Intervención educativa sobre la COVID-19 en los trabajadores del Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de la Defensa Civil / Educational intervention on COVID-19 in the personnel of the Civil Defense Scientific Research Center

Introducción: La COVID-19 creó desafíos sin precedentes para la comunidad y los trabajadores de la salud, por lo que contribuir a incrementar la percepción del riesgo mediante la capacitación fue una premisa elemental en tiempos de la pandemia. Objetivo: La investigación tuvo la finalidad de contribuir a incrementar el conocimiento en aspectos importantes sobre la COVID-19 en los trabajadores del Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de la Defensa Civil. Métodos: Se realizó una evaluación antes y después de la intervención en el período de febrero a abril de 2021. La muestra estuvo conformada por 50 trabajadores divididos en dos grupos: 1) investigadores y técnicos; 2) personal de apoyo. La investigación se desarrolló en tres etapas: diagnóstico, intervención y evaluación. Se conformó una base de datos con la información recopilada y para su análisis se empleó el método de comparación de proporciones de las respuestas entre los grupos, antes y después de la evaluación. Se calculó el porcentaje de apropiación de conocimientos con nivel de significación (p < 0,05) y se aplicó el t-Student para muestras dependientes. Resultados: De 50 trabajadores 35 (70 %) eran del sexo femenino; predominó el nivel escolar universitario con un total de 33 (66 %). Se observó un incremento estadísticamente significativo, tanto en la apropiación del conocimiento en ambos grupos, como en las preguntas adecuadas, después de la intervención (p < 0,05); siendo superior en el grupo del personal de apoyo. Conclusiones: La intervención educativa contribuyó a incrementar los conocimientos acerca de la COVID-19 en los trabajadores del centro, lo que tuvo un impacto favorable.

Introduction: COVID-19 created unprecedented challenges for the community and health workers; therefore, contributing to increase risk perception through training was an elementary premise in times of the pandemic. Objective: The research aimed at increasing the knowledge of important aspects of COVID-19 among the personnel of the Civil Defense Scientific Research Center. Methods: An evaluation was carried out before and after the intervention from February to April 2021. The sample consisted of 50 workers divided into two groups: 1) researchers and technicians; 2) support personnel. The research comprised three stages: diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation. A database was created with the information collected. For its analysis, the compare proportions test of responses between the groups, before and after the evaluation, was used. The percentage of knowledge appropriation was calculated with significance level (p < 0.05), and the t-Student was applied for dependent samples. Results: Out of 50 workers, 35 (70%) were female; 33 (66%) had a university education level. A statistically significant increase in both knowledge acquisition and appropriate questions was observed in the groups after the intervention (p < 0.05), which was higher in the support staff group. Conclusions: The educational intervention contributed to increasing knowledge about COVID-19 among the workers of the center, which had a favorable impact.

Comparação da intervenção fisioterapêutica precoce com a orientação de pais na aquisição do sentar em lactentes pré-termo / Comparison of early physiotherapeutic intervention with parental guidance in the acquisition of sitting in preterm infants / Comparación de la intervención fisioterapéutica temprana con la orientación de los padres en la adquisición de la posición de sentado en los bebés prematuros

A prematuridade pode causar déficits de desenvolvimento motor nos lactentes apresentando assim a necessidade de intervenção precoce, neste sentido o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o desenvolvimento motor de lactentes prematuros na aquisição da habilidade do sentar independente após um programa de intervenção motora e de orientação de pais para estímulos domiciliares. Estudo longitudinal e avaliativo sobre o marco motor sentar em 11 lactentes, de ambos os sexos, com diagnóstico de prematuridade e idade cronológica de 6 a 8 meses. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, o grupo intervenção que recebeu tratamento fisioterapêutico três vezes por semana durante seis semanas; e o grupo orientação, com encontros semanais durante o mesmo período com a fisioterapeuta que disponibilizou uma cartilha estruturada de exercícios a serem realizados pelos cuidadores durante a semana, sendo ambos os grupos com foco no sentar independente e avaliados com a escala AIMS. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os resultados antes e após intervenção (t: -6.8571; p: 0,0012) assim como antes e após orientação (t: - 4.5995; p: 0.0029), sendo que ao analisar a porcentagem do ganho na dimensão sentar pela AIMS, o grupo intervenção teve maior ganho. Conclui-se que a intervenção fisioterapêutica apresentou melhores resultados para a aquisição do marco motor sentar. Apesar disso, a estimulação feita pelos pais após orientação profissional também apresentou valores positivos.

Prematurity can cause motor development deficits in infants, thus presenting the need for early intervention, in this sense the objective of this study was compare the motor development of preterm infants in the acquisition of the ability to sit independently after a motor intervention program and of orientation of parents for home stimuli. A longitudinal and evaluative study on the motor frame sit in 11 infants, of both sexes, with diagnosis of prematurity and chronological age of 6 to 8 months. Participants were divided into two groups, the intervention group that received physiotherapeutic treatment three times a week for six weeks; and the orientation group, with weekly meetings during the same period with the physiotherapist who provided a structured workbook of exercises to be performed by the caregivers during the week, both groups being focused on independent sitting and evaluated with the AIMS scale. There were significant differences between the results before and after intervention (t: -6.8571; p: 0.0012) as well as before and after orientation (t: -4.5995; p: 0.0029); when analyzing the percentage of gain in dimension by the AIMS, the intervention group had greater gain. It was concluded that the physiotherapeutic intervention presented better results for the acquisition of the motor frame sit. Despite this, the stimulation done by the parents after professional orientation also presented positive values.

La prematuridad puede causar déficits de desarrollo motor en los bebés, por lo que se requiere una intervención temprana. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el desarrollo motor de los bebés prematuros en la adquisición de la capacidad de sentarse de forma independiente después de un programa de intervención motora y la orientación de los padres para la estimulación en el hogar. Se trata de un estudio longitudinal y evaluativo del hito motor de la sedestación en 11 bebés de ambos sexos, diagnosticados como prematuros y con una edad cronológica que oscila entre los 6 y los 8 meses. Los participantes se dividieron en dos grupos, el grupo de intervención que recibió tratamiento fisioterapéutico tres veces por semana durante seis semanas; y el grupo de orientación, con reuniones semanales durante el mismo periodo con el fisioterapeuta que proporcionó un folleto estructurado de ejercicios que debían realizar los cuidadores durante la semana, ambos grupos centrados en la sedestación independiente y evaluados con la escala AIMS. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los resultados antes y después de la intervención (t: -6,8571; p: 0,0012), así como antes y después de la orientación (t: -4,5995; p: 0,0029), y al analizar el porcentaje de ganancia en la dimensión de sentarse por el AIMS, el grupo de intervención tuvo mayor ganancia. Concluimos que la intervención fisioterapéutica presentó mejores resultados para la adquisición del hito motor sentado. Sin embargo, la estimulación realizada por los padres tras la orientación profesional también mostró valores positivos.

Os impasses ao acesso à intersubjetividade: observações clínicas de um bebê com risco de evolução autística / Impases en el accesoa la intersubjetividad: observaciones clínicas de un bebé con riesgo de evolución autista / Challenge in accessing intersubjectivity: clinical observations of a baby with a risk of autism / Les impasses à l'accès à l'intersubjectivité: observations cliniques d'un bébé à risque d'autisme

O artigo aborda os impasses vividos por um bebê com risco de autismo em seu processo de subjetivação. Estudos afirmam que há bebês que, muito precocemente, recusam-se a estabelecer trocas com o objeto materno, impossibilitando que a mãe entre em um estado de identificação com seu bebê, o que colocaria em pauta que o autismo infantil não se limitaria apenas a uma falha materna, mas se trataria de uma patologia multifatorial. Quais intervenções clínicas seriam necessárias para que a mãe e o bebê possam juntos (re)escrever uma nova narrativa psíquica? Haveria um tipo de intervenção e de manejo clínico específico nos casos de bebês com risco de autismo? E como a psicanálise contemporânea, fundamentada pela leitura da intersubjetividade, nos ajudaria na compreensão da clínica da intervenção precoce?

Este artículo se propone abordar los impases experimentados por un bebé con riesgo autista en su proceso de subjetivación. Existen estudios sobre bebés que precozmente se niegan a establecer intercambios con el objeto materno, imposibilitando que la madre entre en identificación con él, poniendo sobre la mesa que el autismo infantil no se limitaría a una falla materna, sino que se trataría de una patología multifactorial. Se plantea, cuáles intervenciones clínicas son necesarias para que madre y bebé puedan (re)escribir una nueva narrativa psíquica, que posibilite un verdadero encuentro diádico. ¿Habría un tipo específico de intervención y manejo clínico en los bebés con riesgo de autismo? ¿Cómo el psicoanálisis contemporáneo, basado en la lectura de la intersubjetividad y de lo intrapsíquico, ayudaría a entender la clínica de la intervención precoz?

This article addresses the failures of a baby with a risk of autism to develop his subjectivation process. Recent studies show that some babies are not able to develop exchanges with their maternal object, which would show that children autism would not be limited to a failure of the mother to enter into a state of identification with her baby, but would be associated to a multifactorial pathology. In that respect, which clinical interventions would be necessary so that mother and baby can (re)write a new psychic narrative, enabling them to develop a genuine capability to meet together? Is there a type of clinical handling for babies with a risk of autism? How can contemporary psychoanalysis, with focus on intersubjectivity and inter-psychism, could help us to understand early intervention clinic?

Cet article aborde les entraves d'un bébé à risque autistique à développer son processus de subjectivation. Des études récentes montrent que certains bébés ne sont pas capables de développer des échanges avec leur objet maternel, ce qui montrerait que l'autisme infantile ne se limiterait pas seulement à un échec de la mère d'entrer dans un état d'identification avec son bébé, mais qu'il s'agirait d'une pathologie multifactorielle. Ainsi, quelles interventions cliniques seraient nécessaires pour que mère et bébé puissent (ré)écrire ensemble un nouveau récit psychique, qui leur permettrait de développer une véritable capacité à se rencontrer ? Y aurait-il un type de prise en charge clinique spécifique aux bébés à risque d'autisme? Comment la psychanalyse contemporaine, centrée sur l'intersubjectivité et l'inter-psychisme, peut nous aider à comprendre la clinique d'intervention précoce?

Effect of Early Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Lopinavir and Ritonavir on Risk of Hospitalization Among Patients With COVID-19: The TOGETHER Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Data on the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir for the treatment of high-risk outpatients with COVID-19 in developing countries are needed. Objective: To determine whether hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir reduces hospitalization among high-risk patients with early symptomatic COVID-19 in an outpatient setting. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Brazil. Recently symptomatic adults diagnosed with respiratory symptoms from SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled between June 2 and September 30, 2020. The planned sample size was 1476 patients, with interim analyses planned after 500 patients were enrolled. The trial was stopped after the interim analysis for futility with a sample size of 685 patients. Statistical analysis was performed in December 2020. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to hydroxychloroquine (800 mg loading dose, then 400 mg daily for 9 days), lopinavir-ritonavir (loading dose of 800 mg and 200 mg, respectively, every 12 hours followed by 400 mg and 100 mg, respectively, every 12 hours for the next 9 days), or placebo. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcomes were COVID-19-associated hospitalization and death assessed at 90 days after randomization. COVID-19-associated hospitalization was analyzed with a Cox proportional hazards model. The trial included the following secondary outcomes: all-cause hospitalization, viral clearance, symptom resolution, and adverse events. Results: Of 685 participants, 632 (92.3%) self-identified as mixed-race, 377 (55.0%) were women, and the median (range) age was 53 (18-94) years. A total of 214 participants were randomized to hydroxychloroquine; 244, lopinavir-ritonavir; and 227, placebo. At first interim analysis, the data safety monitoring board recommended stopping enrollment of both hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir groups because of futility. The proportion of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 was 3.7% (8 participants) in the hydroxychloroquine group, 5.7% (14 participants) in the lopinavir-ritonavir group, and 4.8% (11 participants) in the placebo group. We found no significant differences between interventions for COVID-19-associated hospitalization (hydroxychloroquine: hazard ratio [HR], 0.76 [95% CI, 0.30-1.88]; lopinavir-ritonavir: HR, 1.16 [95% CI, 0.53-2.56] as well as for the secondary outcome of viral clearance through day 14 (hydroxychloroquine: odds ratio [OR], 0.91 [95% CI, 0.82-1.02]; lopinavir-ritonavir: OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.94-1.16]). At the end of the trial, there were 3 fatalities recorded, 1 in the placebo group and 2 in the lopinavir-ritonavir intervention group. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, neither hydroxychloroquine nor lopinavir-ritonavir showed any significant benefit for decreasing COVID-19-associated hospitalization or other secondary clinical outcomes. This trial suggests that expedient clinical trials can be implemented in low-income settings even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04403100.

Brazilian women's use of evidence-based practices in childbirth after participating in the Senses of Birth intervention: A mixed-methods study.

Brazil has a cesarean rate of 56% and low use of Intrapartum Evidence-based Practices (IEBP) of 3.4%, reflecting a medically centered and highly interventionist maternal health care model. The Senses of Birth (SoB) is a health education intervention created to promote normal birth, use of EBP, and reduce unnecessary c-sections. This study aimed to understand the use of intrapartum EBP by Brazilian women who participated in the SoB intervention. 555 women answered the questionnaire between 2015 and 2016. Bivariate analysis and ANOVA test were used to identify if social-demographic factors, childbirth information, and perceived knowledge were associated with the use of EBP. A qualitative analysis was performed to explore women's experiences. Research participants used the following EBP: birth plan (55.2%), companionship during childbirth (81.6%), midwife care (54.2%), freedom of mobility during labor (57.7%), choice of position during delivery (57.2%), and non-pharmacological pain relief methods (74.2%). Doula support was low (26.9%). Being a black woman was associated with not using a birth plan or having doula support. Women who gave birth in private hospitals were more likely not to use the EBP. Barriers to the use of EBP identified by women were an absence of individualized care, non-respect for their choices or provision of EBP by health care providers, inadequate structure and ambiance in hospitals to use EBP, and rigid protocols not centered on women's needs. The SoB intervention was identified as a potential facilitator. Women who used EBP described a sense of control over their bodies and perceived self-efficacy to advocate for their chosen practices. Women saw the strategies to overcome barriers as a path to become their childbirth protagonist. Health education is essential to increase the use of EBP; however, it should be implemented combined with changes in the maternal care system, promoting woman-centered and evidence-based models.

Early versus deferred anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma in patients admitted for COVID-19: A randomized phase II clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma (CP), despite limited evidence on its efficacy, is being widely used as a compassionate therapy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of early CP therapy in COVID-19 progression. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The study was an open-label, single-center randomized clinical trial performed in an academic medical center in Santiago, Chile, from May 10, 2020, to July 18, 2020, with final follow-up until August 17, 2020. The trial included patients hospitalized within the first 7 days of COVID-19 symptom onset, presenting risk factors for illness progression and not on mechanical ventilation. The intervention consisted of immediate CP (early plasma group) versus no CP unless developing prespecified criteria of deterioration (deferred plasma group). Additional standard treatment was allowed in both arms. The primary outcome was a composite of mechanical ventilation, hospitalization for >14 days, or death. The key secondary outcomes included time to respiratory failure, days of mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay, mortality at 30 days, and SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR clearance rate. Of 58 randomized patients (mean age, 65.8 years; 50% male), 57 (98.3%) completed the trial. A total of 13 (43.3%) participants from the deferred group received plasma based on clinical aggravation. We failed to find benefit in the primary outcome (32.1% versus 33.3%, odds ratio [OR] 0.95, 95% CI 0.32-2.84, p > 0.999) in the early versus deferred CP group. The in-hospital mortality rate was 17.9% versus 6.7% (OR 3.04, 95% CI 0.54-17.17 p = 0.246), mechanical ventilation 17.9% versus 6.7% (OR 3.04, 95% CI 0.54-17.17, p = 0.246), and prolonged hospitalization 21.4% versus 30.0% (OR 0.64, 95% CI, 0.19-2.10, p = 0.554) in the early versus deferred CP group, respectively. The viral clearance rate on day 3 (26% versus 8%, p = 0.204) and day 7 (38% versus 19%, p = 0.374) did not differ between groups. Two patients experienced serious adverse events within 6 hours after plasma transfusion. The main limitation of this study is the lack of statistical power to detect a smaller but clinically relevant therapeutic effect of CP, as well as not having confirmed neutralizing antibodies in donor before plasma infusion. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we failed to find evidence of benefit in mortality, length of hospitalization, or mechanical ventilation requirement by immediate addition of CP therapy in the early stages of COVID-19 compared to its use only in case of patient deterioration. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04375098.

Intervención temprana en un lactante con agenesia de cuerpo calloso / Early intervention in a newborn with agenesis of the corpus callosum

Introducción: El programa de estimulación temprana en la primera infancia, está diseñado para promover y mejorar el neurodesarrollo. El cuerpo calloso es una masa arqueada de sustancia blanca, compuesta por un haz de fibras transversales, situada al fondo del surco longitudinal que conecta a ambos hemisferios cerebrales. Se asocia con prematuridad y edad materna avanzada. Objetivo: Demostrar la validez de un programa de intervención temprana en la evolución de un paciente con agenesia de cuerpo calloso en las etapas del neurodesarrollo. Presentación del caso: Lactante venezolano, masculino de 4 meses de edad, blanco, producto de un segundo embarazo. Padres jóvenes, no consanguíneos. A las 19 semanas le realizan ecografía fetal: imagen quística cerebral interhemisférica, sugestivo de agenesia del cuerpo calloso. Parto por cesárea de urgencia: 34 semanas por: CIUR, oligoamnios severo, sufrimiento fetal agudo y preeclampsia, con Apgar 7-9, peso: 1800 g. Es traído al Centro Internacional de Salud La Pradera, con el diagnóstico de agenesia de cuerpo calloso más retardo del desarrollo psicomotor. Se inicia programa de intervención temprana cinco veces por semana con evaluaciones cuatrimestrales. Se involucra a los familiares. A los 18 meses de edad alcanza los hitos longitudinales propios de la edad Conclusiones: La intervención temprana favorece los mecanismos de neuroplasticidad cerebral y proporciona una evolución satisfactoria en las etapas del neurodesarrollo independiente de la agenesia de cuerpo calloso. La participación intensiva de la madre del niño es crucial para el éxito de la intervención(AU)

Introduction: The program of early stimulation in the early childhood is designed to foster and improve neurodevelopment. The callused body is a curved mass of a white substance composed by a beam of transverse fibers located in the back of the longitudinal track that connects both brain hemispheres. It is associated to prematurity and advanced maternal age. Objective: To prove the validity of an early intervention program in the evolution of a patient with agenesis of corpus callosum in the stages of neurodevelopment. Case presentation: Venezuelan newborn, 4 months old, masculine, white skin, product of a second pregnancy. Young parents, no blood relation. At 19 weeks of pregnancy, it is conducted a fetal echography: interhemispheric cystic image, suggestive to agenesis of the corpus callosum. Emergency cesarean section at 34 weeks of pregnancy due to: IUGR, severe oligoamnios; acute fetal distress and preeclampsia, with 7-9 Agar, weight: 1800 g. The newborn was admitted in La Pradera International Health Center with a diagnosis of agenesis of the corpus callosum, and delay in the psychomotor development. It was started a program of early intervention five times in the week with four-monthly assessments. Relatives were involved in the program. At 18 months old, the patient achieved the longitudinal milestones of that age. Conclusions: Early interventions favour brain neuroplasticity mechanisms, and provide a satisfactorily evolution in the stages of neurodevelopment, obviating the agenesis of the corpus callosum. Intensive participation of the child's mother is essential for the success of the intervention(AU)

Medical complications of anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a mental illness characterized by self-starvation, marked weight loss, and malnutrition. As the illness worsens, numerous medical complications develop throughout the body. Some of these resolve with effective nutritional rehabilitation and weight gain, whereas others can lead to permanent damage.

Ultra-Early Versus Early Aneurysm Surgery After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Outcome Analysis

Object The timing of definitive management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms has been the subject of considerable debate, although the benefits of early surgery (until 72 hours postictus) are widely accepted. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential benefit of ultra-early surgery (until 24 hours) when compared with early surgery, in those patients who were treated by surgical clipping at the Neurosurgery Department of the Coimbra Hospital and University Centre. Methods A 17-year database of consecutive ruptured and surgically treated intracranial aneurysms was analyzed. Outcome was measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Baseline characteristics were analyzed by the Fisher exact test, the chi-squared and Mann-Whitney tests. Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of good grade according to the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) scale and ultra-early surgery in a good GOS outcome. Results 343 patients who were submitted to surgical clipping in the first 72 hours postictus were included, 165 of whom have undergone ultra-early surgery. Demographics and preoperative characteristics of ultra-early and early surgery patients were similar. Goodgrade patients according to the WFNS scale submitted to ultra-early surgery demonstrated an improvedGOS at discharge and at 6months. Poor-grade patients according to theWFNS scale submitted to ultra-early surgery demonstrated an improved GOS at discharge. Conclusions Ultra-early surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients improves outcome mainly on good-grade patients. Efforts should be made on the logistics of emergency departments to consider achieving treatment on this timeframe as a standard of care.

La preparación del estudiante de Medicina para la atención de recién nacidos con sospecha o infección por SARS-CoV-2 / The medicine student's preparation on medical care of newborns suspected or infected by SARS-CoV-2

RESUMEN Introducción: En el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 emergen muchas interrogantes sobre la atención al recién nacido con sospecha o infección por dicho virus y si esta afecta la lactancia materna. Objetivo: Diseñar una intervención educativa para la preparación del estudiante de Medicina respecto a la atención al recién nacido con sospecha o infección por COVID-19. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la institución. El universo lo conformaron 80 estudiantes de sexto año de Medicina que realizaron la estancia de Neonatología en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" durante el curso académico 2019-2020, de ellos, se seleccionó por conveniencia una muestra de 25 estudiantes. Se estudió su autopreparación respecto a la epidemiologia de la COVID-19 en el recién nacido, su influencia en la lactancia materna y el manejo de la infección en estos. Se diseñó y aplicó una intervención educativa dirigida a corregir las carencias teóricas respecto a estos saberes. Resultados: El mayor porcentaje de los estudiantes tenía un inadecuado nivel de preparación respecto a la atención al recién nacido con sospecha o infección por COVID-19 (88,0 %), que mejoró en el 92,0 % luego de la intervención educativa. Conclusiones: Las carencias teóricas sobre la atención al recién nacido con sospecha o infección por COVID-19 que revelan los estudiantes justifica que se conciba una labor educativa, para lo que resulta adecuada una intervención educativa que enriquece su preparación al respecto, con énfasis en la necesidad de mantener la lactancia materna durante la pandemia COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction: A lot of questions rise in the contest of COVID-19 regarding the care of the newborn suspected to be or infected with the virus, and if this special care affects breastfeeding. Objective: To design an educative intervention for the preparation of the medical student regarding the health care of the newborn with infection or suspected infection of COVID-19. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution. The study population was made of 80 students of the 6th year of Medicine School in their internship period in the Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto, during the academic year 2019-2020. From them, 25 students were conveniently selected. Their preparation on the epidemiology of COVID-19 in the newborn, its influence in breastfeeding and the handling of these cases was evaluated. An educational intervention was designed and put into practice, aimed to fix the theoretical deficiencies about the topic in question. Results: Higher percentage of students had an inadequate knowledge about the care of the newborn suspected to be or infected with COVID-19 (88%), improved in a 92% after the educational intervention. Conclusions: The theoretical deficiencies about the care of the newborn suspected to be or infected with COVID-19 found in the students confirms the need of educational work, in the form of an educational intervention to enrich their preparation, with emphasis in keeping the process of breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Opiniones de actores de salud sobre la estrategia de búsqueda activa de casos de tuberculosis / Opinions of health stakeholders on the active search strategy for tuberculosis cases

Introducción: La pesquisa activa de casos de tuberculosis en la Atención Primaria de Salud como parte del programa de control de la enfermedad en Cuba, tiene retos de implementación que requieren ser estudiados. Objetivo: Explorar las opiniones de los actores de salud involucrados en la implementación de la pesquisa activa de casos de tuberculosis en Las Tunas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, en dos etapas, anidado en un estudio de intervención en Las Tunas. En la primera etapa (septiembre-diciembre, 2010) se entrevistaron médicos y enfermeras de la familia de los municipios Jobabo y Las Tunas; y en la segunda etapa (marzo, 2012), todos los jefes de programa (provincial y municipales) y un experto en tuberculosis. Se utilizaron categorías de análisis deductivas e inductivas. Resultados: La pesquisa activa de casos de tuberculosis se reconoció como un procedimiento novedoso asociado a la búsqueda de sintomáticos respiratorios en el hogar, la dispensarización y el trabajo con grupos vulnerables. Al inicio hubo barreras para la implementación del procedimiento, posteriormente fue aceptado. Las ventajas fueron: diagnóstico oportuno e incremento del número de casos pesquisados, entre otras. La falta de tiempo, el incremento en la carga de trabajo y la fluctuación del personal fueron las principales dificultades. Conclusiones: El estudio proporciona información valiosa para la implementación del procedimiento como parte del programa de control de la tuberculosis. Devela la brecha entre la percepción de los actores involucrados en la implementación de intervenciones en salud en estudios pilotos y la que tienen los implicados en su puesta en práctica(AU)

Introduction: The active case finding of tuberculosis in Primary Health Care as part of the disease control program in Cuba, has challenges at implementation that need to be studied. Objective: To explore the opinions of the health stakeholders involved in the implementation of active case finding of tuberculosis in Las Tunas. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in two stages, nested in an intervention study in Las Tunas. In the first stage (September-December, 2010) family doctors and nurses in Jobabo and Las Tunas municipalities were interviewed; and in the second stage (March 2012), all program managers (provincial and municipal) and an expert on tuberculosis were interviewed. Deductive and inductive analysis categories were used. Results: The active case finding of tuberculosis was recognized as a novel procedure associated with the screening for respiratory symptoms among all family members during home visits, classification of the entire population into risk groups and working with vulnerable groups. At the beginning there were barriers to the implementation of this procedure, which was subsequently accepted. Timely diagnosis and increase in the number of cases investigated were the advantages, among others. The lack of time, the increase in workload and the staff turnover were the main difficulties. Conclusions: This study provides valuable information for implementing this procedure as part of tuberculosis control program. It reveals the gap between the perception of the stakeholders involved in the implementation of health interventions in pilot studies and from those engaged in their implementation(AU)

Association Between Early Hypertension Control and Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in Veterans With Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Guidelines for hypertension treatment in patients with diabetes diverge regarding the systolic blood pressure (SBP) threshold at which treatment should be initiated and treatment goal. We examined associations of early SBP treatment with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events in U.S. adults with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 43,986 patients with diabetes who newly initiated antihypertensive therapy between 2002 and 2007. Patients were classified into categories based on SBP at treatment initiation (130-139 or ≥140 mmHg) and after 2 years of treatment (100-119, 120-129, 130-139, 140-159, and ≥160 mmHg). The primary outcome was composite ASCVD events (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke), estimated using inverse probability of treatment-weighted Poisson regression and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Relative to individuals who initiated treatment when SBP was 130-139 mmHg, those with pretreatment SBP ≥140 mmHg had higher ASCVD risk (hazard ratio 1.10 [95% CI 1.02, 1.19]). Relative to those with pretreatment SBP of 130-139 mmHg and on-treatment SBP of 120-129 mmHg (reference group), ASCVD incidence was higher in those with pretreatment SBP ≥140 mmHg and on-treatment SBP 120-129 mmHg (adjusted incidence rate difference [IRD] 1.0 [-0.2 to 2.1] events/1,000 person-years) and in those who achieved on-treatment SBP 130-139 mmHg (IRD 1.9 [0.6, 3.2] and 1.1 [0.04, 2.2] events/1,000 person-years for those with pretreatment SBP 130-139 mmHg and ≥140 mmHg, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this observational study, patients with diabetes initiating antihypertensive therapy when SBP was 130-139 mmHg and those achieving on-treatment SBP <130 mmHg had better outcomes than those with higher SBP levels when initiating or after 2 years on treatment.

Assessing the Efficacy of Very Early Motor Rehabilitation in Children with Down Syndrome.

Among children with Down syndrome, the frequency of motor rehabilitation intervention and the age at the start of this intervention are independently related to the age at onset of independent walking. Early motor rehabilitation, before age 6 months, may be effective in reducing motor delay in children with Down syndrome.

Family-Centered Early Intervention Program for Brazilian Infants with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: A Pilot Study.

Aims: To evaluate the effects of a 16-week program based on Goals-Activity-Motor Enrichment (GAME) principles on infants with congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS)'s mother report of functional goal achievement, motor and cognitive abilities, home enrichment, and parents' perceptions regarding the service provided. Methods: Quasi-experimental study with infants (n = 32) with CZS and their mothers. Twenty-two infants composed the GAME-based group and 10 were included in the control group. The primary outcome measure was the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Secondary outcome measures were the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Infant Scale, and the Measure of Processes of Care. All measures were performed by blinded assessors. Results: Mothers of infants in the GAME-based group reported significant improvements in their infants' performance on functional priorities (p = 0.0001) and satisfaction with their infants' performance (p = 0.0001), the extent in which services promoted enabling and partnership (p = 0.021), provided general information (p = 0.039), specific information (p = 0.0001), and an enriched home environment (p = 0.0001). Infants in both groups did not improve in motor or cognitive abilities. Conclusions: A family-centered early intervention program based on GAME principles improved mothers' individualized outcomes and enriched infants with CZS's environment. Future studies should elucidate long-term benefits of interventions for this population.

Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of a web-based intervention for alcohol use among Brazilian college students: Motivation as a moderating effect.

BACKGROUND: Web-based personalized normative feedback (PNF) interventions are less effective than their laboratory versions. Participant motivation may account for this reduced effect, but there is only a limited amount of research into the influence of motivation on PNF effectiveness. We evaluated the effectiveness of a web-based PNF in reducing alcohol use and consequences among college students with different motivation levels. METHODS: Pragmatic randomized controlled trial among Brazilian college drinkers aged 18-30 years (N = 4460). Participants were randomized to a Control or PNF group and followed-up after one (T1), three (T2) and six (T3) months. Outcomes were: AUDIT score (primary outcome), the number of consequences, and the typical number of drinks. Motivation for receiving the intervention was assessed with a visual analog scale (range: 0-10). Generalized mixed models assessed intervention effects via two paradigms: observed cases and attrition models. RESULTS: PNF reduced the number of typical drinks at T1 (OR = 0.71, p = 0.002), T2 (OR = 0.60, p < 0.001) and T3 (OR = 0.68, p = 0.016), compared to the control. Motivated students (score ≥3) receiving PNF also reduced the number of typical drinks at T1 (OR = 0.60, p < 0.001), T2 (OR = 0.55, p < 0.001) and T3 (OR = 0.56, p = 0.001), compared to the control. However, the attrition models were more robust at T1 and T2. In contrast, low-motivated students receiving the PNF increased AUDIT score at T3 (b = 1.49, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The intervention reduced alcohol use, and motivation for receiving the intervention moderated the intervention effects. Motivated students reduced their typical alcohol use, whereas low-motivated students increased their AUDIT score.

Autocuidado de la salud diabetológica en adultos mayores del Policlínico Docente Marcio Manduley Murillo, La Habana 2018 / Autocuidado da saúde do diabético em idosos da Policlínica de Ensino Marcio Manduley Murillo, Havana 2018 / Self-care of diabetic health in older adults of the Teaching Polyclinic Marcio Manduley Murillo, Havana 2018

Introducción: la educación del paciente con diabetes mellitus en función del autocuidado de su salud es una exigencia social. Objetivo: diseñar una intervención educativa dirigida a elevar la preparación para el autocuidado de la salud diabetológica de pacientes adultos mayores dispensarizados en el consultorio No. 4 del Policlínico Docente Marcio Manduley Murillo, municipio Centro Habana, La Habana. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal y de intervención educativa. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, estado civil, escolaridad, tipo de diabetes, tiempo evolución, control metabólico y complicaciones de esta enfermedad. Se exploró el nivel de preparación de los pacientes para el autocuidado de la salud diabetológica. Se diseñó, aplicó y validó una intervención educativa dirigida a su preparación para el autocuidado de la salud diabetológica. Resultados: fue más común que los pacientes tuvieran 65 a 69 años de edad (48,6 por ciento), fueran mujeres (59,8 por ciento), divorciados (25,0 por ciento), con un nivel escolar de secundaria básica (40,3 por ciento), diabetes mellitus tipo II (90,4 por ciento) de más de 15 años de evolución (40,3 por ciento). El 72,2 por ciento tenía descontrol de la enfermedad y el 52,2 por ciento evidencias de daño de órganos dianas. Solo el 16,7 por ciento tenía un adecuado nivel de preparación respecto al tema diabetes mellitus, que mejoró hasta un 93,0 por ciento luego de aplicar una intervención educativa. Conclusiones: se manifestó la necesidad de educar a los pacientes sobre el tema y la viabilidad de la intervención educativa diseñada para el logro de esta finalidad(AU)

Introduction: the education of patients with diabetes mellitus based on self-care of their health is a social requirement. Objective: design an educational intervention aimed at raising the preparation for self-care of diabetological health of elderly patients dispensed in the office No. 4 of the Teaching Polyclinic Marcio Manduley Murillo, Centro Habana Municipality, Havana. Method: a descriptive, prospective, crosssectional and educational intervention study was carried out. The following variables were studied: age, sex, marital status, schooling, type of diabetes, evolution time, metabolic control and complications of this disease. The level of preparation of patients for self-care of diabetes health was explored. An educational intervention aimed at its preparation for self-care of diabetological health was designed, applied and validated. Results: it was more common for patients to be 65 to 69 years old (48.6 percent), were women (59.8 percent), divorced (25.0 percent), with a basic secondary school level (40.3 percent), type II diabetes mellitus (90.4 percent) over 15 years of evolution (40.3 percent). 72.2 percent had uncontrolled disease and 52.2 ercent evidence of target organ damage. Only 16.7percent had an adequate level of preparation regarding diabetes mellitus, which improved up to 93.0 percent after applying an educational intervention. Conclusions: the need to educate patients about the topic and the viability of the educational intervention designed to achieve this purpose was expressed(AU)

Introdução: a educação de pacientes com diabetes mellitus com base no autocuidado de sua Saúde é uma necesidade social. Objetivo: elaborar uma intervenção educacional com o objetivo de elevar a preparação para o autocuidado da saúde diabetológica de pacientes idosos dispensados no consultório nº 4 da Policlínica de Ensino Marcio Manduley Murillo, município de Centro Habana, Havana. Método: estudo descritivo, prospectivo, transversal e educacional. Foram estudadas as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, estado civil, escolaridade, tipo de diabetes, tempo de evolução, controle metabólico e complicações desta doença. O nível de preparação dos pacientes para o autocuidado da saúde do diabetes foi explorado. Foi projetada, aplicada e validada uma intervenção educativa voltada à sua preparação para o autocuidado da saúde diabetológica. Resultados: os pacientes com idade entre 65 e 69 anos (48,6 por cento) eram mais comuns: mulheres (59,8 por cento), divorciadas (25,0 por cento), com ensino médio básico (40,3 por cento), diabetes mellitus tipo II (90,4 por cento) ao longo de 15 anos de evolução (40,3 por cento). 72,2 por cento tinham doença não controlada e 52,2 por cento evidenciam danos nos órgãos-alvo. Apenas 16,7 por cento apresentaram nível adequado de preparo para diabetes mellitus, que aumentou para 93,0 por cento após a aplicação de uma intervenção educativa. Conclusões: expressou-se a necessidade de educar os pacientes sobre o tema e a viabilidade da intervenção educacional projetada para atingir esse objetivo(AU)

Ateneo General: ¿Dale que interveníamos para que el aprendizaje se ponga en juego? / General athenaeum: ¿Do we take action to make learning come into play?

Ateneo del equipo de la Residencia de Psicopedagogía con sede en el Hospital Carlos G. Durand, de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, donde se reflexiona sobre las intervenciones clínicas en niños y púberes en escolaridad primaria. Se realiza un recorrido teórico sobre conceptos como intervención, niño, sujeto, o juego; y se analiza la relación entre juego y aprendizaje, presentando distintos casos clínicos que reflejan estas intervenciones