando especial atençäo às tendências terapêuticas atuais