Equilibrium dialysis with HPLC detection to measure substrate binding affinity of a non-heme iron halogenase.

Determination of substrate binding affinity (Kd) is critical to understanding enzyme function. An extensive number of methods have been developed and employed to study ligand/substrate binding, but the best approach depends greatly on the substrate and the enzyme in question. Below we describe how to measure the Kd of BesD, a non-heme iron halogenase, for its native substrate lysine using equilibrium dialysis coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for subsequent detection. This method can be performed in anaerobic glove bag settings. It requires readily available HPLC instrumentation for ligand quantitation and is adaptable to meet the needs of a variety of substrate affinity measurements.

Selective electrodialysis for nutrient recovery and pharmaceutical removal from liquid digestate: Pilot-scale investigation and potential fertilizer production.

The present research employs a pilot-scale selective electrodialysis system to treat liquid digestate, fractionating nutrient ions and exploring fertilizer creation via ammonia stripping and phosphorus precipitation, while studying pharmaceutical transport behavior and examining membrane fouling. The influence of diverse potentials was studied in simulated and real digestate, with 30 V application proven more efficient overall. Applying consecutive runs resulted in products that were 7.9, 7.4, 1.7, 5.3, and 6 times more concentrated compared to the feed solution for NH4+, K+, PO43-, Ca2+, and Mg2+, respectively. Pharmaceuticals analysis showed that ciprofloxacin was completely retained in the liquid digestate, while ibuprofen was detected in the anionic product. Diclofenac was initially present in the digestate but was undetectable in the final products, suggesting it adhered to the membrane. Membranes showed inorganic and organic fouling. The monovalent cation exchange membrane had severe salt scaling, showing calcium and magnesium deposits, and fewer functional groups.

Dialysis rolled scaffold bioreactor allows extended production of monoclonal antibody with reduced media use.

Rapidly expanding biopharmaceutical market demands more cost-effective platforms to produce protein therapeutics. To this end, novel approaches, such as perfusion culture or concentrated fed-batch, have been explored for higher yields and lower manufacturing costs. Although these new approaches produced promising results, but their wide-spread use in the industry is still limited. In this study, a dialysis rolled scaffold bioreactor was presented for long-term production of monoclonal antibodies with reduced media consumption. Media dialysis can selectively remove cellular bio-wastes without losing cells or produced recombinant proteins. The dialysis process was streamlined to significantly improve its efficiency. Then, extended culture of recombinant CHO cells for 41 days was successfully demonstrated with consistent production rate and minimal media consumption. The unique configuration of the developed bioreactor allows efficient dialysis for media management, as well as rapid media exchange to harvest produced recombinant proteins before they degrade. Taken together, it was envisioned that the developed bioreactor will enable cost-effective and long-term large-scale culture of various cells for biopharmaceutical production.

Dialysis Monitoring of Ionic Strength and Denaturant Effects, and Their Reversibility, for Various Classes of Macromolecules.

Monitoring membrane-mediated dialysis in real time with static and dynamic light scattering revealed distinctive differences, including reversibility/irreversibility, in the effects of ionic strength (NaCl) and the denaturant guanidine-HCl (Gd) on a synthetic polyelectrolyte and several types of biomacromolecules: protein, polysaccharide, and polyampholyte. Dialysis cycles against aqueous NaCl and Gd, and reverse back to the original aqueous solution, were monitored. The behavior of Na-polystyrenesulfonate was reversible and yielded a detailed polymer physics description. The biomacromolecules additionally showed hydrogen-bonding/hydrophobic (HP) interactions. An interpretive model was developed that considers the interplay among polyelectrolyte, polyampholyte, and HP potential energies in determining the different associative, aggregative, and dissociative behaviors. NaCl isolated purely electrostatic effects, whereas Gd combined electrostatic and HP effects. Some macromolecules showed partially reversible behavior, and others were completely irreversible. The dialysis monitoring method should prove useful for investigating fundamental macromolecular and colloid properties and for drug formulation and stability optimization.

Boosting nutrient recovery from AnMBR effluent by means of electrodialysis technology: Operating parameters assessing.

This work describes a comprehensive assessment of operating parameters of a bench-scale electrodialysis (ED) plant for nutrient concentration from an Anaerobic Membrane BioReactor (AnMBR) effluent. The ED bench-scale plant serves a dual purpose. Firstly, to generate a concentrated stream with a high nutrient content, and secondly, to produce high-quality reclaimed water in the diluted stream, both sourced from real wastewater coming from the effluent of an AnMBR. Two sets of experiments were conducted: 1) short-term experiments to study the effect of some parameters such as the applied current and the type of anionic exchange membrane (AEM), among others, and 2) a long-term experiment to verify the feasibility of the process using the selected parameters. The results showed that ED produced concentrated ammonium and phosphate streams using a 10-cell pair stack with 64 cm2 of unitary effective membrane area, working in galvanostatic mode at 0.24 A, and operating with an Acid-100-OT anionic exchange membrane. Concentrations up to 740 mg/L and 50 mg/L for NH4-N and PO4-P, respectively, were achieved in the concentrated stream along with removal efficiencies of 70% for ammonium and 60% for phosphate in the diluted stream. The average energy consumption was around 0.47 kWh·m-3.

A New Method for Growth Factor Enrichment from Dairy Products by Electrodialysis with Filtration Membranes: The Major Impact of Raw Product Pretreatment.

This study is focused on fractionation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-ß2 (TGF-ß2) using a new electro-based membrane process calledelectrodialysis with filtration membranes (EDFM). Before EDFM, different pretreatments were tested, and four pH conditions (4.25, 3.85, 3.45, and 3.05) were used during EDFM. It was demonstrated that a 1:1 dilution of defatted colostrum with deionized water to decrease mineral content followed by the preconcentration of GFs by UF is necessary and allow for these compounds to migrate to the recovery compartment during EDFM. MS analyses confirmed the migration, in low quantity, of only α-lactalbumin (α-la) and ß-lactoglobulin (ß-lg) from serocolostrum to the recovery compartment during EDFM. Consequently, the ratio of GFs to total protein in recovery compartment compared to that of feed serocolostrum solution was 60× higher at pH value 3.05, the optimal pH favoring the migration of IGF-I and TGF-ß2. Finally, these optimal conditions were tested on acid whey to also demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed process on one of the main by-products of the cheese industry; the ratio of GFs to total protein was 2.7× higher in recovery compartment than in feed acid whey solution, and only α-la migrated. The technology of GF enrichment for different dairy solutions by combining ultrafiltration and electrodialysis technologies was proposed for the first time.

Rapid and Online Microvolume Flow-Through Dialysis Probe for Sample Preparation in Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis.

A rapid and online microvolume flow-through dialysis probe designed for sample preparation in the analysis of veterinary drug residues is introduced. This study addresses the need for efficient and green sample preparation methods that reduce chemical waste and reagent use. The dialysis probe integrates with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) systems, facilitating automated, high-throughput analysis. The dialysis method utilizes minimal reagent volumes per sample, significantly reducing the generation of solvent waste compared to traditional sample preparation techniques. Several veterinary drugs were spiked into tissue homogenates and analyzed to validate the probe's efficacy. A diagnostic sensitivity of >97% and specificity of >95% were obtained for this performance evaluation. The results demonstrated the effective removal of cellular debris and particulates, ensuring sample integrity and preventing instrument clogging. The automated dialysis probe yielded recovery rates between 27 and 77% for multiple analytes, confirming its potential to streamline veterinary drug residue analysis, while adhering to green chemistry principles. The approach highlights substantial improvements in both environmental impact and operational efficiency, presenting a viable alternative to conventional sample preparation methods in regulatory and research applications.

Integration of anaerobic digestion and electrodialysis for methane yield promotion and in-situ ammonium recovery.

Ammonia inhibition is a common issue encountered in anaerobic digestion (AD) when treating nitrogen-rich substrates. This study proposed a novel approach, the electrodialysis-integrated AD (ADED) system, for in-situ recovery of ammonium (NH4+) while simultaneously enhancing AD performance. The ADED reactor was operated at two different NH4+-N concentrations (5,000 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L) to evaluate its performance against a conventional AD reactor. The results indicate that the ADED technology effectively reduced the NH4+-N concentration to below 2,000 mg/L, achieving this with a competitive energy consumption. Moreover, the ADED reactor demonstrated a 1.43-fold improvement in methane production when the influent NH4+-N was 5,000 mg/L, and it effectively prevented complete inhibition of methane production at the influent NH4+-N of 10,000 mg/L. The life cycle impact assessment reveals that ADED technology offers a more environmentally friendly alternative by recovering valuable fertilizer from the AD system.

A simple method to prepare anion exchange membrane by PVA/EVOH/MIDA for acid recovery by diffusion dialysis.

Given the substantial environmental pollution from industrial expansion, environmental protection has become particularly important. Nowadays, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are widely used in wastewater treatment. With the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer, and methyl iminodiacetic acid (MIDA), a series of cross-linked AEMs were successfully prepared using the solvent casting technique, and the network structure was formed in the membranes due to the cross-linking reaction between PVA/EVOH and MIDA. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the prepared membranes. At the same time, its comprehensive properties which include water uptake, linear expansion rate, ion exchange capacity, thermal stability, chemical stability, and mechanical stability were thoroughly researched. In addition, diffusion dialysis performance in practical applications was also studied in detail. The acid dialysis coefficient (UH+) ranged from 10.2 to 35.6 × 10-3 m/h. Separation factor (S) value ranged from 25 to 38, which were all larger than that of the commercial membrane DF-120 (UH+: 8.5 × 10-3 m/h, S: 18.5). The prepared membranes had potential application value in acid recovery.

Comparison of Commonly Used and New Methods to Determine Small Molecule Non-Specific Binding to Human Liver Microsomes.

Accurate measurement of non-specific binding of a drug candidate to human liver microsomes (HLM) can be critical for the accurate determination of key enzyme kinetic parameters such as Michaelis-Menton (Km), reversible inhibition (Ki), or inactivation (KI) constants. Several methods have been developed to determine non-specific binding of small molecules to HLM, such as rapid equilibrium dialysis (RED), ultrafiltration (UF), HLM bound to magnetizable beads (HLM-beads), ultracentrifugation (UC), the linear extrapolation stability assay (LESA), and the Transil™ system. Despite various differences in methodology between these methods, it is generally presumed that similar free fraction values (fu,mic) should be generated. To evaluate this hypothesis, a test set of 9 compounds were selected, representing low (high fu,mic value) and significant (low fu,mic value) HLM binding, respectively, across HLM concentrations tested in this manuscript. The fu,mic values were determined using a single compound concentration (1.0 µM) and three HLM concentrations (0.025, 0.50, and 1.0 mg/mL). When the HLM non-specific binding event is not extensive resulting in high fu,mic values, all methods generated similar fu,mic values. However, fu,mic values varied markedly across assay formats when high binding to HLM occurred, where fu,mic values differed by up to 33-fold depending on the method used. Potential causes for such discrepancies across the various methods employed, practical implications related to conduct the different assays, and implications to clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) predictions are discussed.

Using Counter Equilibrium Dialysis (CED) to Increase Confidence in the Measurement of Free Fraction for Challenging Compounds.

The confidence in fraction unbound (ƒu) using equilibrium dialysis (ED) is often questioned (e.g., highly bound, labile compounds) due to uncertainty in whether true equilibrium is achieved. Different methods have been developed to increase confidence in ƒu measurements, such as the presaturation, dilution, and bi-directional ED methods. However, confidence in ƒu measurement can still suffer due to non-specific binding and inter-run variations introduced during equilibrium and analysis. To address this concern, we introduce an orthogonal approach called counter equilibrium dialysis (CED) in which non-labeled and isotope-labeled compounds are dosed counter-directionally in rapid equilibrium dialysis (RED). ƒu values of both non-labeled and labeled compounds are measured simultaneously in the same run. These tactics not only minimize non-specific binding and inter-run variability but also enable the confirmation of true equilibrium. If equilibrium is reached in both dialysis directions, the ƒu for the non-labeled compound and the labeled compound will converge. The refined methodology was extensively tested with various compounds of diverse physicochemical properties and plasma binding characteristics. Our results demonstrated that, by using the CED method, ƒu values for a wide range of compounds could be accurately determined with significantly improved confidence, including the challenging highly bound and labile compounds.

Design of tropinium-functionalized anion exchange membranes for acid recovery via diffusion dialysis process.

Diffusion dialysis (DD) process utilizing anion exchange membranes (AEMs) is an environmentally-friendly and energy-efficient technology. From acidic wastewater, DD is needed for acid recovery. This research reports the development of a series of dense tropinium-functionalized AEMs via solution casting method. Fourier Infrared transform (FTIR) spectroscopy verified the successful preparation of AEMs. The developed AEMs exhibited a dense morphology, featuring 0.98-2.42 mmol/g of ion exchange capacity (IEC), 30-81% of water uptake (WR) and 7-32% of linear swelling ratio (LSR). They displayed exceptional mechanical, thermal and chemical stability and were employed for acid waste treatment from HCl/FeCl2 mixtures via DD process. AEMs possessed 20 to 59 (10-3 m/h) and 166 to 362 of acid diffusion dialysis coefficient (UH+) and separation factor (S) respectively at 25 °C. Compared to DF-120 commercial membrane (UH+ = 0.004 m/h, S = 24.3), their DD efficiency was improved under identical experimental conditions.

Electrodialysis desalination: The impact of solution flowrate (or Reynolds number) on fluid dynamics throughout membrane spacers.

The incorporation of a spacer among membranes has a major influence on fluid dynamics and performance metrics. Spacers create feed channels and operate as turbulence promoters to increase mixing and reduce concentration/temperature polarization effects. However, spacer geometry remains unoptimized, and studies continue to investigate a wide range of commercial and custom-made spacer designs. The in-depth discussion of the present systematic review seeks to discover the influence of Reynolds number or solution flowrate on flow hydrodynamics throughout a spacer-filled channel. A fast-flowing solution sweeping one membrane's surface first, then the neighboring membrane's surface produces good mixing action, which does not happen commonly at laminar solution flowrates. A sufficient flowrate can suppress the polarization layer, which may normally require the utilization of a simple feed channel rather than complex spacer configurations. When a recirculation eddy occurs, it disrupts the continuous flow and effectively curves the linear fluid courses. The higher the flowrate, the better the membrane performance, the higher the critical flux (or recovery rate), and the lower the inherent limitations of spacer design, spacer shadow effect, poor channel hydrodynamics, and high concentration polarization. In fact, critical flow achieves an acceptable balance between improving flow dynamics and reducing the related trade-offs, such as pressure losses and the occurrence of concentration polarization throughout the cell. If the necessary technical flowrate is not used, the real concentration potential for transport is relatively limited at low velocities than would be predicted based on bulk concentrations. Electrodialysis stack therefore may suffer from the dissociation of water molecules. Next studies should consider that applying a higher flowrate results in greater process efficiency, increased mass transfer potential at the membrane interface, and reduced stack thermal and electrical resistance, where pressure drop should always be indicated as a consequence of the spacer and circumstances used, rather than a problem.

Validación del método inverso para la determinación del flujo de acceso con termodilución / Validation of the inverse method for the determination of the access flow with thermodilution

Introducción: La termodilución es un método ampliamente usado para la medición del flujo de acceso vascular (QA). Entre las posibilidades de la termodilución, el método inverso (MI) puede ser beneficioso en el tiempo de ejecución, sin repercusión en la eficacia dialítica (Kt). Sin embargo, no es una técnica lo suficientemente estudiada.MétodoEstudio transversal sobre 117 fístulas arteriovenosas. Se realizaron 2 mediciones de QA con el método descrito por el fabricante (MR) y otra con MI. El MI se basa en la obtención del registro de recirculación invertida al iniciar la sesión y una única medición posterior de recirculación con las líneas en posición normal. En el análisis de concordancia se utilizó el método Bland-Altman y el índice kappa de Cohen.ResultadosSe evidenció muy buena concordancia entre MR y MI para QA inferiores a 700ml/min, pero empeora a medida que aumenta el flujo. La variabilidad mediana entre las mediciones con MR (variabilidad intramétodo) fue del 3,4% (−17,13). Este valor no difirió de la variabilidad mediana generada entre MR y MI (variabilidad intermétodo), que fue del 2% (−14,12) (p=0,287). El grado de acuerdo entre ambos para identificar fístulas arteriovenosas susceptibles de intervención fue muy bueno (kappa=0,834). El tiempo empleado utilizando el MI fue significativamente menor (p=0,000), sin evidenciarse variaciones en el Kt de las sesiones de medida (p=0,201).ConclusionesEl MI de termodilución es válido para determinar el flujo del acceso vascular, especialmente en QA inferiores a 700ml/min, con gran ahorro de tiempo, simplificación del procedimiento y sin modificar la eficacia de diálisis. La variabilidad entre la medición por MR y MI es similar a la propia del MR. La concordancia entre métodos a la hora de identificar fístulas arteriovenosas potencialmente patológicas es muy buena. (AU)

Introduction: Thermodilution is a widely used method for measuring vascular access flow (QA). Among the possibilities of thermodilution, the reverse method (RM) can be beneficial in the execution time, without impact on the dialysis efficacy (Kt). However, it is not a sufficiently studied technique.MethodTransversal study of 117 arteriovenous fistulas. Two QA measurements were taken with the method described by the manufacturer (MR) and another with RM. RM is based on the obtention of an inverted recirculation registry at the beginning of the session and a single subsequent recirculation measurement with the lines in normal position. In the concordance analysis, the Bland-Altman method and Cohen's Kappa index were used.ResultsVery good concordance between MR and RM was evidenced for QA below 700ml/min, but it worsens as flow increases. The median variability between the MR measurements (intra-method variability) was 3.4% (−17.13). This value did not differ from the median variability generated between MR and RM (inter-method variability), which was 2% (−14,12) (P=.287). The degree of agreement between the 2 to identify arteriovenous fistulas susceptible to intervention was very good (Kappa=0.834). The time spent using the RM was significantly shorter (P=.000) without evidence of variations in the Kt of the measurement sessions (P=.201).ConclusionsThe thermodilution RM is valid to determine the flow of the vascular access, especially in QA lower than 700ml/min, with great time savings, simplification of the procedure and without modifying the dialysis efficiency. The variability between the measurement by MR and RM is similar to that of MR. The concordance between methods in identifying potentially pathological arteriovenous fistulas is very good. (AU)

Self-perception of oral health among tertiary-care users: quanti-qualitative analysis with chronic kidney disease patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global public health challenge. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between self-perception of oral health and clinical condition among patients with CKD. This isa quanti-qualitative survey conducted in a CKD specialized service. The sample consisted of 60 patients who underwent oral examinations to have their severity of caries (DMFT) and need for dental prosthesis checked. Age, sex, time on dialysis, marital status, skin color, education and pre-existing diseases were also analyzed. Among the kidney patients who agreed to undergo the clinical examinations and showed communication skills, some were selected, and three focus groups were created, with the participation of a moderator and six to 10 kidney patients in each group. Their speeches were processed in the IRAMUTEQ software and analyzed through the similarity analysis and word cloud techniques. As for profile, the patients were aged 60.23 ± 10.87 years old; were male (73.33%); were on dialysis for 41.90 ± 56.57 months; were married (61.67%); were white (76.67%); had incomplete primary education (41.66%); had arterial hypertension (76.67%); had a DMFT index of 22.55 ± 8.39; 43.33% needed an upper complete denture; and 30.00% needed a lower complete denture. The similarity analysis revealed many doubts and uncertainties about current health services, which can be proven by the words 'no' and 'treatment'. The quanti-qualitative analysis showed a high rate of dental loss and the need for complete dentures and suggests inequities in oral health care for chronic kidney disease patients, especially in tertiary care. There was a positive representation regarding oral health, but the lexicographical analyses of the textual corpusconfirmed the self-perception of lack of dental care.

Prophylactic dialysis improves short-term clinical outcome in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease undergoing cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported that prophylactic dialysis can reduce the mortality of non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients after cardiac surgery. However, the results of complications in these randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not consistent. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the effect of prophylactic dialysis in these non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients. METHODS: We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane's Library and other online sources for related RCTs. Effects of prophylactic dialysis on the incidence of 30 days' mortality and postoperative complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Four RCTs comprising 395 patients were included, all of them treated by coronary artery bypass grafting. Treatment of preoperative and intraoperative prophylactic dialysis significantly reduced the rate of 30-day all-cause mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.58, P < 0.001, I2 = 0%) and the incidence of pulmonary complications (RR: 0.39, 95% CI, 0.20-0.77, P = 0.007, I2 = 0%), low cardiac output (RR: 0.29, 95% CI, 0.09-0.99, P = 0.05, I2 = 0%), and acute kidney injury (RR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07-0.52, P = 0.001, I2 = 0%). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the dialysis group and the control group in gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis or multiple organ failure, wound infection, arrhythmia, transient neurologic deficit, stroke and re-exploration for bleeding. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic dialysis can improve the 30-day clinical outcomes of non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients undergoing cardiac surgery, it was associated with the 30-day mortality benefit and led to a decrease in the incidence of pulmonary complications, as well as low cardiac output, and acute kidney injury.

Study on the Effectiveness of Simultaneous Recovery and Concentration of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquid by Electrodialysis with Heterogeneous Ion-Exchange Membranes.

Due to the extensive range of ionic liquids (ILs) used in industry, an efficient recovery method is needed. In this study, the effectiveness of a simultaneous concentration and recovery method was investigated for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim]Cl), an IL that was recovered using electrodialysis (ED). The optimal operational parameters for electrodialytic recovery were determined empirically. The variables that were investigated included the concentration of IL, applied voltage, linear flow velocity and the diluate-to-concentrate volume ratio. The recovery of [Emim]Cl, the concentration degree, the [Emim]Cl flux across membranes, the current efficiency, as well as the energy consumption were determined. The results of the experiments confirmed that [Emim]Cl concentration and recovery can be achieved using ED. The highest ED efficiency was obtained when a 2 V electric potential per one membrane pair was applied, using a 2 cm/s linear flow velocity, and by adjusting to 0.2 M IL in the feed solution. By using ED, a 2.35-fold concentration of [Emim]Cl with a recovery of 90.4% could be achieved when the diluate-to-concentrate volume ratio was 2. On the other hand, a 3.35-fold concentration of [Emim]Cl with a recovery of 81.7% could be obtained when the diluate-to-concentrate volume ratio was increased to 5.

Association of Urinary Potassium Excretion with Blood Pressure Variability and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease.

Dietary potassium intake is a dilemma in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the association of urine potassium excretion, a surrogate for dietary potassium intake, with blood pressure variability (BPV) and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. A total of 1860 participants from a cohort of pre-dialysis CKD (KNOW-CKD) patients were divided into the quartiles by spot urine potassium-to-creatinine ratio. The first quartile (26.423 ± 5.731 mmol/gCr) was defined as low urine potassium excretion. Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed an independent association of low urine potassium excretion with high BPV (adjusted ß coefficient 1.163, 95% confidence interval 0.424 to 1.901). Cox regression analyses demonstrated that, compared to high urine potassium excretion, low urine potassium excretion is associated with increased risk of CV events (adjusted hazard ratio 2.502, 95% confidence interval 1.162 to 5.387) but not with all-cause mortality. In conclusion, low urine potassium excretion is associated with high BPV and increased risk of CV events in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. The restriction of dietary potassium intake should be individualized in patients with pre-dialysis CKD.

The Concentration of Organic Acids in Cranberry Juice Modulates the Gut Microbiota in Mice.

A daily consumption of cranberry juice (CJ) is linked to many beneficial health effects due to its richness in polyphenols but could also awake some intestinal discomforts due to its organic acid content and possibly lead to intestinal inflammation. Additionally, the impact of such a juice on the gut microbiota is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to determine the impacts of a daily consumption of CJ and its successive deacidification on the intestinal inflammation and on the gut microbiota in mice. Four deacidified CJs (DCJs) (deacidification rates of 0, 40, 60, and 80%) were produced by electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM) and administered to C57BL/6J mice for four weeks, while the diet (CHOW) and the water were ad libitum. Different parameters were measured to determine intestinal inflammation when the gut microbiota was profiled. Treatment with a 0% DCJ did not induce intestinal inflammation but increased the gut microbiota diversity and induced a modulation of its functions in comparison with control (water). The effect of the removal of the organic acid content of CJ on the decrease of intestinal inflammation could not be observed. However, deacidification by EDBM of CJ induced an additional increase, in comparison with a 0% DCJ, in the Lachnospiraceae family which have beneficial effects and functions associated with protection of the intestine: the lower the organic acid content, the more bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family and functions having a positive impact on the gut microbiota.