Sex Determination by the Machine Learning Algorithms Through Using Morphometric Measurements of the Carpal, Metacarpal, and Phalangeal Bones / Determinación del Sexo Mediante Algoritmos de Aprendizaje Automático Mediante el Uso de Mediciones Morfométricas de los Huesos del Carpo, el Metacarpo y las Falanges

SUMMARY: In the study, it was aimed to predict sex from hand measurements using machine learning algorithms (MLA). Measurements were made on MR images of 60 men and 60 women. Determined parameters; hand length (HL), palm length (PL), hand width (HW), wrist width (EBG), metacarpal I length (MIL), metacarpal I width (MIW), metacarpal II length (MIIL), metacarpal II width (MIIW), metacarpal III length (MIIL), metacarpal III width (MIIIW), metacarpal IV length (MIVL), metacarpal IV width (MIVW), metacarpal V length (MVL), metacarpal V width (MVW), phalanx I length (PILL), measured as phalanx II length (PIIL), phalanx III length (PIIL), phalanx IV length (PIVL), phalanx V length (PVL). In addition, the hand index (HI) was calculated. Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-nearest neighbour (KNN) and Naive Bayes (NB) were used as MLAs. In the study, the KNN algorithm's Accuracy, SEN, F1 and Specificity ratios were determined as 88 %. In this study using MLA, it is understood that the highest accuracy belongs to the KNN algorithm. Except for the hand's MIIW, MIIIW, MIVW, MVW, HI variables, other variables were statistically significant in terms of sex difference.

En el estudio, el objetivo era predecir el sexo a partir de mediciones manuales utilizando algoritmos de aprendizaje automático (MLA). Las mediciones se realizaron en imágenes de RM de 60 hombres y 60 mujeres. Parámetros determinados; longitud de la mano (HL), longitud de la palma (PL), ancho de la mano (HW), ancho de la muñeca (EBG), longitud del metacarpiano I (MIL), ancho del metacarpiano I (MIW), longitud del metacarpiano II (MIIL), ancho del metacarpiano II (MIIW), longitud del metacarpiano III (MIIL), ancho del metacarpiano III (MIIIW), longitud del metacarpiano IV (MIVL), ancho del metacarpiano IV (MIVW), longitud del metacarpiano V (MVL), ancho del metacarpiano V (MVW), longitud de la falange I (PILL), medido como longitud de la falange II (PIIL), longitud de la falange III (PIIL), longitud de la falange IV (PIVL), longitud de la falange V (PVL). Además, se calculó el índice de la mano (HI). Regresión logística (LR), Random Forest (RF), Análisis discriminante lineal (LDA), K-vecino más cercano (KNN) y Naive Bayes (NB) se utilizaron como MLA. En el estudio, las proporciones de precisión, SEN, F1 y especificidad del algoritmo KNN se determinaron en un 88 %. En este estudio que utiliza MLA, se entiende que la mayor precisión pertenece al algoritmo KNN. Excepto por las variables MIIW, MIIIW, MIVW, MVW, HI de la mano, otras variables fueron estadísticamente significativas en términos de diferencia de sexo.

Classification and regression tree analysis for predicting morphological hand types based on radiography data / Análisis de árbol de clasificación y regresión para predecir tipos morfológicos de la mano basados en datos radiográficos

SUMMARY: Analysis and systematization of the longitudinal dimensions of the phalanges of the index and ring fingers for the classification of morphological types of the hand using classification and regression trees (CART). X-rays of the hands of 50 men and 50 women (mean age 47.16 (10.1) years, range 23-65 years) were studied. Each hand, depending on the ratio of the length of the index and ring fingers, was classified into three types: radial (R, 2d>4d), indefinite (N, 2d=4d), ulnar (U, 2d>4d). Morphometry of radiographs included measurements of the lengths of the proximal (PP), middle (MP), and distal (DP) phalanges. The sex differences of the analyzed indicators are statistically significant. There were no significant bilateral differences between the phalanges of the II and IV fingers in length, regardless of sex (p>0.05). A set of rules for classifying the morphological types of the hand depending on the lengths of the phalanges of the index and ring fingers was created by constructing a binary decision tree. The CART method demonstrates the usefulness of this statistical procedure for developing a scientifically based prediction of the morphological type of the hand. The results of this study can be the basis of an algorithm for determining the morphological type of the hand depending on the length of the phalanges of the fingers.

RESUMEN: En este estudio se realizó un análisis y sistematización de las dimensiones longitudinales de las falanges de los dedos índice y anular para la clasificación de tipos morfológicos de la mano, mediante árboles de clasificación y regresión (CART). Se estudiaron radiografías de las manos de 50 hombres y 50 mujeres (edad media 47,16 (10,1) años, rango 23-65 años). Cada mano, según la proporción de la longitud de los dedos índice y anular, se clasificó en tres tipos: radial (R, 2d> 4d), indefinida (N, 2d = 4d), ulnar (U, 2d> 4d). La morfometría de las radiografías incluyó mediciones de las longitudes de las falanges proximal (FP), media (FM) y distal (FD). Las diferencias de sexo de los indicadores analizados fueron estadísticamente significativas. No hubo diferencias bilaterales significativas entre las falanges de los dedos II y IV en longitud, independientemente del sexo (p> 0,05). Se creó un conjunto de reglas para clasificar los tipos morfológicos de la mano en función de las longitudes de las falanges de los dedos índice y anular mediante la construcción de un árbol de decisión binario. El método CART demuestra la utilidad de este procedimiento estadístico para desarrollar una predicción con base científica del tipo morfológico de la mano. Los resultados de este estudio pueden ser la base de un algoritmo para determinar el tipo morfológico de la mano en función de la longitud de las falanges de los dedos.

New evidence for an early settlement of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: The Chan Hol 3 woman and her meaning for the Peopling of the Americas.

Human presence on the Yucatán Peninsula reaches back to the Late Pleistocene. Osteological evidence comes from submerged caves and sinkholes (cenotes) near Tulum in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Here we report on a new skeleton discovered by us in the Chan Hol underwater cave, dating to a minimum age of 9.9±0.1 ky BP based on 230Th/U-dating of flowstone overlying and encrusting human phalanges. This is the third Paleoindian human skeleton with mesocephalic cranial characteristics documented by us in the cave, of which a male individual named Chan Hol 2 described recently is one of the oldest human skeletons found on the American continent. The new discovery emphasizes the importance of the Chan Hol cave and other systems in the Tulum area for understanding the early peopling of the Americas. The new individual, here named Chan Hol 3, is a woman of about 30 years of age with three cranial traumas. There is also evidence for a possible trepanomal bacterial disease that caused severe alteration of the posterior parietal and occipital bones of the cranium. This is the first time that the presence of such disease is reported in a Paleoindian skeleton in the Americas. All ten early skeletons found so far in the submerged caves from the Yucatán Peninsula have mesocephalic cranial morphology, different to the dolicocephalic morphology for Paleoindians from Central Mexico with equivalent dates. This supports the presence of two morphologically different Paleoindian populations for Mexico, coexisting in different geographical areas during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene.

Sensitivity analysis of geometric errors in additive manufacturing medical models.

Additive manufacturing (AM) models are used in medical applications for surgical planning, prosthesis design and teaching. For these applications, the accuracy of the AM models is essential. Unfortunately, this accuracy is compromised due to errors introduced by each of the building steps: image acquisition, segmentation, triangulation, printing and infiltration. However, the contribution of each step to the final error remains unclear. We performed a sensitivity analysis comparing errors obtained from a reference with those obtained modifying parameters of each building step. Our analysis considered global indexes to evaluate the overall error, and local indexes to show how this error is distributed along the surface of the AM models. Our results show that the standard building process tends to overestimate the AM models, i.e. models are larger than the original structures. They also show that the triangulation resolution and the segmentation threshold are critical factors, and that the errors are concentrated at regions with high curvatures. Errors could be reduced choosing better triangulation and printing resolutions, but there is an important need for modifying some of the standard building processes, particularly the segmentation algorithms.

Aspectos biométricos de la mano de individuos chilenos / Biometric aspects of the hand in Chilean individuals

La mano es fundamental para ejecutar diversas acciones tanto en el campo laboral como en la entretención y el deporte, pudiendo realizar funciones muy básicas hasta otras muy especializadas. La función de la mano se puede analizar mejor cuando es dividida en partes, aunque es algo meramente didáctico y artificial, permitiendo una mejor comprensión en la actividad de la mano como una unidad. Debido a la importancia de esta parte del cuerpo y a la escasa información de parámetros biométricos que existe en nuestra población, se ha tornado necesario un estudio acabado sobre las dimensiones de la mano como un todo, así como también de sus componentes, los dedos. De acuerdo a ello, se analizaron 1.196 manos pertenecientes a habitantes de ambos sexos (267 hombres y 331 mujeres) de edad entre 18 y 65 años, nacidos y residentes en la VII región de Chile -Maule. Cada paciente fue sometido a un examen antropométrico general y uno específico de la mano. Las variables consideradas fueron las siguientes: longitud de la mano, ancho de la mano, longitud de los dedos, longitud del sector de las falanges. Las variables se estudiaron de acuerdo a sexo, edad y lados. Parte de los resultados fueron los siguientes: en el sexo masculino, la longitud promedio de la mano derecha fue de 184,9 mm y de la izquierda de 185,6; en el sexo femenino fue de 167,6 mm en el lado derecho y de 168,9 en el izquierdo. Con respecto a la longitud de los dedos en el sexo masculino, considerando la sumatoria de los promedios obtenidos para cada sector de la falanges correspondientes, los promedios fueron: pulgar, 72,5 mm en la mano derecha y 72,4 mm en la izquierda; indicador, 104,2 y 104,5 mm; medio, 115 y 114,6 mm; anular, 109,1 y 108,9 mm y el mínimo, 88,5 y 88,4 mm, respectivamente. En el sexo femenino, la longitudes promedios fueron: pulgar de la mano derecha, 63,5 mm y 62,6 mm en la izquierda; indicador, 91 y 90,7 mm; medio, 100,4 y 99,2 mm; anular, 94,4 y 94,2 mm y el mínimo, 75,8 y 75,9 mm,...

The hand is essential to perform various actions both in the workplace and in entertainment and sports, may perform other functions from very basic to highly specialized. The hand function can be analyzed best when it is divided into parts, although it is somewhat artificial and merely didactic, allowing a better understanding of the labor activity as a unit. Because of the importance of this part of the body and biometric parameters limited information that exists in our population, it has become necessary to a thorough study on the dimensions of the hand as a whole, as well as its components, the fingers. Accordingly, we analyzed 1,196 hands belonging to people of both sexes (267 men and 331 women) aged between 18 and 65, born and living in VII Maule Region of Chile. Each patient underwent an anthropometric examination of general and specific one hand. The variables considered were: hand length, hand width, finger length, length of the phalanges sector. The variables were studied according to sex, age and sides. Part of the results were as follows: in males, the average length of the right hand was 184.9 mm and the left of 185.6; in females was 167.6 mm on the right side and of 168.9 on the left. With respect to the length of the fingers in males, whereas the sum of the averages for each sector of the corresponding phalanges, the averages were: thumb, 72.5 mm in the right hand and 72.4 mm in the left; index finger, 104.2 and 104.5 mm; middle finger, 115 and 114.6 mm; ring finger, 109.1 and 108.9 mm; little finger, 88.5 and 88.4 mm respectively. Among females, the average lengths were: right thumb, 63.5 mm and 62.6 mm in the left; index, 91 and 90.7 mm; middle finger, 100.4 and 99.2 mm; ring finger, 94.4 and 94.2 mm and the little finger, 75.8 and 75.9 mm, respectively. Data reported in this study are important because they allow a real knowledge of biometric variables in Chilean hands.

Comparison of bone quantity by ultrasound measurements of phalanges between white and black children living in Paraná, Brazil, with Europeans

The objective of this study was to determine bone quantity by ultrasound measurements of the proximal finger phalanges (AD-SoS = amplitude-dependent speed of sound) of healthy Brazilian schoolchildren living in Paraná, Brazil and to compare these values with European populations. The sample was composed of 1356 Brazilian schoolchildren of both genders (660 males, 696 females), aged 6 to 11 years, divided into white (840) and black (516) groups and compared to age- and gender-matched Europeans. AD-SoS of the schoolchildren increased significantly with age for both genders. Significantly higher AD-SoS values were observed for the white children (1916 ± 58) compared to their black counterparts (1898 ± 72) and for the female gender (1920 ± 61) compared to the male gender (1898 ± 66). Overall, the AD-SoS outcomes for females were similar to those of European studies. However, the AD-SoS of the Brazilian schoolchildren of both genders and skin colors was lower than that reported for children in Poland. AD-SoS outcomes for Brazilian schoolboys were similar to those obtained in Italian studies and were lower than those of the Spanish children. In conclusion, Brazilian schoolchildren of both genders and skin colors showed lower bone quantities than Polish children and Spanish males, and levels similar to Italian children and Spanish females.

Proportions of hand segments / Proporciones de los segmentos de la mano

The analysis of proportions of hand segments has been carried out on the basis of X-ray films of 66 adult patients without developmental abnormalities. There were hand joint topographies determined proceeding from the data obtained. There were suggested methods of practical utilization of the obtained data in the field of medicine.

Se analizaron en radiografías de 66 pacientes sin anomalías del desarrollo las proporciones de los diferentes segmentos de la mano. De acuerdo a los datos obtenidos se determinó una topografía de las articulaciones. Se proponen modos de empleo en la medicina de los datos obtenidos en este estudio.

Comparison of bone quantity by ultrasound measurements of phalanges between white and black children living in Paraná, Brazil, with Europeans.

The objective of this study was to determine bone quantity by ultrasound measurements of the proximal finger phalanges (AD-SoS = amplitude-dependent speed of sound) of healthy Brazilian schoolchildren living in Paraná, Brazil and to compare these values with European populations. The sample was composed of 1356 Brazilian schoolchildren of both genders (660 males, 696 females), aged 6 to 11 years, divided into white (840) and black (516) groups and compared to age- and gender-matched Europeans. AD-SoS of the schoolchildren increased significantly with age for both genders. Significantly higher AD-SoS values were observed for the white children (1916 ± 58) compared to their black counterparts (1898 ± 72) and for the female gender (1920 ± 61) compared to the male gender (1898 ± 66). Overall, the AD-SoS outcomes for females were similar to those of European studies. However, the AD-SoS of the Brazilian schoolchildren of both genders and skin colors was lower than that reported for children in Poland. AD-SoS outcomes for Brazilian schoolboys were similar to those obtained in Italian studies and were lower than those of the Spanish children. In conclusion, Brazilian schoolchildren of both genders and skin colors showed lower bone quantities than Polish children and Spanish males, and levels similar to Italian children and Spanish females.

Bone quantity and quality in Brazilian female schoolchildren and adolescents.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate quantitative ultrasound parameters of the finger phalanges bones (AD-SoS, amplitude-dependent speed of sound, and BTT, bone transmission time) of schoolchildren, using a DBM Sonic device (IGEA, Carpi, Italy), to obtain normative values for the Brazilian population. The sample consisted of 1,775 healthy schoolchildren, all females, aged 8-17 years. We observed a progressive increase for the variables of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), AD-SoS, and BTT with advancing age. Results for AD-SoS showed increasing and significant variation from 8 to 17 years old (1,938-2,103 m/s, an increase of 8.52%, P < 0.0001), and also for BTT (0.84-1.45 micros, an increase of 72.6%, P < 0.0001). A gradual increase in the values of AD-SoS and BTT was observed with advances in pubertal stages. There was an interaction between the variables of age, height, and pubertal stages, predicting AD-SoS (R (2) = 0.49) and BTT (R (2) = 0.53). The study showed that AD-SoS and BTT, evaluated by means of bone ultrasonometry of the phalanges in females, increase gradually with age, being more evident during puberty, probably as a reflex of the structural organization of bone growth and development, or changes in the content of the bone tissue.

Bone mass in schoolchildren in Brazil: the effect of racial miscegenation, pubertal stage, and socioeconomic differences.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate bone mass by phalanges ultrasound in healthy white and black schoolchildren in relationship to socioeconomic level, pubertal stage, and body composition. Included were 1,356 healthy schoolchildren aged from 6 to 11 years from different socioeconomic levels and both genders; all were placed into white and black groups. Weight, height, body mass index, fat percentage, fat mass, and lean mass were evaluated by anthropometric methods, and AD-SoS bone quantity and UBPI bone quality were evaluated using a third-generation IGEA phalanges DBM Sonic BP ultrasound. Data were compared using the Mann-Whitney, chi-squared, correlation coefficient, and analyses of multiple linear regression statistical tests with 5% significance. Black schoolchildren predominated in the low socioeconomic levels. Higher values of weight and height for black boys and girls were observed in the lean mass in relation to white children of the same gender and age. An increasing variation in the bone quantity mean was observed from 6 to 11 years of age and with pubertal stage for both genders and skin color. The white schoolchildren presented higher values of bone quantity and quality in relation to the black children. The anthropometric, gender, and socioeconomic level variables explained only 16 and 11% of the variability of bone quantity and quality, respectively. As such, the present study, carried out with healthy black and white Brazilian schoolchildren, demonstrated higher bone mass, as evaluated by ultrasound, in white than in black schoolchildren.

Shock eléctrico asociado a fractura de falange media del dedo medio de mano izquierda / Electric Shock associated to fracture of half phalange of the half finger of hand left

Lesiones por shock eléctrico son descritas en la literatura determinando lesiones locales y sistémicas. Lesiones esqueléticas como luxaciones y fracturas son infrecuentes en nuestras emergencias; aparentemente asociadas a contracciones tetánicas de la musculatura circundante. Describimos un paciente femenino, 43 años, ingresado a la emergencia posterior a sufrir choque eléctrico con electrodoméstico (nevera), refiere sitio de entrada en cara volar de los últimos cuatro dedos de mano izquierda, con exposición aproximada de 30 segundos, se interrumpe desconectando electrodoméstico, niega perdida de conciencia y traumatismo directo e indirecto en miembros. Niega antecedentes importantes. Signos vitales normales, sin signos de traumatismo corporal, posterior al ingreso refiere molestia para la flexo-extensión de mano izquierda, presentando dolor a la palpación profunda sobre la Falange Media del dedo medio. La Radiografía Postero-Anterior evidencia fractura espiroidea no desplazado desde apífisis distal hasta diáfisis de Falange medial del dedo medio de la mano izquierda. Es inmovilizada con férula digital, observada durante 24 horas y egresada previo descarte de lesiones sistémicas importantes. Estas fracturas son de fácil diagnóstico cuando comprometen articulaciones y huesos grandes pero nunca olvidar las fracturas de huesos y articulaciones pequeñas ante una clínica leve.