Structural basis of Frizzled 4 in recognition of Dishevelled 2 unveils mechanism of WNT signaling activation.

WNT signaling is fundamental in development and homeostasis, but how the Frizzled receptors (FZDs) propagate signaling remains enigmatic. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of FZD4 engaged with the DEP domain of Dishevelled 2 (DVL2), a key WNT transducer. We uncover a distinct binding mode where the DEP finger-loop inserts into the FZD4 cavity to form a hydrophobic interface. FZD4 intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) additionally anchors the complex through polar contacts. Mutagenesis validates the structural observations. The DEP interface is highly conserved in FZDs, indicating a universal mechanism by which FZDs engage with DVLs. We further reveal that DEP mimics G-protein/ß-arrestin/GRK to recognize an active conformation of receptor, expanding current GPCR engagement models. Finally, we identify a distinct FZD4 dimerization interface. Our findings delineate the molecular determinants governing FZD/DVL assembly and propagation of WNT signaling, providing long-sought answers underlying WNT signal transduction.

Structural insights into Frizzled3 through nanobody modulators.

The Wnt receptor Frizzled3 (FZD3) is important for brain axonal development and cancer progression. We report structures of FZD3 in complex with extracellular and intracellular binding nanobodies (Nb). The crystal structure of Nb8 in complex with the FZD3 cysteine-rich domain (CRD) reveals that the nanobody binds at the base of the lipid-binding groove and can compete with Wnt5a. Nb8 fused with the Dickkopf-1 C-terminal domain behaves as a FZD3-specific Wnt surrogate, activating ß-catenin signalling. The cryo-EM structure of FZD3 in complex with Nb9 reveals partially resolved density for the CRD, which exhibits positional flexibility, and a transmembrane conformation that resembles active GPCRs. Nb9 binds to the cytoplasmic region of FZD3 at the putative Dishevelled (DVL) or G protein-binding site, competes with DVL binding, and inhibits GαS coupling. In combination, our FZD3 structures with nanobody modulators map extracellular and intracellular interaction surfaces of functional, and potentially therapeutic, relevance.

WNT5B promotes the malignant phenotype of non-small cell lung cancer via the FZD3-DVL3-RAC1-PCP-JNK pathway.

The WNT5B ligand regulates the non-canonical wingless-related integration site (WNT)-planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the activity of WNT5B in the WNT-PCP pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. In this study, we assessed the clinicopathological significance of WNT5B expression in NSCLC specimens. WNT5B-overexpression and -knockdown NSCLC cell lines were generated in vivo and in vitro, respectively. WNT5B overexpression in NSCLC specimens correlates with advanced tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Additionally, WNT5B promotes the malignant phenotype of NSCLC cells in vivo and in vitro. Interactions were identified among WNT5B, frizzled3 (FZD3), and disheveled3 (DVL3) in NSCLC cells, leading to the activation of WNT-PCP signaling. The FZD3 receptor initiates DVL3 recruitment to the membrane for phosphorylation in a WNT5B ligand-dependent manner and activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling via the small GTPase RAC1. Furthermore, the deletion of the DEP domain of DVL3 abrogated these effects. Overall, we demonstrated a novel signal transduction pathway in which WNT5B recruits DVL3 to the membrane via its DEP domain through interaction with FZD3 to promote RAC1-PCP-JNK signaling, providing a potential target for clinical intervention in NSCLC treatment.

Wnt7b acts in concert with Wnt5a to regulate tissue elongation and planar cell polarity via noncanonical Wnt signaling.

Intercellular signaling mediated by evolutionarily conserved planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins aligns cell polarity along the tissue plane and drives polarized cell behaviors during tissue morphogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that the vertebrate PCP pathway is regulated by noncanonical, ß-catenin-independent Wnt signaling; however, the signaling components and mechanisms are incompletely understood. In the mouse hearing organ, both PCP and noncanonical Wnt (ncWnt) signaling are required in the developing auditory sensory epithelium to control cochlear duct elongation and planar polarity of resident sensory hair cells (HCs), including the shape and orientation of the stereociliary hair bundle essential for sound detection. We have recently discovered a Wnt/G-protein/PI3K pathway that coordinates HC planar polarity and intercellular PCP signaling. Here, we identify Wnt7b as a ncWnt ligand acting in concert with Wnt5a to promote tissue elongation in diverse developmental processes. In the cochlea, Wnt5a and Wnt7b are redundantly required for cochlear duct coiling and elongation, HC planar polarity, and asymmetric localization of core PCP proteins Fzd6 and Dvl2. Mechanistically, Wnt5a/Wnt7b-mediated ncWnt signaling promotes membrane recruitment of Daple, a nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Gαi, and activates PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling, which promote asymmetric Fzd6 localization. Thus, ncWnt and PCP signaling pathways have distinct mutant phenotypes and signaling components, suggesting that they act as separate, parallel pathways with nonoverlapping functions in cochlear morphogenesis. NcWnt signaling drives tissue elongation and reinforces intercellular PCP signaling by regulating the trafficking of PCP-specific Frizzled receptors.

Structural basis of frizzled 7 activation and allosteric regulation.

Frizzleds (ten paralogs: FZD1-10) belong to the class F of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which remains poorly understood despite its crucial role in multiple key biological functions including embryonic development, stem cell regulation, and homeostasis in the adult. FZD7, one of the most studied members of the family, is more specifically involved in the migration of mesendoderm cells during the development and renewal of intestinal stem cells in adults. Moreover, FZD7 has been highlighted for its involvement in tumor development predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. This study reports the structure of inactive FZD7, without any stabilizing mutations, determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) at 1.9 Å resolution. We characterize a fluctuating water pocket in the core of the receptor important for FZD7 dynamics. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the temporal distribution of those water molecules and their importance for potential conformational changes in FZD7. Moreover, we identify lipids interacting with the receptor core and a conserved cholesterol-binding site, which displays a key role in FZD7 association with a transducer protein, Disheveled (DVL), and initiation of downstream signaling and signalosome formation.

New Target(s) for RNF43 Regulation: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies.

Cancer cells depend on specific oncogenic pathways or present a genetic alteration that leads to a particular disturbance. Still, personalized and targeted biological therapy remains challenging, with current efforts generally yielding disappointing results. Carefully assessing onco-target molecular pathways can, however, potently assist with such efforts for the selection of patient populations that would best respond to a given drug treatment. RNF43, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates Wnt/frizzled (FZD) receptors by their ubiquitination, internalization, and degradation, controls a key pathway in cancer. Recently, additional target proteins of RNF43 were described, including p85 of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor that potently induces ß-catenin stabilization, independent of Wnts. RNF43 mutations with impaired E3 ligase activity were found in several types of cancers (e.g., gastrointestinal system tumors and endometrial and ovarian cancer), pointing to a high dependency on FZD receptors and possibly PAR2 and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The development of drugs toward these targets is essential for improved treatment of cancer patients.

Craniofacial studies in chicken embryos confirm the pathogenicity of human FZD2 variants associated with Robinow syndrome.

Robinow syndrome is a rare disease caused by variants of seven WNT pathway genes. Craniofacial features include widening of the nasal bridge and jaw hypoplasia. We used the chicken embryo to test whether two missense human FZD2 variants (1301G>T, p.Gly434Val; 425C>T, p.Pro142Lys) were sufficient to change frontonasal mass development. In vivo, the overexpression of retroviruses with wild-type or variant human FZD2 inhibited upper beak ossification. In primary cultures, wild-type and variant human FZD2 significantly inhibited chondrogenesis, with the 425C>T variant significantly decreasing activity of a SOX9 luciferase reporter compared to that for the wild type or 1301G>T. Both variants also increased nuclear shuttling of ß-catenin (CTNNB1) and increased the expression of TWIST1, which are inhibitory to chondrogenesis. In canonical WNT luciferase assays using frontonasal mass cells, the variants had dominant-negative effects on wild-type FZD2. In non-canonical assays, the 425C>T variant failed to activate the reporter above control levels and was unresponsive to exogenous WNT5A. This is the first single amino acid change to selectively alter ligand binding in a FZD receptor. Therefore, FZD2 missense variants are pathogenic and could lead to the altered craniofacial morphogenesis seen in Robinow syndrome.

E3 ligases RNF43 and ZNRF3 display differential specificity for endocytosis of Frizzled receptors.

The transmembrane E3 ligases RNF43 and ZNRF3 perform key tumour suppressor roles by inducing endocytosis of members of the Frizzled (FZD) family, the primary receptors for WNT. Loss-of-function mutations in RNF43 and ZNRF3 mediate FZD stabilisation and a WNT-hypersensitive growth state in various cancer types. Strikingly, RNF43 and ZNRF3 mutations are differentially distributed across cancer types, raising questions about their functional redundancy. Here, we compare the efficacy of RNF43 and ZNRF3 of targeting different FZDs for endocytosis. We find that RNF43 preferentially down-regulates FZD1/FZD5/FZD7, whereas ZNRF3 displays a preference towards FZD6. We show that the RNF43 transmembrane domain (TMD) is a key molecular determinant for inducing FZD5 endocytosis. Furthermore, a TMD swap between RNF43 and ZNRF3 re-directs their preference for FZD5 down-regulation. We conclude that RNF43 and ZNRF3 preferentially down-regulate specific FZDs, in part by a TMD-dependent mechanism. In accordance, tissue-specific expression patterns of FZD homologues correlate with the incidence of RNF43 or ZNRF3 cancer mutations in those tissues. Consequently, our data point to druggable vulnerabilities of specific FZD receptors in RNF43- or ZNRF3-mutant human cancers.

LncRNA NEAT1 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells through miR-411-3p/FZD3-mediated Wnt signaling pathway.

The lncRNA NEAT1 has been shown to promote the progression of several cancers, containing laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). However, the precise mechanism by which it promotes LSCC progression remains unclear. In this study, we verified the high expression of lncRNA NEAT1 in LSCC tissues and cells using RT-qPCR. Analysis of clinical data exhibited that high expression of lncRNA NEAT1 was associated with a history of smoking, worse T stage, lymph node metastasis, and later TNM stage in patients with LSCC. The promotion effect of lncRNA NEAT1 on LSCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth in vivo was verified by CCK-8, plate clone formation, Transwell, and nude mouse tumorigenicity assays. Bioinformatics prediction and double luciferase reporter gene assay verified the binding of miR-411-3p to lncRNA NEAT1 and FZD3 mRNA, and inhibition of miR-411-3p reversed the inhibitory effect of lncRNA NEAT1 on FZD3 expression in LSCC cells. We also verified that lncRNA NEAT1-mediated FZD3 activation in the Wnt pathway affects LSCC development. In conclusion, we demonstrate that lncRNA NEAT1 promotes the progression of LSCC, and propose that the lncRNA NEAT1/miR-411-3p/FZD3 axis may be an effective target for LSCC therapy.

Caenorhabditis elegans SEL-5/AAK1 regulates cell migration and cell outgrowth independently of its kinase activity.

During Caenorhabditis elegans development, multiple cells migrate long distances or extend processes to reach their final position and/or attain proper shape. The Wnt signalling pathway stands out as one of the major coordinators of cell migration or cell outgrowth along the anterior-posterior body axis. The outcome of Wnt signalling is fine-tuned by various mechanisms including endocytosis. In this study, we show that SEL-5, the C. elegans orthologue of mammalian AP2-associated kinase AAK1, acts together with the retromer complex as a positive regulator of EGL-20/Wnt signalling during the migration of QL neuroblast daughter cells. At the same time, SEL-5 in cooperation with the retromer complex is also required during excretory canal cell outgrowth. Importantly, SEL-5 kinase activity is not required for its role in neuronal migration or excretory cell outgrowth, and neither of these processes is dependent on DPY-23/AP2M1 phosphorylation. We further establish that the Wnt proteins CWN-1 and CWN-2, together with the Frizzled receptor CFZ-2, positively regulate excretory cell outgrowth, while LIN-44/Wnt and LIN-17/Frizzled together generate a stop signal inhibiting its extension.

Integrin-linked kinase-frizzled 7 interaction maintains cancer stem cells to drive platinum resistance in ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Platinum-based chemotherapy regimens are a mainstay in the management of ovarian cancer (OC), but emergence of chemoresistance poses a significant clinical challenge. The persistence of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) at the end of primary treatment contributes to disease recurrence. Here, we hypothesized that the extracellular matrix protects CSCs during chemotherapy and supports their tumorigenic functions by activating integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a key enzyme in drug resistance. METHODS: TCGA datasets and OC models were investigated using an integrated proteomic and gene expression analysis and examined ILK for correlations with chemoresistance pathways and clinical outcomes. Canonical Wnt pathway components, pro-survival signaling, and stemness were examined using OC models. To investigate the role of ILK in the OCSC-phenotype, a novel pharmacological inhibitor of ILK in combination with carboplatin was utilized in vitro and in vivo OC models. RESULTS: In response to increased fibronectin secretion and integrin ß1 clustering, aberrant ILK activation supported the OCSC phenotype, contributing to OC spheroid proliferation and reduced response to platinum treatment. Complexes formed by ILK with the Wnt receptor frizzled 7 (Fzd7) were detected in tumors and correlated with metastatic progression. Moreover, TCGA datasets confirmed that combined expression of ILK and Fzd7 in high grade serous ovarian tumors is correlated with reduced response to chemotherapy and poor patient outcomes. Mechanistically, interaction of ILK with Fzd7 increased the response to Wnt ligands, thereby amplifying the stemness-associated Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. Notably, preclinical studies showed that the novel ILK inhibitor compound 22 (cpd-22) alone disrupted ILK interaction with Fzd7 and CSC proliferation as spheroids. Furthermore, when combined with carboplatin, this disruption led to sustained AKT inhibition, apoptotic damage in OCSCs and reduced tumorigenicity in mice. CONCLUSIONS: This "outside-in" signaling mechanism is potentially actionable, and combined targeting of ILK-Fzd7 may lead to new therapeutic approaches to eradicate OCSCs and improve patient outcomes.

Progress in the development of modulators targeting Frizzleds.

The Frizzleds (FZDs) receptors on the cell surface belong to the class F of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are the major receptors of WNT protein that mediates the classical WNT signaling pathway and other non-classical pathways. Besides, the FZDs also play a core role in tissue regeneration and tumor occurrence. With the structure and mechanism of FZDs activation becoming clearer, a series of FZDs modulators (inhibitors and agonists) have been developed, with the hope of bringing benefits to the treatment of cancer and degenerative diseases. Most of the FZDs inhibitors (small molecules, antibodies or designed protein inhibitors) block WNT signaling through binding to the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of FZDs. Several small molecules impede FZDs activation by targeting to the third intracellular domain or the transmembrane domain of FZDs. However, three small molecules (FZM1.8, SAG1.3 and purmorphamine) activate the FZDs through direct interaction with the transmembrane domain. Another type of FZDs agonists are bivalent or tetravalent antibodies which activate the WNT signaling via inducing FZD-LRP5/6 heterodimerization. In this article, we reviewed the FZDs modulators reported in recent years, summarized the critical molecules' discovery processes and the elucidated relevant structural and pharmacological mechanisms. We believe the summaried molecular mechanisms of the relevant modulators could provide important guidance and reference for the future development of FZD modulators.

Evaluation of the Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway in the Hearts of Hypertensive Rats of Various Etiologies.

Wnt/ß-catenin signaling dysregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including hypertension and heart disease. The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically evaluate and compare the expression of the Fzd8, WNT1, GSK-3ß, and ß-catenin genes in the hearts of rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHRs) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertension. The myocardial expression of Fzd8, WNT1, GSK-3ß, and ß-catenin was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the gene expression was assessed with a real-time PCR method. In SHRs, the immunoreactivity of Fzd8, WNT1, GSK-3ß, and ß-catenin was attenuated in comparison to that in normotensive animals. In DOCA-salt-induced hypertension, the immunoreactivity of Fzd8, WNT1, GSK-3ß, and ß-catenin was enhanced. In SHRs, decreases in the expression of the genes encoding Fzd8, WNT1, GSK-3ß, and ß-catenin were observed compared to the control group. Increased expression of the genes encoding Fzd8, WNT1, GSK-3ß, and ß-catenin was demonstrated in the hearts of rats with DOCA-salt-induced hypertension. Wnt signaling may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and the accompanying heart damage. The obtained results may constitute the basis for further research aimed at better understanding the role of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in the functioning of the heart.

Integrative ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analysis of myogenic differentiation of ovine skeletal muscle satellite cell.

Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) play an important role in regulating muscle growth and regeneration. Chromatin accessibility allows physical interactions that synergistically regulate gene expression through enhancers, promoters, insulators, and chromatin binding factors. However, the chromatin accessibility altas and its regulatory role in ovine myoblast differentiation is still unclear. Therefore, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analysis were performed on ovine SMSCs at the proliferation stage (SCG) and differentiation stage (SCD). 17,460 DARs (differential accessibility regions) and 3732 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were identified. Based on joint analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, we revealed that PI3K-Akt, TGF-ß and other signaling pathways regulated SMSCs differentiation. We identified two novel candidate genes, FZD5 and MAP2K6, which may affect the proliferation and differentiation of SMSCs. Our data identify potential cis regulatory elements of ovine SMSCs. This study can provide a reference for exploring the mechanisms of the differentiation and regeneration of SMSCs in the future.

The emerging understanding of Frizzled receptors.

The Wnt signaling pathway is a huge network governing development and homeostasis, dysregulation of which is associated with a myriad of human diseases. The Frizzled receptor (FZD) family comprises receptors for Wnt ligands, which indispensably mediate Wnt signaling jointly with a variety of co-receptors. Studies of FZDs have revealed that 10 FZD subtypes play diverse roles in physiological processes. At the same time, dysregulation of FZDs is also responsible for various diseases, in particular human cancers. Enormous attention has been paid to the molecular understanding and targeted therapy of FZDs in the past decade. In this review, we summarize the latest research on FZD structure, function, regulation and targeted therapy, providing a basis for guiding future research in this field.

Inhibition of miR-199b-5p reduces pathological alterations in osteoarthritis by potentially targeting Fzd6 and Gcnt2.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease with a high prevalence in the elderly population, but our understanding of its mechanisms remains incomplete. Analysis of serum exosomal small RNA sequencing data from clinical patients and gene expression data from OA patient serum and cartilage obtained from the GEO database revealed a common dysregulated miRNA, miR-199b-5p. In vitro cell experiments demonstrated that miR-199b-5p inhibits chondrocyte vitality and promotes extracellular matrix degradation. Conversely, inhibition of miR-199b-5p under inflammatory conditions exhibited protective effects against damage. Local viral injection of miR-199b-5p into mice induced a decrease in pain threshold and OA-like changes. In an OA model, inhibition of miR-199b-5p alleviated the pathological progression of OA. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation identified Gcnt2 and Fzd6 as potential target genes of MiR-199b-5p. Thus, these results indicated that MiR-199b-5p/Gcnt2 and Fzd6 axis might be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of OA.

circ_0000592 facilitates the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via miR-155-5p/FZD5 axis.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the gastrointestinal malignancies with high prevalence and poor prognosis. Previous reports suggested that circular ribose nucleic acids might exert regulatory functions in ESCC. This study aims to explore the role of circ_0000592 in ESCC progression, providing novel insights into the diagnosis and therapeutic avenues for ESCC. The GSE131969 data set was utilized to assess circ_0000592 expression in ESCC. The validation was performed in the tumorous tissues of ESCC patients (n = 80) and human-immortalized ESCC cell lines. The correlation between circ_0000592 expression and prognosis was analyzed. The impact of circ_0000592 on ESCC cell activity was evaluated through downregulating circ_0000592, as well as encompassing cell viability, migration, and invasion abilities. The downstream pathway of circ_0000592 was explored by binding site prediction from the TargetScan database, followed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. An in vivo xenograft tumor model was established to highlight the role of circ_0000592 in ESCC. Patients with ESCC exhibited higher circ_0000592 expression levels compared to noncancerous patients, which were associated with reduced survival time, higher TNM stage, and increased lymph node metastasis. The circ_0000592 downregulation suppressed cell viability, migration, and invasion abilities in vitro. Mechanistically, circ_0000592 countered the inhibitory effects on the target gene Frizzled 5 (FZD5) through interactions with miR-155-5p. The overexpression of miR-155-5p curtailed the luciferase activity of circ_0000592 in ESCC cells, inhibiting downstream molecule FZD5 protein expression and subsequently mitigating the detrimental consequences of escalated circ_0000592 expression in ESCC cells. Consistently, circ_0000592 downregulation curbed proliferation and metastasis of ESCC tumors in vivo. In summary, circ_0000592 promoted the progress of ESCC by counteracting the inhibitory impact on FZD5 through its interaction with miR-155-5p. Together, our findings highlighted circ_0000592 as a prospective therapeutic target for ESCC.

Fengshi Liuhe Decoction treatment for rheumatoid arthritis via the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis.

To explore whether Fengshi Liuhe Decoction (FLD) alleviates rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis. We used real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting (WB) to determine the genes of the frizzled (Fzd) protein 1- Fzd protein 10 that are significantly differentially expressed between normal rat fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) and collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA) rat FLS. Next, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the levels of inflammatory factors in cell culture supernatant to determine the ability of FLD to ameliorate RA. Finally, we employed WB to detect the key gene expression in protein levels of the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis among normal rat FLS, CIA rat FLS, and FLD-treated CIA rat FLS. Our results showed that Fzd6 expression was significantly higher in CIA rat FLS at both the mRNA and protein levels than in normal rat FLS. FLD was found to downregulate Fzd6 and inflammatory factors, including COX-2, IL-8, and TNF-α, at both the mRNA and protein levels. FLD was also found to downregulate the total protein levels of Fzd6 and the NF-κB signaling pathway key gene phosphorylation of p-p65/p65 and p-IκBα/IκBα. Moreover, FLD inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in CIA rat FLS. FLD can alleviate inflammation of CIA rat FLS via the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis.

Cachd1 interacts with Wnt receptors and regulates neuronal asymmetry in the zebrafish brain.

Neurons on the left and right sides of the nervous system often show asymmetric properties, but how such differences arise is poorly understood. Genetic screening in zebrafish revealed that loss of function of the transmembrane protein Cachd1 resulted in right-sided habenula neurons adopting left-sided identity. Cachd1 is expressed in neuronal progenitors, functions downstream of asymmetric environmental signals, and influences timing of the normally asymmetric patterns of neurogenesis. Biochemical and structural analyses demonstrated that Cachd1 can bind simultaneously to Lrp6 and Frizzled family Wnt co-receptors. Consistent with this, lrp6 mutant zebrafish lose asymmetry in the habenulae, and epistasis experiments support a role for Cachd1 in modulating Wnt pathway activity in the brain. These studies identify Cachd1 as a conserved Wnt receptor-interacting protein that regulates lateralized neuronal identity in the zebrafish brain.

HAS2 facilitates glioma cell malignancy and suppresses ferroptosis in an FZD7-dependent manner.

Glioma is the most common malignant tumor in the central nervous system, and it is crucial to uncover the factors that influence prognosis. In this study, we utilized Mfuzz to identify a gene set that showed a negative correlation with overall survival in patients with glioma. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were then undertaken to gain insights into the functional characteristics and pathways associated with these genes. The expression distribution of Hyaluronan Synthase 2 (HAS2) was explored across multiple datasets, revealing its expression patterns. In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out through gene knockdown and overexpression to validate the functionality of HAS2. Potential upstream transcription factors of HAS2 were predicted using transcriptional regulatory databases, and these predictions were experimentally validated using ChIP-PCR and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. The results showed that elevated expression of HAS2 in glioma indicates poor prognosis. HAS2 was found to play a role in activating an antiferroptosis pathway in glioma cells. Inhibiting HAS2 significantly increased cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis-inducing agents. Finally, we determined that the oncogenic effect of HAS2 is mediated by the key receptor of the WNT pathway, FZD7.