[Virological diagnosis of anterior herpetic ocular disease on tear sample: A simple and non-invasive technique]. / Diagnostic virologique des atteintes oculaires herpétiques antérieures sur prélèvement lacrymal : une technique simple et non invasive.

INTRODUCTION: Virological diagnosis of anterior ocular herpetic disease (AOHD) is essential for the management of these often-chronic pathologies that may require long-term therapy. PCR has become the gold standard, but the type of sampling (tears, corneal scraping, aqueous tap) has not been standardized. In this study, we studied the technique of tear sampling for the diagnosis of AOHD. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed the medical files of patients with a positive tear sample (Schirmer strip) for herpes simplex 1 virus (HSV-1) in the Department of Ophthalmology of Paris-Saclay Bicêtre Hospital between January 2018 and December 2020. We studied the clinical and virological characteristics (viral loads) of these cases of proven AOHD. RESULTS: Thirty-six samples (33 patients) were included: 12 epithelial keratitis, 9 stromal HSK with ulceration, 5 uveitis, 4 stromal HSK without ulceration, 3 blepharitis, 1 endothelial HSK, 1 neurotrophic keratitis, and 1 conjunctivitis. The mean viral load was 3.9×105 copies/mL. Viral load was higher in cases of corneal ulceration (5.2×105±9.4×105 versus 1.2×102±1.7×102 copies/mL, P<1×10-4). There was no significant difference between primary episodes and relapses. CONCLUSION: Tear sampling using Schirmer strips is a simple, non-invasive method that can be useful for the virological diagnosis of various clinical forms of AOHD.

Development of a novel hyaluronic acid membrane for the treatment of ocular surface diseases.

Ocular surface diseases (OSD) can cause serious visual deterioration and discomfort. Commercial artificial tear solution containing hyaluronic acid (HA) show excellent biocompatibility and unique viscoelastic characteristics. Here, we developed a novel HA membrane (HAM) by chemical crosslinking using 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether for the effective treatment of OSDs. The main purpose of HAMs is to provide sustained release of HA to modulate the wound healing response in OSDs. The safety and efficacy of HAMs were investigated using primary cultured human corneal epithelial cells and various OSD rabbit models. In the dry state, the HAM is firm, transparent, and easy to manipulate. When hydrated, it swells rapidly with high water retention and over 90% transmission of visible light. Human corneal epithelial cells and rabbit eyes showed no toxic response to HAM. Addition of HAMs to the culture medium enhanced human corneal epithelial cell viability and expression of cell proliferation markers. Investigation of HAM wound healing efficacy using mechanical or chemical corneal trauma and conjunctival surgery in rabbits revealed that application of HAMs to the ocular surface enhanced healing of corneal epithelium and reduced corneal limbal vascularization, opacity and conjunctival fibrosis. The therapeutic potential of HAMs in various OSDs was successfully demonstrated.

Transcriptome analysis identifies the differentially expressed genes related to the stemness of limbal stem cells in mice.

Limbal stem cells (LSCs) reside in the basal layer of limbal epithelial cells (LECs). They are crucial for maintenance of corneal epithelium homeostasis and corneal wound healing. Their stemness is determined by their gene expression pattern. Despite of several positive identifiers have been reported, the unique biomarker for LSCs still remain elusive. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between stem cells and differentiated cells affect the fate of stem cells via specific signaling pathway. In order to understand the DEGs in the LSCs, RNA-seq was firstly conducted using a mouse model. A total of 1907 up-regulated DEGs and 395 down-regulated DEGs were identified in the limbus (L) compared to central cornea (CC) and conjunctiva (Cj). Reliability of the expression of genes from RNA-seq analysis was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. The expression pattern of putative biomarkers was considered to be age-related. In up-regulated DEGs GO analysis, 570 gene ontology (GO) terms were significantly enriched. Five groups of genes related with biological processes from these significantly enriched GO terms comprised ionic transport, regulation of tissue development, muscle contraction, visual perception, and cell adhesion, which were clustered as a weighted similar network. Whereas, in down-regulated DEGs GO analysis, 61 GO terms were significantly enriched and only one group of ATP biosynthesis and metabolic process were clustered. Furthermore, we identified 55 signaling pathways by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database based on up-regulated genes and 14 KEGG pathways based on down-regulated genes. In this study, we provide a landscape of the expression of putative LSCs biomarkers and stemness-related signaling pathways in a mouse model. Our findings could aid in the identification of LSC niche factors that may be related to the stemness of the LSCs.

Lipidomic analysis of human corneal epithelial cells exposed to ocular irritants highlights the role of phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolisms in detergent toxicity mechanisms.

Detergent chemicals, widely used in household products, in pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic and industrial fields, have been linked to side effects and involved in several eye diseases. On the ocular surface, detergents can interfere with the corneal epithelium, the most superficial layer of the cornea, representing a line of defence against external aggression. Despite its major role in numerous biological functions, there is still little data regarding disruption of lipid homeostasis induced by ocular irritants. To this purpose, a lipidomic analysis using UPLC-HRMS/MS-ESI ± was performed on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells incubated with three widely known ocular irritants: benzalkonium chloride (BAK), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and Triton X-100 (TXT). We found that these ocular irritants lead to a profound modification of the HCE cell lipidome. Indeed, the cell content of ceramide species increased widely while plasmalogens containing polyunsaturated fatty acid species, especially docosahexaenoic acids, decreased. Furthermore, these irritants upregulated the activity of phospholipase A2. The present study demonstrates that BAK, SLS and TXT induced disruption of the cell lipid homeostasis, highlighting that lipids mediate inflammatory and cell death processes induced by detergents in the cornea. Lipidomics may thus be regarded as a valuable tool to investigate new markers of corneal damage.

Tears and Eyewear in Forensic Investigation-A Review.

Body fluid analysis has played a crucial role in ascertaining various characteristics and has greatly aided in reconstructing events during crime scene investigation. It is often presumed that crimes that involve violence and mental disturbances such as murder or sexual assault provide good sources of body fluids such as blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, urine and tears. Tears are secreted in response to any emotional or stressful situations and may be found deposited on surfaces such as bedding, tissue paper or cloth. In the absence of the commonly noted body fluids such as blood or saliva, tears can play an important role that can lead to personal identification by examining the biochemistry and molecular aspects to obtain a full DNA profile. Additionally, identification of an individual may be done by carefully observing certain unique eye characteristics such as heterochromia which is highly individualistic. Characteristics of eyewear such as spectacles and contact lenses have unique properties and prescription criteria for correcting an individual's eyesight that can provide vital clues in understanding the visual ability of an individual. In crime scene investigation, the presence or absence of eyewear provides immense evidentiary value that has greatly aided in solving cases such as Janet Abaroa's Murder. This paper provides a systematic review of the possibility of using tears and eyewear for the purpose of forensic investigation and to statistically support the inferences with prescription databases which may be initiated across different populations. Forensic Optometry is yet to get streamlined along with the routinely followed investigative techniques and scientifically explored although no standard protocols exist to analyse eyewear. The use of behavioural optometry is gaining attention in the context of driving laws of different countries and is a simple but powerful indicator of abnormal behaviour. It is speculated that the last seen image referred to as an 'Optogram' of an individual may be captured in the retina since our eyes functions like a camera. Although this claim is considerably unexplored, it is quite possible that the last seen image of a criminal, objects or a place may be noted that can positively help in linking individuals at the scene of crime or identify the primary crime location. In this review, the potential for new insights into the analysis of tears, eye and eyewear characteristics have been explored.

Successful development and clinical translation of a novel anterior lamellar artificial cornea.

Blindness due to corneal diseases is a common pathology affecting up to 23 million individuals worldwide. The tissue-engineered anterior human cornea, which is currently being tested in a Phase I/II clinical trial to treat severe corneal trophic ulcers with preliminary good feasibility and safety results. This bioartificial cornea is based on a nanostructured fibrin-agarose biomaterial containing human allogeneic stromal keratocytes and cornea epithelial cells, mimicking the human native anterior cornea in terms of optical, mechanical, and biological behavior. This product is manufactured as a clinical-grade tissue engineering product, fulfilling European requirements and regulations. The clinical translation process included several phases: an initial in vitro and in vivo preclinical research plan, including preclinical advice from the Spanish Medicines Agency followed by additional preclinical development, the adaptation of the biofabrication protocols to a good manufacturing practice manufacturing process, including all quality controls required, and the design of an advanced therapy clinical trial. The experimental development and successful translation of advanced therapy medicinal products for clinical application has to overcome many obstacles, especially when undertaken by academia or SMEs. We expect that our experience and research strategy may help future researchers to efficiently transfer their preclinical results into the clinical settings.

Application of benzonase in preparation of decellularized lamellar porcine corneal stroma for lamellar keratoplasty.

This study was to develop anovel and efficient method using endonuclease (benzonase) to preparedecellularized lamellar porcine corneal stroma (DLPCS). The DLPCS was preparedfrom native lamellar porcine corneal stroma (NLPCS) and was treated with 1000 U/ml benzonase for 5hours. We conducted the following measurements and animal transplantation tocompare DLPCS and NLPCS. The residual DNA was decreased significantly from 367.13 ± 19.96 ng/mg to 15.41 ± 0.65 ng/mg after treatment of benzonase by the detection of fluorescentnucleic acid stain. The residual benzonase was also less than detection limit.There was no significant difference in light transmittance of DLPCS comparedwith NLPCS. The extracts of DLPCS did not inhibit cell proliferation of human cornealepithelial cells, mouse fibroblast (L-929) and African green monkey kidney cell(Vero cell). The DLPCS was transplanted into the corneas of rabbit by lamellarkeratoplasty. There was no corneal melting and graft rejection been observedwithin 12 months. The images demonstrated that the repairment of corneal nervesand keratocytes of DLPCS were in indentical shape and reflection compared withnormal cornea, and no obvious inflammatory cells were observed postoperation, byin vivo confocal microscopy. We provided novel evidence that the application ofbenzonase may improve the quality of DLPCS.

Epithelium-off corneal cross-linking in progressive keratoconus: 6- year outcomes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term results of corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) with epithelium removal in patients with progressive keratoconus. METHODS: This retrospective study included 27 eyes of 18 patients who underwent CXL surgery for progressive keratoconus between April 2009 and March 2012. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), manifest refraction spherical equivalent (SE), maximum keratometry reading (K max), mean of the minimum and maximum keratometry readings (mean-K), central corneal thickness (CCT), and anterior and posterior elevation at the apex preoperatively and year 1, 3 and 6 were evaluated and compared. P values<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: Mean BCVA was 0.35±0.28 logMAR preoperatively and 0.23±0.20 logMAR 6 years after the procedure (P=0.01). Mean SE decreased from -4.3±2.45 diopters (D) to -3.91±2.12 D (P=0.03). Mean K max decreased from 49.6±3.2 D to 48.6±2.8 D (P=0.04), and mean-K decreased from 47.6±2.5D to 46.9±2.6 D (P=0.04). CCT decreased insignificantly from 466.5±32.1µm to 465.4±26.6µm (P=0.65). Mean anterior elevation at the apex decreased from 12.8±7.9 to 12±8.3µm (P=0.04), and posterior elevation decreased from 27.1±17.4µm to 26.8±18.5µm (P=0.27). Mean-K, max-K, BCVA and CCT showed no change over the last 5 years. After the first year, no significant change was observed in BCVA, SE, max-K, mean-K and CCT, which were therefore considered stable. On the other hand, anterior and posterior elevation readings continued to decrease up to 6 years after CXL. CONCLUSION: Based on our 6-year results, CXL can halt progression of keratoconus and reduce the need for keratoplasty.

Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Viral Decoy Receptors for Human Adenovirus Type 37.

Glycans on plasma membranes and in secretions play important roles in infection by many viruses. Species D human adenovirus type 37 (HAdV-D37) is a major cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) and infects target cells by interacting with sialic acid (SA)-containing glycans via the fiber knob domain of the viral fiber protein. HAdV-D37 also interacts with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), but the outcome of this interaction remains unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular requirements of HAdV-D37 fiber knob:GAG interactions using a GAG microarray and demonstrated that fiber knob interacts with a broad range of sulfated GAGs. These interactions were corroborated in cell-based assays and by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Removal of heparan sulfate (HS) and sulfate groups from human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells by heparinase III and sodium chlorate treatments, respectively, reduced HAdV-D37 binding to cells. Remarkably, removal of HS by heparinase III enhanced the virus infection. Our results suggest that interaction of HAdV-D37 with sulfated GAGs in secretions and on plasma membranes prevents/delays the virus binding to SA-containing receptors and inhibits subsequent infection. We also found abundant HS in the basement membrane of the human corneal epithelium, which may act as a barrier to sub-epithelial infection. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of GAGs as viral decoy receptors and highlight the therapeutic potential of GAGs and/or GAG-mimetics in HAdV-D37 infection.

Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the equine corneal epithelium.

OBJECTIVE: The morphology of the corneal epithelium in two age groups of horses is described. Distribution patterns of proliferation-, differentiation-, stem cell-associated markers and cell junction proteins were assessed. METHODS: Corneal samples from 12 horses (six foals and six adult horses) were analyzed after H&E staining and immunohistochemistry using the following antibodies: E-cadherin, ß-catenin, Connexin 43 (Cx43), tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), cytokeratin (CK) 14, CK 19, CK 3, CK 10, vimentin, Ki67, p63, nerve growth factor (NGF), ABCG2, and epithelial growth factor receptor. Semiquantitative analysis of crypt, limbal, peripheral, and central zone was performed. Semithin and ultrathin sections were used for ultrastructural evaluation of the epithelium. RESULTS: The height of the epithelium varied between age groups and crypts were consistently present. In the peripheral and central epithelium, three types of basal cells resembling a pseudostratified epithelium were characterized. Potential stem cell markers (CK 14, p63, NGF, and ABCG2) were present in all zones with decreasing frequency toward the center. Cornea-specific differentiation marker CK 3 was not expressed in the most basal cell layer of the limbal epithelium. E-cadherin, ß-catenin, and Cx43 revealed a similar apico-lateral signal pattern throughout the entire epithelium; only TJP1 was additionally seen at the basal surface. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a systematic semiquantitative evaluation of the equine corneal epithelium, showing the presence of crypts as potential stem cell niche with CK 14, p63, NGF, and ABCG2 as relevant markers for cells with regenerative capacity. The pseudostratified arrangement of the basal layer was a unique finding.

Glycosylation pathways of human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cell mucins.

Mucin glycoproteins on the ocular surface are rich in O-glycans and have important roles in the protection from physical, chemical and microbial impact. In this work, we have cultured human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells to examine the glycosyltransferase activities that synthesize the O-glycans of mucins. The results indicate that ocular surface epithelial cells have active enzymes that synthesize O-glycans with sialylated core 1, Galß1-3GalNAcα, and core 2, GlcNAcß1-6(Galß1-3)GalNAcα structures which corresponds to previous structural studies. Eye cells also have enzymes that synthesize complex N-glycans that are found on mucins. Results from treatment of eye cells with TNFα suggest that epithelial O-glycosylation changes in a dynamic fashion during inflammatory stimuli of the eye surface.

Differential Distribution of Laminin N-Terminus α31 Across the Ocular Surface: Implications for Corneal Wound Repair.

Purpose: Laminin N-terminus (LaNt) α31 is a relatively unstudied protein derived from the laminin α3 gene but structurally similar to netrins. LaNt α31 has, to date, been investigated only in two-dimensional (2D) keratinocyte culture where it influences cell migration and adhesion, processes integral to wound repair. Here we investigated LaNt α31 distribution in ocular surface epithelium, during limbal stem cell activation, and corneal wound healing. Methods: Human, mouse, and pig eyes, ex vivo limbal explant cultures, and alkali burn wounds were processed for immunohistochemistry with antibodies against LaNt α31 along with progenitor cell-associated proteins. LaNt α31 expression was induced via adenoviral transduction into primary epithelial cells isolated from limbal explants, and cell spreading and migration were analyzed using live imaging. Results: LaNt α31 localized to the basal layer of the conjunctival, limbal, and corneal epithelial cells. However, staining was nonuniform with apparent subpopulation enrichment, and some suprabasal reactivity was also noted. This LaNt α31 distribution largely matched that of keratin 15, epidermal growth factor receptor, and transformation-related protein 63α (p63α), and displayed similar increases in expression in activated limbal explants. During active alkali burn wound repair, LaNt α31 displayed increased expression in limbal regions and loss of basal restriction within the cornea. Distribution returned to predominately basal cell restricted once the wounded epithelium matured. Cultured corneal epithelial cells expressing LaNt α31 displayed increased 2D area and reduced migration, suggesting a functional link between this protein and key wound repair activities. Conclusions: These data place LaNt α31 in position to influence laminin-dependent processes including wound repair and stem cell activation.

An Insight into the Difficulties in the Discovery of Specific Biomarkers of Limbal Stem Cells.

Keeping the integrity and transparency of the cornea is the most important issue to ensure normal vision. There are more than 10 million patients going blind due to the cornea diseases worldwide. One of the effective ways to cure corneal diseases is corneal transplantation. Currently, donations are the main source of corneas for transplantation, but immune rejection and a shortage of donor corneas are still serious problems. Graft rejection could cause transplanted cornea opacity to fail. Therefore, bioengineer-based corneas become a new source for corneal transplantation. Limbal stem cells (LSCs) are located at the basal layer in the epithelial palisades of Vogt, which serve a homeostatic function for the cornea epithelium and repair the damaged cornea. LSC-based transplantation is one of the hot topics currently. Clinical data showed that the ratio of LSCs to total candidate cells for a transplantation has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the transplantation. It indicates that it is very important to accurately identify the LSCs. To date, several putative biomarkers of LSCs have been widely reported, whereas their specificity is controversial. As reported, the identification of LSCs is based on the characteristics of stem cells, such as a nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio (N/C) ≥ 0.7, label-retaining, and side population (SP) phenotype. Here, we review recently published data to provide an insight into the circumstances in the study of LSC biomarkers. The particularities of limbus anatomy and histochemistry, the limits of the current technology level for LSC isolation, the heterogeneity of LSCs and the influence of enzyme digestion are discussed. Practical approaches are proposed in order to overcome the difficulties in basic and applied research for LSC-specific biomarkers.

Dehydration of corneal anterior donor tissue with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-enriched media.

Anterior donor grafts (including scleral rim, without Descemet membrane) increase in thickness and become hazy upon storage in organ culture (OC) medium. Transfer of these grafts to standard dehydration media just before transplantation does not reduce their thickness to normal. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy of different media enriched with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as dehydrating agents for organ-cultured anterior donor grafts. Grafts were harvested and stored in the commercial OC medium 'Max' (without dextran) for 1 week, and subsequently dehydrated in the standard commercial dehydration medium 'Jet' (with dextran) supplemented with 4-20% PEG3350, or 'Max' supplemented with 20% PEG6000 and PEG20.000, or 5-20% PEG35.000. Central corneal thickness (CCT), as assessed by anterior segment-optical coherence tomography, and transparency were evaluated before, and at 1, 4 and 7 days of dehydration. Transfer of grafts after 1 week of OC (average 1,200 µm) to 'Jet' supplemented with PEG3350 revealed a concentration-dependent effect of dehydration; CCT was restored to normal (500-600 µm) when 10% PEG3350 was added. However, transparency was only temporarily restored; after 1 day, the grafts turned hazy. In contrast, grafts transferred to 'Max' supplemented with 20% PEG35.000 were transparent throughout the evaluation period, but were dehydrated to beyond normal levels (average 300 µm). 'Max' supplemented with 5% PEG35.000 dehydrated grafts to normal values and restored transparency throughout. Thus, dehydration of anterior donor grafts prior to surgery in dextran-free OC medium supplemented with 5% PEG35.000 reduces graft thickness to normal and may facilitate anterior keratoplasty procedures.

Evaluation of ABCG2 and p63 expression in canine cornea and cultivated corneal epithelial cells.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the expressions of ABCG2 and p63 in canine corneal epithelia and to evaluate their significance in corneal regeneration. PROCEDURES: Canine corneal and limbal epithelial cells were obtained from five healthy beagle dogs. We analyzed the morphological properties of cultivated limbal and corneal epithelial cells. We compared the expressions of ABCG2 and p63 in the limbus and central cornea by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR. We analyzed the expression of these markers in cultivated cells by immunocytochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: The limbal epithelial cells were smaller and proliferated more rapidly than the corneal epithelial cells in primary cultures. The corneal cells failed to be subcultured, whereas the limbal cells could be subcultured with increasing cell size. ABCG2 was localized in the basal layer of the limbal epithelium, and p63 was widely detected in the entire corneal epithelia. ABCG2 expression was significantly higher, and p63 was slightly higher in the limbus compared with the central cornea. ABCG2 was detected only in limbal cells in primary culture, not in corneal cells or passaged limbal cells. p63 was detected in both limbal and corneal cells and decreased gradually in the limbal cells with the cell passages. CONCLUSIONS: ABCG2 was localized in canine limbal epithelial cells, and p63 was widely expressed in canine corneal epithelia. ABCG2 and p63 could prove to be useful markers in dogs for putative corneal epithelial stem cells and for corneal epithelial cell proliferation, respectively.

Comparative studies of N-glycans and glycosaminoglycans present in SIRC (Statens Seruminstitut rabbit cornea) cells and corneal epithelial cells from rabbit eyes.

PURPOSE: We compared cultured Statens Seruminstitut rabbit cornea (SIRC) cells and corneal epithelial cells from rabbit eyes by analyzing their N-glycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). This work is a fundamental study on the efficacy of using cultured cells instead of animals for drug development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: N-Glycans and GAGs from SIRC cell monolayers and corneal epithelial cells of rabbit eyes were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. RESULTS: High mannose-type glycans and a hybrid-type glycan were the common N-glycans in SIRC cells and corneal epithelial cells of rabbit eyes. Mono-fucosylated biantennary glycans with or without one N-acetylneuraminic acid residue were observed only in SIRC cells. Hyaluronic acid was the only measurable GAG in the corneal epithelial cells of rabbit eyes. In contrast, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates were abundantly present in SIRC cells. CONCLUSIONS: Profiles of both N-glycans and GAGs were conspicuously different between SIRC cells and corneal epithelial cells of rabbit eyes. This report will be useful for the evaluation of pharmaceutical candidates when animals or cultured cells are employed in drug development studies.

Fluorescein staining and physiological state of corneal epithelial cells.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the physiological status of corneal epithelial cells exhibiting fluorescein staining. METHODS: Fluorescein staining properties of corneal epithelial cells under normal and stressed conditions were studied using cell-culture (human corneal limbal epithelial cells - HCLE) and organ-culture (rabbit) models. Stress stimuli comprised exposure to hypotonicity, hypertonicity, preservatives, scratch, and alkaline wounding. In addition to fluorescein, cells were stained with Hoechst-33342 (HO), Propidium-iodide (PI), and Annexin-V (AN-V) to identify live, dead and apoptotic cells. Clinical-slit-lamp and fluorescence confocal-microscopic (FCM) observations were performed. FCM images were quantified for fluorescence intensity using Image-J software. RESULTS: Healthy HCLE cells uniformly took up fluorescein to a moderate degree with a mean grey value of 62 ± 24 (mean ± SD) on a scale of 0-256 (no unit). Fluorescence levels similar to those observed prior to stress were associated with healthy cells. Apoptotic cells showed the highest fluorescence (138 ± 38). Dead cells showed minimal fluorescence (23 ± 7) that was similar to the background (20 ± 11, p>0.05). Observations in whole rabbit eyes were in general agreement with these cell culture findings. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical observation of corneal staining with fluorescein suggests the presence of epithelial cells that are undergoing apoptosis but does not indicate dead cells. Under in vitro or ex vivo conditions, healthy cells took up fluorescein at levels that were lower than those of apoptotic cells and thus, are not likely to be perceived as exhibiting staining during clinical observation. Sodium fluorescein may be considered as a probe for apoptotic epithelial cells.

Flexible probe for in vivo quantification of corneal epithelium permeability through non-invasive tetrapolar impedance measurements.

Studies concerning the functional status of the corneal epithelium are of special interest due to its key role in preventing ocular surface disease and corneal infections. In particular, quantitative measurements of the epithelium permeability translayer electrical resistance (TER) have been proven as a sensitive in vitro test for evaluation of the corneal barrier function. In a recent work from the authors (Guimera et al. Biosens. Bioelectron. 31:55-61, 2012), a novel method to non-invasively assess the corneal epithelial permeability by using tetrapolar impedance measurements, based on the same TER theoretical principles, was presented and validated using a rigid sensing device. In this work, the usability of this method has been dramatically improved by using SU-8 photoresist as a substrate material. The flexibility of this novel sensing device makes no need to apply pressure on the cornea to ensure the electrical contact between the electrodes and the corneal surface. The feasibility of this flexible sensor has been evaluated in vivo by increasing the permeability of rabbit corneal epithelium. For that, different concentrations of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) solution were instilled on different rabbit corneas. The obtained results have been compared with measurements of the permeability to sodium fluorescein of different excised corneas, a well-known method used to evaluate the corneal barrier function, to demonstrate the feasibility of this novel flexible sensor for quantifying the corneal epithelium permeability in vivo in a non-invasive way.

Deeper in the human cornea proteome using nanoLC-Orbitrap MS/MS: An improvement for future studies on cornea homeostasis and pathophysiology.

The cornea is a transparent, avascular, and highly specialized connective tissue that provides the majority of light refraction in the optical system of the eye. The human cornea is composed of several layers interacting in a complex manner and possessing specific functions, like eye protection and optical clearness. Only few proteomic studies of mammalian cornea have been performed leading to the identification of less than 200 proteins in human corneas. The present study explores the proteome of the intact normal human cornea using a shot-gun nanoLC-MS/MS strategy and an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A total of 2070 distinct corneal proteins were identified from five human cornea samples, which represents a 14-fold improvement in the number of proteins identified so far for human cornea. This enlarged dataset of human corneal proteins represents a valuable reference library for further studies on cornea homeostasis and pathophysiology. Network and gene ontology analyses were used to determine biological pathways specific of the human cornea. They allowed the identification of subnetworks of putative importance for corneal diseases, like a redox regulation and oxidative stress network constituted of aldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenases, most of them being described for the first time in human cornea.