The Public Health Benefits and Economic Value of Routine Yellow Fever Vaccination in Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the public health benefits and economic value of live-attenuated yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine in Colombia. METHODS: A decision tree model was used to assess the theoretical impact of routine YF vaccination of 1-year-olds (no "catch-up") during the interepidemic period from 1980 to 2002, avoiding capturing the impact of YF vaccine introduction in 2003. The vaccine was assumed to be 99% effective, to provide lifetime protection, and to cover 85% of the target population. Costs per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted were computed from payer and societal perspectives. Univariate sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: During the interepidemic period, routine YF vaccination would have averted 2223 nonfatal cases of YF and 65 deaths, leading to an overall reduction of 1365 DALYs. The net cost of this vaccination would have been $25 964 813 (payer's perspective) and $16 535 465 (societal perspective). Cost per DALY averted was $19 022 and $12 114 from payer and societal perspectives, respectively (all costs in 2015 US dollars). Vaccination was considered cost-effective from both perspectives (ie, between 1- and 3-fold the gross domestic product per capita, $7158) and remains so if price per dose was $2.75 or less and $4.66 from payer and societal perspectives, respectively. Underreporting had the largest impact on the results. CONCLUSIONS: Routine toddler YF vaccination in Colombia would have been considered cost-effective in the prevaccination era. This study provides insights on the value of vaccination in an upper middle-income country.

Stagnant contraceptive sales after the Zika epidemic in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to assess national hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptive sales in Brazil after the Zika virus outbreak. METHODS: Pharmaceutical companies based in Brazil provided data on monthly sales from September 2016 to June 2017. Data from both the public and private sectors were obtained about sales of registered, available modern contraceptive methods: combined oral contraceptive pill; progestin-only pill; vaginal and transdermal contraceptives; injectable contraceptives; long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods, including the copper-releasing intrauterine device, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and the etonogestrel-releasing subdermal implant; and emergency contraceptive pills. RESULTS: Seventy-eight percent of sales comprised pills, patches and vaginal rings (11.1-13.8 million cycles/units per month), followed by emergency contraceptive pills (1.8-2.6 million pills), injectables (1.2-1.4 million ampoules) and LARC methods (6500-17,000 devices). CONCLUSIONS: The data showed much higher sales of short-acting methods compared with more effective LARC methods. The public sector needs to strengthen its focus on ensuring better access to LARC methods through a systematic approach ensuring regular supply, improved professional skills and better demand generation to couples wishing to avoid or delay pregnancy. In Zika virus-affected areas, many women of reproductive age may want to delay or postpone pregnancy by using an effective LARC method. The public sector should review its policies on LARC, as the need for these methods especially in Zika virus endemic areas may increase. A clear emphasis on quality in services, access and use is warranted.

A multi-analysis approach for space-time and economic evaluation of risks related with livestock diseases: the example of FMD in Peru.

This study presents a multi-disciplinary decision-support tool, which integrates geo-statistics, social network analysis (SNA), spatial-stochastic spread model, economic analysis and mapping/visualization capabilities for the evaluation of the sanitary and socio-economic impact of livestock diseases under diverse epidemiologic scenarios. We illustrate the applicability of this tool using foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Peru as an example. The approach consisted on a flexible, multistep process that may be easily adapted based on data availability. The first module (mI) uses a geo-statistical approach for the estimation (if needed) of the distribution and abundance of susceptible population (in the example here, cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and camelids) at farm-level in the region or country of interest (Peru). The second module (mII) applies SNA for evaluating the farm-to-farm contact patterns and for exploring the structure and frequency of between-farm animal movements as a proxy for potential disease introduction or spread. The third module (mIII) integrates mI-II outputs into a spatial-stochastic model that simulates within- and between-farm FMD-transmission. The economic module (mIV) connects outputs from mI-III to provide an estimate of associated direct and indirect costs. A visualization module (mV) is also implemented to graph and map the outputs of module I-IV. After 1000 simulated epidemics, the mean (95% probability interval) number of outbreaks, infected animals, epidemic duration, and direct costs were 37 (1, 1164), 2152 (1, 13, 250), 63 days (0, 442), and US$ 1.2 million (1072, 9.5 million), respectively. Spread of disease was primarily local (<4.5km), but geolocation and type of index farm strongly influenced the extent and spatial patterns of an epidemic. The approach is intended to support decisions in the last phase of the FMD eradication program in Peru, in particular to inform and support the implementation of risk-based surveillance and livestock insurance systems that may help to prevent and control potential FMD virus incursions into Peru.

Dengue en la Argentina: un análisis económico del impacto de la epidemia de 2009 / Dengue in Argentina: an economic analysis of the impact of the 2009 epidemic

El presente estudio estima la carga económica de los casos notificados de dengue durante la epidemia argentina de 2009. Entre los costos considerados, se encuentran los costos médicos para el tratamiento de las personas afectadas y los costos de oportunidad de aquellas personas que dejaron de trabajar o estudiar a causa de la enfermedad. Para la determinación de los costos, a fines de 2009 se llevó a cabo una encuesta ad hoc a 201 hogares en los que habitaban personas que habían padecido la enfermedad durante la epidemia. Los resultados obtenidos permiten estimar entre los 26 y los 40 millones de pesos (entre 6 y 9 millones de dólares) el costo total de los casos notificados. Las regiones del norte argentino son las que habrían soportado la mayor carga económica (más del 90% de la carga total). Para todas las regiones, el costo social de un caso de dengue representaría más del 40% de la remuneración neta mensual promedio de los individuos.(AU)

The present study estimates the economic burden associated with the cases of dengue recorded during the 2009 Argentine epidemic. Among the costs considered are the medical costs necessary for the treatment of those affected and the opportunity costs for those who stopped working or studying because of the disease. In order to assess the costs of the disease, at the end of 2009 an ad-hoc survey was carried out in 201 households where people that had contracted dengue during the 2009 epidemic lived. The results allow us to estimate between 26 to 40 million Argentine pesos (6 to 9 million US dollars) as the total cost of the recorded cases. The regions in the north of Argentina bore the highest economic burden of the disease (more than 90% of the total burden). For all regions, the social cost of one dengue case accounts for more than 40% of the average monthly net individual income.(AU)

Dengue en la Argentina: un análisis económico del impacto de la epidemia de 2009 / Dengue in Argentina: an economic analysis of the impact of the 2009 epidemic

El presente estudio estima la carga económica de los casos notificados de dengue durante la epidemia argentina de 2009. Entre los costos considerados, se encuentran los costos médicos para el tratamiento de las personas afectadas y los costos de oportunidad de aquellas personas que dejaron de trabajar o estudiar a causa de la enfermedad. Para la determinación de los costos, a fines de 2009 se llevó a cabo una encuesta ad hoc a 201 hogares en los que habitaban personas que habían padecido la enfermedad durante la epidemia. Los resultados obtenidos permiten estimar entre los 26 y los 40 millones de pesos (entre 6 y 9 millones de dólares) el costo total de los casos notificados. Las regiones del norte argentino son las que habrían soportado la mayor carga económica (más del 90% de la carga total). Para todas las regiones, el costo social de un caso de dengue representaría más del 40% de la remuneración neta mensual promedio de los individuos.

The present study estimates the economic burden associated with the cases of dengue recorded during the 2009 Argentine epidemic. Among the costs considered are the medical costs necessary for the treatment of those affected and the opportunity costs for those who stopped working or studying because of the disease. In order to assess the costs of the disease, at the end of 2009 an ad-hoc survey was carried out in 201 households where people that had contracted dengue during the 2009 epidemic lived. The results allow us to estimate between 26 to 40 million Argentine pesos (6 to 9 million US dollars) as the total cost of the recorded cases. The regions in the north of Argentina bore the highest economic burden of the disease (more than 90% of the total burden). For all regions, the social cost of one dengue case accounts for more than 40% of the average monthly net individual income.

[Dengue in Argentina: an economic analysis of the impact of the 2009 epidemic]. / Dengue en la Argentina: un análisis económico del impacto de la epidemia de 2009.

The present study estimates the economic burden associated with the cases of dengue recorded during the 2009 Argentine epidemic. Among the costs considered are the medical costs necessary for the treatment of those affected and the opportunity costs for those who stopped working or studying because of the disease. In order to assess the costs of the disease, at the end of 2009 an ad-hoc survey was carried out in 201 households where people that had contracted dengue during the 2009 epidemic lived. The results allow us to estimate between 26 to 40 million Argentine pesos (6 to 9 million US dollars) as the total cost of the recorded cases. The regions in the north of Argentina bore the highest economic burden of the disease (more than 90% of the total burden). For all regions, the social cost of one dengue case accounts for more than 40% of the average monthly net individual income.