Utilidad de la capnografía en reanimación cardiopulmonar extrahospitalaria asociada a un desfibrilador / Usefulness of capnography in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation associated with a defibrillator

La parada cardiorrespiratoria extrahospitalaria (PCR) es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo. Aunque la desfibrilación precoz y la reanimación cardiopulmonar de alta calidad han mejorado, las tasas de supervivencia de una PCR extrahospitalaria se sitúan sobre el 8%, variando entre el 0 y el 18%, frente al 15-34% en el caso de parada cardiorrespiratoria intrahospitalaria. La capnografía es una monitorización no invasiva recomendada por las guías de práctica clínica actuales que estima el gasto cardiaco durante la parada cardiorrespiratoria y es útil para confirmar la intubación traqueal, valorar la calidad de la reanimación cardiopulmonar y ser signo precoz de recuperación de la circulación espontánea. Recientemente se ha descrito que durante la RCP de un ritmo desfibrilable la valoración del EtCO2 previa a la descarga puede tener un valor pronóstico del éxito de la desfibrilación. La línea de investigación que analiza la utilidad de la capnografía para valorar el momento óptimo de la administración de la descarga y el pronóstico de éxito de la misma es prometedora, pero los resultados actuales no son lo suficientemente robustos como para poder concluir que las mediciones de EtCO2 puedan afectar a la toma de decisiones durante las maniobras de RCP avanzada y recomendar su uso en la práctica clínica. Los resultados de los estudios analizados aportan una evidencia inicial de que cuanto mayores son los valores de EtCO2 antes de la desfibrilación mayor es la probabilidad de éxito de la misma, aunque el diseño observacional de los mismos, sin grupo control, nos impide afirmarlo con evidencia suficiente. En caso de que existiese esta asociación, se podría inferir que disponer de esta medición daría buenos resultados en el RCP, pero esto sería una hipótesis que requeriría su propia investigación. No se han encontrado ensayos clínicos que comparen el éxito (RCE, supervivencia) entre maniobras de RCP realizadas con capnógrafo frente a RCP sin capnógrafo. El umbral numérico de EtCO2 para una desfibrilación satisfactoria se ha establecido entre 20 y 40 mmHg. En este momento están registrados en Clinical Trialsgov tres estudios sobre la capnografía en parada cardiorrespiratoria en el ámbito extrahos pitalario. Ninguno de ellos tiene como hipótesis el uso de la capnografía asociada a desfibrilación. Es preciso desarrollar estudios prospectivos bien diseñados que aporten más evidencia sobre el tema analizado. Respecto a la seguridad de la tecnología, ésta se muestra bastante segura, siendo importante respetar las advertencias respecto a situaciones de medidas afectadas por errores de aplicación de sensores, ciertas condiciones medioambientales y ciertas afecciones del paciente. La toma incorrecta de decisiones por interpretación errónea de la monitorización capnográfica también afectaría a la seguridad del paciente, hecho que se previene con la adecuada formación del personal sanitario. Diferentes publicaciones describen la necesidad de investigación en el desarrollo de algoritmos para depurar los artefactos de las compresiones torácicas en las tasas de ventilación y en el capnograma que podrían integrarse como un software en el monitor/desfibrilador. De esa forma tanto la capnografía como la capnometría podrían ofrecer datos más fiables.

Out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest (OHCA) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although early defibrillation and high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation have improved, survival rates for out-of-hospital CRA are around 8%, ranging from 0-18%, compared to 15-34% for in-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. Capnography is a non-invasive monitoring recommended by current clinical practice guidelines that estimates cardiac output during cardiorespiratory arrest and is useful for confirming tracheal intubation, assessing the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and as an early sign of recovery of spontaneous circulation. It has recently been described that during CPR of a shockable rhythm, the assessment of EtCO2 prior to shock may have a prognostic value for the success of defibrillation. The line of research analyzing the usefulness of capnography in assessing the optimal timing of shock delivery and the prognosis of shock success is promising, but the current results are not sufficiently robust to conclude that EtCO2 measurements can affect decision making during advanced CPR maneuvers and to recommend their use in clinical practice. The results of the studies analyzed provide initial evidence that the higher the EtCO2 values before defibrillation, the greater the probability of successful defibrillation, although the observational design of these studies, without a control group, prevents us from affirming this with sufficient evidence. In the event that this association exists, it could be inferred that having this measurement would give good results in CPR, but this would be a hypothesis that would require its own investigation. No clinical trials have been found that compare the success (ROSC, survival) between CPR maneuvers performed with a capnograph versus CPR without a capnograph. The numerical threshold of EtCO2 for successful defibrillation has been established between 20 and 40 mmHg. Three studies on capnography in cardiorespiratory arrest in the out-of-hospital setting are currently registered in Clinical Trialsgov. None of them hypothesised the use of capnography in association with defibrillation. There is a need to develop well-designed prospective studies that provide more evidence on the topic under analysis. Regarding the safety of the technology, it appears to be quite safe, although it is important to respect the warnings regarding measurement situations affected by sensor application errors, certain environmental conditions and certain patient conditions. Incorrect decision making due to misinterpretation of capnographic monitoring would also affect patient safety, which can be prevented by adequate training of healthcare staff. Several publications describe the need for research in the development of algorithms to debug chest compression artefacts in ventilation rates and in the capnogram that could be integrated as software in the monitor/defibrillator. In that way both capnography and capnometry could provide more reliable data.

Uso del desfibrilador externo automático en el sistema masivo de transporte TransMilenio en Bogotá, Colombia / Use of the external automated defibrillator in the mass transit system, TransMilenio in Bogota, Colombia

The proposal to implement the use of External Automated Defibrillators in public spaces arose more than 30 years ago as a means to reduce the mortality of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest events. Worldwide, deployment programs of these devices have demonstrated efficacy and effec- tiveness, reflected in concrete and tangible results. As a response to the global scenario, in Colombia 5 years ago legislation was passed to rule over the implementation of these devices in spaces of high confluence. The aim of this article is to expose the issues with implementation of EADs in the Bus Rapid Transport System of Bogota, TransMilenio, from a critical and analytical perspective; showing the existing flaws in the primary attention of cardiac arrest.

La propuesta de implementar el uso de Desfibriladores Externos Automático en espacios públicos surgió hace cerca de 30 años como una herramienta para disminuir la mortalidad de los eventos de paro cardíaco extrahospitalarios. Los programas de despliegue de estos dispositivos a nivel mundial han demostrado eficacia y efectividad, reflejada en cifras concretas y tangibles. Ante el panorama mundial, hace 5 años Colombia legisló a favor de la implementación de estos dispositivos en espacios de alta afluencia. Este artículo busca exponer el problema de la implementación de los DEA en el principal sistema masivo de transporte de Bogotá, TransMilenio, desde una perspectiva crítica y analítica, mostrando el déficit en la atención primaria de los paros cardíacos.

The simulation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the knowledge of rescuers: a quasi-experimental study / La simulación de la reanimación cardiopulmonar y el conocimiento de los socorristas: estudio cuasi-experimental / A simulação da reanimação cardiopulmonar e o conhecimento de socorristas: estudo quase-experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the knowledge of rescuers before and after training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the realistic simulation method. Method: this is a quasi-experimental study carried out with 41 Basic Life Support rescuers covering 8 bases of the 18th Regional Health of Paraná. The rescuers responded to the Instrument for Assessment of Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation applied before and after the realistic simulation. Results: there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.02) in 6 of the 10 questions, which addressed: the sequence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers; the electrical charge of the automatic external defibrillator; the position, depth, and speed of chest compressions; the compression/ventilation ratio; and the handling of the automatic external defibrillator. In the other two questions — recognition of cardiorespiratory arrest and positive pressure ventilation device — there was no change in the answer alternative. There were 60% of correct answers for the questions when assessing prior knowledge and 90% of correct answers after the phases of the realistic simulation. Conclusion: rescuers did not fully complete the pre-test questionnaire; however, after the realistic simulation strategy, there was a significant increase in this knowledge. These results showed an improvement in the cognitive knowledge of rescuers after the simulation, which was confirmed by the increase in knowledge expressed in the post-test. This methodology can also be successfully applied to this professional category.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el conocimiento de los socorristas antes y después de la capacitación de la reanimación cardiopulmonar con el método de la simulación real. Método: estudio cuasi-experimental, realizado con 41 socorristas del Soporte Vital Básico cubriendo 8 bases de la 18 Regional de Salud de Paraná. Los socorristas respondieron al Instrumento para la Evaluación de la Formación en Reanimación Cardiopulmonar, aplicado antes y después de la simulación real. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,02) en 6 de las 10 preguntas, que abordaban: la secuencia de maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar; la carga eléctrica del desfibrilador externo automático; la posición, profundidad y velocidad de las compresiones torácicas; la relación compresión/ventilación; y el manejo del desfibrilador externo automático. En dos preguntas -reconocimiento de la parada cardíaca y dispositivo de ventilación con presión positiva- no hubo cambios en la respuesta alternativa. Hubo un 60% de respuestas correctas para las preguntas al evaluar los conocimientos previos y un 90% de respuestas correctas después de las fases de la simulación real. Conclusión: los socorristas no responden totalmente a la cuestión de la prueba previa, mientras que, tras la estrategia de simulación realista, se produjo un aumento significativo de este conocimiento. Estos resultados demostraron una mejora en el conocimiento cognitivo de los socorristas después de la simulación, comprobada por el aumento del conocimiento expreso en el post-test, que esta metodología también puede ser aplicada con éxito a esta categoría profesional.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o conhecimento de socorristas antes e depois da capacitação de reanimação cardiopulmonar com o método da simulação realística. Método: estudo quase-experimental realizado com 41 socorristas do Suporte Básico de Vida que contemplam 8 bases da 18° Regional de Saúde do Paraná. Os socorristas responderam ao Instrumento para Avaliação da capacitação em Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar aplicado antes e depois da simulação realística. Resultados: obteve-se diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,02) em 6 das 10 questões, as quais abordaram: a sequência das manobras de reanimação cardiopulmonar; a carga elétrica do desfibrilador externo automático; a posição, a profundidade e a velocidade das compressões torácicas; a relação compressão/ventilação; e o manuseio do desfibrilador externo automático. Já em outras duas questões — reconhecimento da parada cardiorrespiratória e dispositivo de ventilação com pressão positiva — não houve mudança quanto à alternativa de resposta. Encontraram-se 60% de acertos das questões quando avaliado o conhecimento prévio e 90% de acertos após as fases da simulação realística. Conclusão: os socorristas não atingiram com totalidade o questionário de pré-teste; entretanto, após a estratégia da simulação realística, houve um aumento significativo desse conhecimento. Esses resultados demonstraram melhoria no conhecimento cognitivo dos socorristas após simulação, o que foi comprovado pelo aumento de conhecimento expresso no pós-teste. Essa metodologia também pode ser aplicada com sucesso a essa categoria profissional.

Mechanodefibrillator dissociation due to prolonged sinus arrest / Mecano disociación del desfibrilador debido a un paro sinusal prolongado

To the editor, Sinus arrest and cardiac arrest are two different terms which are often confused by many. This confusion often leads to inappropriate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when patient is connected to defibrillator. Sinus arrest is defined as transient pause in Sino-atrial firing for more than 3 s1. When sinus arrest occurs, other latent pacemakers (atrial myocardium, cells nearby atrioventricular node, and His purkinje system) usually starts firing until Sino-atrial node recover. Sinus arrest can be prolonged till other pacemakers starts firing2. Cardiac arrest occurs when these latent pacemakers does not take up the job of alternate firing. Prolonged sinus arrest in a defibrillator may look like a cardiac arrest which might lead to unnecessary CPR. Here, we would like the put forward a new term “mechano - defibrillator dissociation” which occurs because of prolonged sinus arrest. We should be aware this, so that inappropriate CPR could be avoided. We, emergency physician also faced similar situation while resuscitating a patient because of mechano - defibrillator dissociation caused by prolonged sinus arrest/pseudo cardiac arrest. A 52-year-old male diabetic, hypertensive, and chronic alcoholic came to our emergency department (ED) with history of giddiness, syncope, and palpitation. On arrival to ED, patient was drowsy, diaphoretic, and hypotensive. Patient was connected to defibrillator which showed a heart rate of 35/min and saturation was 90% in room air. ECG showed complete heat block (CHB) and point of care echocardiography showed reduced ejection fraction.

Ansiedade, depressão e ansiedade cardíaca em pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implantável segundo gênero e idade / Anxiety, depression and cardiac anxiety in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator according to gender and age

RESUMO Objetivo investigar a relação entre gênero e idade com sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e ansiedade cardíaca em pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implantável. Métodos estudo transversal, com 76 pacientes com dispositivo atendidos em um hospital universitário. Para a coleta de dados, utilizaram-se formulário sociodemográfico/clínico e duas escalas validadas no Brasil. Na análise, adotaram-se os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fischer e Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados observou-se que os grupos foram homogêneos entre si quanto ao gênero e à idade. As mulheres apresentaram medianas maiores, tanto nos sintomas de ansiedade quanto nos de depressão, com significância estatística. Apresentaram medianas maiores também nos sintomas de ansiedade cardíaca, porém sem significância estatística. Com relação à idade, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para os sintomas investigados. Conclusão as mulheres apresentaram mais sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, todavia não houve relação entre a idade dos pacientes com os respectivos sintomas.

ABSTRACT Objective to investigate the relationship between gender and age with symptoms of anxiety, depression and cardiac anxiety in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Methods cross-sectional study, with 76 patients with device attended in a university hospital. For data collection, a sociodemographic/clinical form and two validated scales were used in Brazil. In the analysis, the chi-square tests, exact Fischer and Mann-Whitney, with a significance level of 5% were adopted. Results it was observed that the groups were homogeneous in terms of gender and age. Women presented higher medians in both anxiety and depression symptoms, with statistical significance. They also presented higher medians in symptoms of cardiac anxiety, but without statistical significance. Regarding age, no significant differences were found for the symptoms investigated. Conclusion women presented more symptoms of anxiety and depression; however there was no relationship between the age of the patients and their symptoms.

Preparación de los colegios y profesores de educación física en prevención de muerte súbita y soporte vital básico / Competence of schools and physical education teachers for sudden death prevention and basic life support

OBJETIVO: Conocer el nivel de preparación de colegios y profesores de educación física en prevención de muerte súbita (MS) y soporte vital básico, incluyendo disponibilidad y uso del desfibrilador externo automático (DEA). MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en profesores de educación física de establecimientos educacionales de distintos tipos de sostenedores (municipales, subvencionados y particulares) de Santiago, Chile, a través de un cuestionario online. Se analizaron datos demográficos del profesor, antecedentes de preparación y disposición de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP), presencia y uso de DEA y preparación del establecimiento ante un caso de MS. RESULTADOS: De 97 profesores encuestados, 71,1% no se siente capacitado para realizar RCP a pesar que un 70% del total ha realizado un curso. La disposición para realizar reanimación en aquellos que han realizado un curso, es 99%, comparado con 83% en quienes no lo han realizado (p=0,003). Existe una marcada diferencia en disponibilidad de DEA según tipo de sostenedor (52,4% en particulares, 29,6% en municipales y 15% en subvencionados, p=0,001), pero transversalmente no saben cómo utilizarlo (42,9 %, 40,7% y 25%, p=0,43). La mayoría de los colegios no cuenta con un plan de acción ante MS. CONCLUSIONES: Los colegios y profesores de educación física tienen una preparación insuficiente y desactualizada en prevención de muerte súbita y soporte vital básico, con una distribución heterogénea de DEA en establecimiento según tipo de sostenedor.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the competence of schools and physical education teachers in the prevention of sudden death (SD) and basic life support meassures, including availability and use of the automatic external defibrillator (AED). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study included physical education teachers from different Schools (public, subsidized and private) in Santiago, Chile. An online questionnaire was applied including demographic data of the teacher, comentence and willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), presence and use of AED and school preparation in case of a SD. RESULTS: From a total of 97 teachers surveyed do not feel capable of performing CPR, in spite of the fact that 70% of them completed a CPR course. Among those who took a course, their willingness to perform resuscitation was 99%, compared to 83% en those not having taken the course (p = 0.003). There was a marked difference in DEA availability according to class of school (private 52,4%, public 29,6 subsidized 15%, p=0,001), but the knowledge on how to use de DEA was uniformly insufficient (42,9 %, 40,7% and 25%, p=0,43) Most schools do not have a protocol to face SD. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that schools and physical education teachers have an insufficient and outdated preparation in sudden death prevention and basic life support. The availability of AED differed according to the class of establishment.

Complications related to cardiac implantable electronic devices / Complicaciones asociadas al implante de dispositivos cardiacos electrónicos

Abstract Introduction: complications due to cardiac implantable electronic devices have been sparsely studied despite the increased number and complexity of these procedures in a population with multiple comorbidities. Objective: to determine the complication rate and associated risk factors at a reference center in Colombia. Methods: retrospective cohort study, which included patients who had a cardiac electronic device implanted between 2012 and 2015. Clinical records were reviewed to determine if patients developed complications during the year after the procedure, and, if so, which type and which clinical variables could be related to. Results: a total of 897 patients were included, 620 with pacemaker implants and 277 with other devices. The average age was 71.4 years, 63.9% were men, almost all the patients had a chronic disease, and 70% were de novo implants. The global complication rate was 10.9%; Lead displacement (3.6%) and pocket hematoma (3.3%) were the most frequent complications; 7.5% were major complications, and 73.5% occurred in the first month after procedure. The hospitalization rate associated with complications was 9.5%, and the median hospital stay was seven days, with 66.3% of these patients requiring new interventions. The mortality rate was 0.2% Conclusions: complications associated with cardiac implantable electronic devices occur red mainly in the first trimester after the initial intervention, were more frequent in patients under 80 years old, increased according to device complexity, and were not related to with the studied comorbidities.

Resumen Introducción: las complicaciones secundarias al implante de dispositivos cardiacos electrónicos han sido poco estudiadas a pesar del aumento en número y complejidad de estos procedimientos en población con múltiples comorbilidades. Objetivo: determinar la tasa de complicaciones del implante de dispositivos y los factores de riesgo asociados, en un centro de referencia en Colombia. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, que incluyó pacientes a quienes se les implantó dispositivo electrónico cardiaco entre 2012 y 2015. Se revisó la historia clínica para determinar si durante un año posterior al procedimiento, presentaron complicaciones, de qué tipo y con qué variables clínicas podría asociarse. Resultados: se incluyeron 897 pacientes, 620 con implante de marcapaso y 277 otros dispositivos. La edad promedio fue 71.4 años, 63.9% hombres, con múltiples enfermedades crónicas, 70% fueron implantes de novo. Se observó una tasa de complicaciones del 10.9%, la cual varía de acuerdo con el tipo de dispositivo. El desalojo del electrodo (3.6%) y el hematoma del bolsillo (3.3%) fueron las complicaciones más frecuentes, 7.5% fueron complicaciones mayores y 73.5% se presentaron en el primer mes postoperatorio. La tasa de hospitalización asociada a complicación fue 9.5%, mediana de estancia de 7 días, con un 66.3% de los pacientes en requerimiento de reintervención. La tasa de mortalidad fue del 0.2%. Conclusiones: las complicaciones asociadas al implante de dispositivos eléctricos cardiacos se presentaron principalmente en el primer trimestre, fueron más frecuentes en menores de 80 años, aumentaron con la complejidad del dispositivo y no se relacionaron con las comorbilidades estudiadas.

Updated Approaches to Cardiac Electrical Stimulation and Pacing in Pediatrics.

Cardiac electrical stimulation is a rarely used but required skill for pediatric emergency physicians. Children who are in cardiac arrest or who demonstrate evidence of hypoperfusion because of cardiac reasons require rapid diagnosis and intervention to minimize patient morbidity and mortality. Both hospital- and community-based personnel must have sufficient access to, and knowledge of, appropriate equipment to provide potentially lifesaving defibrillation, cardioversion, or cardiac pacing. In this review, we will discuss the primary clinical indications for cardioelectrical stimulation in pediatric patients, including the use of automated external defibrillators, internal defibrillators, and pacemakers. We discuss the types of devices that are currently available, emergency management of internal defibrillation and pacemaker devices, and the role of advocacy in improving delivery of emergency cardiovascular care of pediatric patients in the community.

Public knowledge of cardiovascular disease and response to acute cardiac events in three municipalities in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a landscape assessment of public knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors and acute myocardial infarction symptoms, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) awareness and training in three underserved communities in Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based survey of non-institutionalised adults age 30 or greater was conducted in three municipalities in Eastern Brazil. Data were analysed as survey-weighted percentages of the sampled populations. RESULTS: 3035 surveys were completed. Overall, one-third of respondents was unable to identify at least one cardiovascular disease risk factor and 25% unable to identify at least one myocardial infarction symptom. A minority of respondents had received training in CPR or were able to identify an AED. Low levels of education and low socioeconomic status were consistent predictors of lower knowledge levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors, acute coronary syndrome symptoms and CPR and AED use. CONCLUSIONS: In three municipalities in Eastern Brazil, overall public knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors and symptoms, as well as knowledge of appropriate CPR and AED use was low. Our findings indicate the need for interventions to improve public knowledge and response to acute cardiovascular events in Brazil as a first step towards improving health outcomes in this population. Significant heterogeneity in knowledge seen across sites and socioeconomic strata indicates a need to appropriately target such interventions.

Cardiopatía en el paciente anciano / Cardiovascular disease in the elderly

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son muy frecuentes en la población anciana (pacientes mayores de 75 años). El enfrentamiento y manejo de ellas es distinto al indicado en pacientes jóvenes. Son escasos los estudios que incluyen población mayor de 75 años, con evidencia acerca de las diferencias que existen en la respuesta terapéutica en comparación al paciente joven. El anciano tiene mayor fragilidad y múltiples comorbilidades, con reserva cardiaca disminuida, lo que obliga a un manejo integral y acucioso. Los cambios propios de la edad repercuten tanto en riñón, cerebro, hígado, musculatura y corazón, lo que los hace pacientes más proclives a presentar complicaciones de la terapia farmacológica o intervencional. El objetivo de este artículo es resumir las recomendaciones sobre el manejo de las cardiopatías más frecuentes en el anciano, incluyendo insuficiencia cardiaca crónica, cardiopatía coronaria, hipertensión arterial, estenosis aórtica valvular y fibrilación auricular no valvular.

Cardiovascular diseases are very common in the elderly population, and their management is different. There are few studies that include population older than 75 years, with little evidence about the differences in the therapeutic response compared to the young patient. The elderly have greater fragility and multiple comorbidities, with diminished cardiac reserve, which requires a comprehensive and careful management. Changes due to advanced age, in kidney, brain, liver and musculature (among others), make them more vulnerable to complications of the pharmacological or interventional treatment. The objective of this article is to summarize the recommendations on the management of the most frequent heart diseases in the elderly, including chronic heart failure, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, valvular aortic stenosis, and non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Production and validation of a video lesson on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. / Construção e validação de videoaula sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar.

OBJECTIVE: To elaborate and validate a teaching virtual contemporary object, video-lesson, about resuscitation cardiopulmonary with adult in life support care using automatic external defibrillator in the hospital environment. METHOD: This is an applied research of techonlogical productions in witch the video-lesson elaboration was according to the methodological trajectory proposed by Fleming, Reynolds and Wallace. The research was accomplished in the Minas Gerais University State and in the Ribeirão Preto Nursing School (Brazil). Sixteen expertises nurses in the area of urgency and emergency participated of this research. The AC1 Gwet's statistic was used to the interobsevers agreement. RESULTS: The validation of script and storyboard to the video-lesson development was reached the interobsevers agreement, classified as "moderate agreenment" according to Landis and Kock, with AC1=0.59 and p<0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: The video-lesson elaborated and validated in this research represent an adequate contemporary important strategy to aplication in the teaching-learning process.

Electrofisiología / Electrophysiology

El tratamiento de los trastornos del ritmo cardíaco ha sufrido recientemente una verdadera revolución. El empleo de avanzadas terapéuticas por catéter para tratar una gran variedad de arritmias, utilizando diferentes fuentes de energía, han permitido evolucionar de un tratamiento antiguamente basado casi con exclusividad en el empleo de fármacos antiarrítmicos, como terapia aguda y/o preventiva, a uno actualmente curativo, con el consiguiente avance que estos últimos métodos conllevan para la calidad de vida de nuestros pacientes y sus familias. La tendencia ha continuado con el empleo de navegadores 3 D que ya no requieren el empleo de radiación ionizante para efectuar estos procedimientos y permiten una mayor exactitud para mejorar los excelentes resultados alcanzados. El desarrollo de dispositivos eléctricos como los marcapasos, sumado a la aparición de otros más avanzados como defibriladores y resincronizadores cardíacos también ha contribuido a mejorar la expectativa de vida de muchos niños con cardiopatías diversas. La mejora evidenciada con el empleo de registradores de eventos implantables y el seguimiento mediante monitoreo a distancia de los diferentes dispositivos eléctricos han demostrado mejorar los resultados obtenidos con dichos métodos a largo plazo. Sin duda con la ayuda de la genética en un futuro cercano será posible hacer tratamientos cada vez más específicos para ayudar en casos de arritmias graves hereditarias o causadas por mutaciones en los canales iónicos de las células cardíacas. Si bien existen aún controversias respecto de algunos ítems muy puntuales los mismos se irán aclarando con las experiencias colaborativas en marcha en diferentes centros médicos especializados (AU)

Recently, treatment of heart rhythm disorders has revolutionized. The use of advanced catheter-based therapies to treat a wide spectrum of arrhythmias, using different energy sources, has led the treatment to evolve from an almost exclusively antiarrhythmic drug-based treatment, such as acute and/or preventive therapy, to a currently curative one, with the consequent advance that these latter methods add to the quality of life of our patients and their families. The trend has continued with the use of 3D navigators that no longer require the use of ionizing radiation to perform these procedures and allow greater accuracy to improve the excellent results achieved. The development of electrical devices, such as pacemakers, coupled with the emergence of more advanced devices, such as defibrillators and cardiac resynchronizers, has also been useful to improve the life expectancy of many children with different types of heart disease. The advances evidenced by the use of implantable event loggers and remote monitoring of different electrical devices have shown to improve the long-term results obtained with such methods. Undoubtedly, with the help of genetics in the near future it will be possible to develop increasingly specific therapies to treat patients with severe hereditary arrhythmias or those caused by mutations in the ion channels of the heart cells. Although controversy still exists regarding some very specific issues, these will be clarified with the collaborative experience underway at different specialized medical centers

A estrutura de maternidades como indicador de segurança materna / La estructura de maternidades como indicador de seguridad materna / The maternity structure as a maternal safety indicator

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a estrutura de cinco maternidades do Programa Rede Mãe Paranaense nos municípios da 17ª Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo, de avaliação, realizado em quatro maternidades-referências para o risco habitual e intermediário e uma para o alto risco. A coleta de dados ocorreu de julho de 2017 a janeiro de 2018, mediante entrevista com formulário estruturado às chefias de enfermagem e roteiro de observação pela pesquisadora. Os dados foram analisados conforme a Resolução 36/2008 do Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: observou-se a presença de sala de acolhimento (40%), sala exame de admissão (40%) e quartos de pré-parto/parto/pós-parto (80%). Nas especialidades foi constatada a oferta de ultrassonografia (60%), ecocardiografia (60%), radiologia (80%), laboratório clínico (80%) e posto de coleta de leite humano (40%). A respeito dos materiais de emergência, 100% dos serviços dispunham de tais recursos, no entanto, 60% possuíam monitor e desfibrilador cardíaco. Observou-se que mais de 50% dos serviços não ofereceram capacitação aos profissionais no ano anterior. Em 60% das instituições os protocolos assistenciais estavam disponíveis, porém desatualizados. Conclusões: faz-se necessária melhoria na estrutura física das maternidades, capacitação aos recursos humanos, além de elaboração e atualização de protocolos assistenciais, visando à segurança materna.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: evaluar la estructura de cinco maternidades del Programa Rede Mãe Paranaense en los municipios de la 17ª Regional de Salud del Estado de Paraná. Método: estudio transversal, descriptivo, de evaluación, realizado en cuatro maternidades-referencias para el riesgo habitual e intermediario y una para el alto riesgo. La recolección de datos ocurrió de julio de 2017 a enero de 2018, mediante entrevista con formulario estructurado a la jefatura de enfermería y guión de observación por la investigadora. Los datos fueron analizados conforme la Resolución 36/2008 del Ministerio de la Salud. Resultados: se observó la presencia de sala de acogida (40%), sala examen de admisión (40%) y habitaciones de preparto/parto/postparto (80%). En las especialidades fue constatada la oferta de ecografía (60%), ecocardiografía (60%), radiología (80%), laboratorio clínico (80%) y puesto de recolección de leche humana (40%). Respeto a los materiales de urgencias, 100% de los servicios contaban con tales recursos, pero, solo el 60% poseía monitor y desfibrilador cardíaco. Se observó que más de 50% de los servicios no ofrecieron capacitación a los profesionales en el año anterior. El 60% de las instituciones los protocolos asistenciales estaban disponibles, aunque desactualizados. Conclusiones: es necesaria la mejoría en la estructura física de las maternidades, capacitación a los recursos humanos, además de elaboración y actualización de protocolos asistenciales, teniendo por objetivo la seguridad materna.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the structure of five maternity wards of the Rede Mãe Paranaense program in the municipalities of the 17th Health Regional of the State of Paraná. Method: a cross-sectional, descriptive, evaluation study carried out in four maternities-references for habitual and intermediate risk and one for high risk. Data collection took place from July 2017 to January 2018, through an interview with a structured questionnaire to the nursing heads and an observation script by the researcher. The data were analyzed according to Resolution 36/2008 of the Ministry of Health. Results: the presence of a reception room (40%), admission examination room (40%) and pre-delivery/delivery/post-childbirth room (80%). In the specialties, ultrasound (60%), echocardiography (60%), radiology (80%), clinical laboratory (80%) and human milk bank (40%) were found. Regarding emergency supplies, 100% of the services had such resources, however, 60% had a cardiac monitor and defibrillator. It was observed that more than 50% of the services did not offer training to professionals in the previous year. In 60% of the institutions the assistance protocols were available, but outdated. Conclusions: there is a need for improvement in the physical structure of maternities, training of human resources, and elaboration and updating of assistance protocols, aiming at maternal safety.

Costo-efectividad de la reanimación cardiopulmonar con el uso del desfibrilador externo automático, comparado con reanimación cardiopulmonar básica, para personas con pérdida de conciencia en espacios de afluencia masiva de público / Cost-effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation using an automated external defibrillator compared with a basic defibrillator in unconscious patients in crowded public spaces in Colombia

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la razón de costo-efectividad de la reanimación cardiopulmonar con el uso del desfibrilador externo automático (DEA), comparado con la reanimación cardiopulmonar básica, para la reanimación de personas con pérdida de conciencia en espacios de afluencia masiva de público en Colombia. Métodos: Para estimar los costos y desenlaces de las dos alternativas de comparación, se diseñó un árbol de decisiones en el cual se reflejan los principales desenlaces posterior a la pérdida de conciencia y la reanimación con cualquiera de las dos alternativas. Se asumió la perspectiva del sistema de salud colombiano en un horizonte temporal comprendido entre el momento de la pérdida de conciencia de la persona hasta el ingreso al hospital. Las probabilidades de los eventos se obtuvieron de un meta-análisis de ensayos clínicos y la información de costos de fuentes oficiales y consulta directa a proveedores de DEA en Colombia. Los costos fueron expresados en pesos colombianos de 2016 y la efectividad en muertes evitadas. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad determinísticos y probabilísticos para estimar el impacto de la incertidumbre sobre las conclusiones. Resultados: La razón de costo-efectividad de la reanimación cardiopulmonar con DEA fue de $3.267.777 por muerte evitada. La probabilidad de que esta intervención sea costo-efectiva es superior al 90% para un umbral de costo-efectividad superior a 10 millones de pesos. Conclusión: Un programa de reanimación cardiopulmonar con desfibrilación temprana mediante el uso de DEA, en espacios de afluencia masiva de público, es una alternativa costo-efectiva para el sistema de salud colombiano.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation using an automated external defibrillator (AED) compared with basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation, for the resuscitation of unconscious patients in crowded public spaces in Colombia. Methods: A decision tree was designed in order to estimate the costs and outcomes of the two alternatives. This included the main outcomes after the loss of consciousness and resuscitation by any of the two alternatives. The perspective of the Colombian Health System was adopted in a time scale consisting of the time of loss of consciousness until hospital admission. The probabilities of the events were obtained from a meta-analysis of clinical trials, and the information on costs from official sources and direct consultations with AED providers in Colombia. The costs were expressed in Colombian pesos of 2016, and the effectiveness in deaths prevented. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate the impact of uncertainty on the conclusions. Results: The cost-effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with AED was COP $3,267,777 per death avoided. The probability that this intervention would be cost-effective is greater than 90% for cost-effectiveness threshold greater than 10 million Colombian pesos. Conclusion: A cardiopulmonary resuscitation program with early defibrillation using an AED in crowded public spaces is a cost-effective alternative for the Colombian Health System.

Construção e validação de Exame Clínico Objetivo Estruturado (OSCE) sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar / Construction and validation of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) on cardiopulmonary resuscitation / Construcción y validación de un Examen Clínico Objetivo Estructurado (OSCE) sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar

OBJETIVO: desenvolver e validar um instrumento de exame clínico objetivo estruturado para o cenário de simulação sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar no adulto em suporte básico de vida com o uso do desfibrilador externo automático no ambiente hospitalar. MÉTODO: pesquisa aplicada, de produção tecnológica, desenvolvida na Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 2017 a março de 2018 com 16 profissionais experts da área de urgência e emergência para validação do exame clínico objetivo estruturado. O instrumento abordou 40 itens de intervenção relacionados ao elo da cadeia da sobrevivência da American Heart Association (2015) para realizar a avaliação clínica no cenário de simulação em ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. RESULTADOS: dos experts, 62,5% obtiveram pontuação superior ou igual a 10 nos critérios de Fehring e destaca-se que 93,75% possuem prática clínica em urgência e emergência no adulto. O exame clínico objetivo estruturado alcançou concordância de 97,34% em organização; 96,09% em objetividade; 93,75% em clareza, e na categorização da concordância interavaliador proposta por Landis e Kock evidenciou "concordância quase perfeita", com p<0,0001. CONCLUSÃO: no processo de validação pelos experts foram identificadas e acatadas as oportunidades de melhorias e o exame clínico objetivo estruturado apresentado demonstrou-se um objeto contemporâneo e adequado para aplicação no processo de ensino-aprendizagem sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar no adulto em suporte básico de vida com o uso do desfibrilador externo automático no ambiente hospitalar.(AU)

Objective: to develop and validate an objective structured clinical examination instrument for a simulation scenario on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults in basic life support, using automatic external defibrillator in the hospital environment. Method: applied research of technological production, developed at the Escola de Enfermagem in Ribeirão Preto of Universidade de São Paulo, from January 2017 to March 2018 with 16 expert professionals in the area of urgency and emergency for validation the structured objective clinical examination. The instrument addressed 40 intervention items related to the link in the chain of survival of American Heart Association (2015) to perform clinical evaluation in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation scenario. Results: of the experts, 62.5% obtained a score higher than or equal to 10 in Fehring criteria and it is noteworthy that 93.75% have clinical practice in adults' urgency and emergence. The objective structured clinical examination reached agreement of 97.34% in organization; 96.09% in objectivity; 93.75% in clarity, and in the categorization of the inter-evaluator agreement proposed by Landis and Kock showed "almost perfect agreement", with p<0.0001. Conclusion: in the validation process by the experts, opportunities for improvement were identified and accepted and the objective structured clinical examination is a contemporary object and adequate for application in the teachinglearning process on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults on basic life support with...(AU)

Objetivo: desarrollar y validar un instrumento de examen clínico objetivo estructurado para el escenario simulado de reanimación cardiopulmonar en adultos con soporte vital básico mediante desfibrilador externo automático en el entorno hospitalario. Método: investigación aplicada de producción tecnológica, desarrollada en la Facultad de Enfermería de Ribeirão Preto de la Universidad de São Paulo, entre enero de 2017 y marzo de 2018 con 16 expertos de urgencias y emergencias para validar el examen clínico objetivo estructurado. El instrumento enfocó 40 aspectos de intervención relacionados con el eslabón de la cadena de supervivencia del American Heart Association (2015) para realizar una evaluación clínica en el escenario de reanimación cardiopulmonar simulada. Resultados: el 62.5% de los expertos obtuvo puntuación mayor o igual a 10 en los criterios de Fehring; se realza que el 93,75% tiene práctica clínica en urgencias y emergencias de adultos. El examen clínico objetivo estructurado alcanzó acuerdo de 97,34% en organización; 96,09% en objetividad; 93.75% en claridad, y la categorización acuerdo entre evaluadores propuesta por Landis y Kock mostró un "acuerdo casi perfecto", con p <0.0001. Conclusión: en el proceso de validación por parte de los expertos, se identificaron y aceptaron las oportunidades de mejora. El examen clínico objetivo estructurado resultó ser un objeto contemporáneo y apropiado para su aplicación en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la reanimación cardiopulmonar adulta en soporte vital básico con el uso de desfibrilador externo automático en el entorno hospitalario.(AU)

Using an Immersive Virtual Reality System to Assess Lay Provider Response to an Unannounced Simulated Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Out-of-Hospital Setting.

BACKGROUND: A sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) occurs when the heart abruptly stops beating; because of the nature of SCA, capturing data in the out-of-hospital setting from actual bystander response is difficult. Current technologies such as virtual reality (VR) allow the creation of scenarios programmed for heightened realism. No studies have used an immersive VR system to observe lay bystander response. OBJECTIVE: We sought to characterize lay bystander response to an unannounced simulated VR SCA event during a multisensory scenario. METHODS: Using a VR wearable device combined with a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) recording manikin, we created a 3-minute multisensory SCA scenario that allowed for the observation of lay bystander response. Subjects were unaware of the nature of the emergency event but were told to respond how they would to an emergency situation. Subject's ability to proceed through the American Heart Association's Chain of Survival and their CPR quality were recorded. Frequencies and percentages were calculated using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Between June 2016 and June 2017, 119 lay subjects were enrolled. Of those, 92% asked for 911 to be called, 81% attempted CPR, 13% requested an automated external defibrillator (AED), and 6% used the AED; 82% stated that they felt as if they were at a real SCA event. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation data were collected (n = 81), the mean CC rate was 93.5 ± 22.4 cpm, and the mean CC depth was 38.4 ± 13.8 mm. CONCLUSIONS: In our unannounced, immersive VR SCA observational study of lay bystanders, most subjects attempted CPR, although the majority did not use an AED.

Construção e validação de videoaula sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar / Elaboración y validación de video-lección acerca de reanimación cardiopulmonar / Production and validation of a video lesson on cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Resumo OBJETIVO Construir e validar um objeto contemporâneo virtual de ensino, videoaula, sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar no adulto em suporte básico de vida com o uso do desfibrilador externo automático no ambiente hospitalar. MÉTODOS Trata-se de uma pesquisa aplicada, de produção tecnológica, com produção de vídeoaula de acordo com a trajetória metodológica proposta por Fleming, Reynolds e Wallace. Desenvolvido na Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais e na Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto no período de janeiro de 2017 a março de 2018. Participaram 16 enfermeiros expertises na área de urgência e emergência. Para concordância inter-avaliadores foi utilizado a estatística AC1 de Gwet. RESULTADOS A validação do roteiro/script e storyboard foi alcançada a concordância inter-avaliadores, de acordo com Landis e Kock, classificada em "concordância moderada", com AC1=0,59 e p<0,0001. CONCLUSÕES A videoaula construída e validada neste estudo, representa importante estratégia contemporânea adequada para aplicação no processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

Resumen OBJETIVO Construir y validar un objeto contemporáneo virtual de enseñanza, vídeo-lección, acerca de la reanimación cardiopulmonar con adultos en cuidados para prolongar la vida, utilizando el desfibrilador externo automático en ambiente hospitalario. MÉTODO Se trata de una investigación aplicada, de producción tecnológica en que la elaboración del vídeo-lección se llevó a cabo según la trayectoria metodológica propuesta por Fleming, Reynolds y Wallace. El estudio se desarrolló en la Universidad del Estado de Minas Gerais y en la Escuela de Enfermería de Ribeirão Preto (Brasil). Participaron de esta investigación 16 enfermeros especialistas en el área de urgencia y emergencia. Para la concordancia 'interevaluadores' se usó la estadística AC1 de Gwet. RESULTADOS Se alcanzó la concordancia 'interevaluadores' para el desarrollo del vídeo-lección a través de la validación del script y storyboard que, según Landis y Kock, es clasificada como "concordancia moderada" con AC1=0,59 y p<0,0001. CONCLUSIONES El vídeo-lección, elaborado y validado en este estudio, representa una importante estrategia contemporánea apropiada para la aplicación en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To elaborate and validate a teaching virtual contemporary object, video-lesson, about resuscitation cardiopulmonary with adult in life support care using automatic external defibrillator in the hospital environment. METHOD This is an applied research of techonlogical productions in witch the video-lesson elaboration was according to the methodological trajectory proposed by Fleming, Reynolds and Wallace. The research was accomplished in the Minas Gerais University State and in the Ribeirão Preto Nursing School (Brazil). Sixteen expertises nurses in the area of urgency and emergency participated of this research. The AC1 Gwet's statistic was used to the interobsevers agreement. RESULTS The validation of script and storyboard to the video-lesson development was reached the interobsevers agreement, classified as "moderate agreenment" according to Landis and Kock, with AC1=0.59 and p<0.0001. CONCLUSIONS The video-lesson elaborated and validated in this research represent an adequate contemporary important strategy to aplication in the teaching-learning process.