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1.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc ; 324: 124984, 2025 Jan 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39154404

ABSTRACT

The role of ClO- in the physiological functioning of organisms is significant. In this paper, the four fluorescent probes HONx (HON1, HON2, HON3 and HON4) were prepared based on oxyanthracene through the introduction of different substituents, and their photophysical properties were investigated, among which the AIE effect of HON1 was the most significant, and therefore the fluorescent "turn-off" ClO- probe HON1-CN was chosen to be prepared by constructing the ClO- recognition site hydrazone bond at HON1. The ClO- recognises the hydrazone group in the probe HON1-CN, and when the hydrazone bond is broken, the aldehyde group is released, generating HON1 with yellow fluorescence. The probe HON1-CN is highly selective and stable for the detection of ClO- with a detection limit of 0.48 µM and a more than 10-fold increase in fluorescence intensity when the fluorescence is 'switched on', and to a lesser extent, the probe is also very good for the detection of hypochlorite ClO- in the pericarp. Finally, HON1-CN has also been used to detect the presence of ClO- in HeLa cells and zebrafish.


Subject(s)
Fluorescent Dyes , Hypochlorous Acid , Spectrometry, Fluorescence , Xanthones , Zebrafish , Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Fluorescent Dyes/chemical synthesis , Xanthones/chemistry , Animals , Hypochlorous Acid/analysis , Humans , HeLa Cells , Fruit/chemistry , Limit of Detection
2.
Food Chem ; 462: 140966, 2025 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39197244

ABSTRACT

Noni fruit has an unpleasant flavour but is highly bioactive. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the effect of temperature regulation on quality of fermented noni fruit. In the present study, the formation of flavours, amino acid profiles, and iridoid glycosides during noni fruit fermentation at different temperatures were investigated. We initially found that different temperatures affected core microbial communities. The general evolutionary trends of Acetobacter and Gluconobacter were influenced by different temperatures. Furthermore, high temperature helped maintain low octanoic and hexanoic acids. Subsequently, we found that high temperature improved total amino acids and iridoid glycosides. The correlation network analysis revealed that bacterial communities impacted the quality (volatile flavours, amino acid profiles, and iridoid glycosides) of fermented noni fruit. Overall, altering the temperature induced variations in microbial communities and quality during the noni fruit fermentation process. These results are instrumental in the pursuit of quality control in natural fermentation processes.


Subject(s)
Amino Acids , Bacteria , Fermentation , Fruit , Iridoid Glycosides , Microbiota , Morinda , Temperature , Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/metabolism , Fruit/microbiology , Amino Acids/metabolism , Amino Acids/analysis , Bacteria/metabolism , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/genetics , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Morinda/chemistry , Morinda/metabolism , Iridoid Glycosides/metabolism , Iridoid Glycosides/analysis , Iridoid Glycosides/chemistry , Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism , Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry , Flavoring Agents/metabolism , Flavoring Agents/chemistry
3.
Food Chem ; 462: 140971, 2025 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39208734

ABSTRACT

This study presents the contents of α-methylenecyclopropylglycine, a potentially toxic amino acid, in the peel, pulp and seed fractions of two well-known litchi varieties, namely Shahi and China, over a span of three harvest-seasons. For analysing α-methylenecyclopropylglycine, an LC-MS/MS-based method was validated. The method-accuracies fell within 75-110 % (RSD, <15 %) at 0.1 mg/kg (LOQ) and higher levels. A comparative evaluation of the results in peel, pulp and seed at 30 days before harvest (DBH), 15-DBH, and edible-ripe stage revealed that α-methylenecyclopropylglycine content increased as the litchi seeds grew towards maturity, regardless of the cultivar. In arils, at maturity, the concentration of α-methylenecyclopropylglycine ranged from not-detected to 11.7 µg/g dry weight. The Shahi cultivar showed slightly higher α-methylenecyclopropylglycine content in comparison to China litchi. This paper presents the first known analysis of combined seasonal data on different fruit components at various growth stages for the two chosen litchi cultivars grown in India.


Subject(s)
Fruit , Litchi , Seeds , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Litchi/chemistry , Litchi/growth & development , Litchi/metabolism , Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/growth & development , China , Seeds/chemistry , Seeds/growth & development , Glycine/analogs & derivatives , Glycine/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Cyclopropanes/analysis
4.
Food Chem ; 462: 140939, 2025 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39208731

ABSTRACT

Phoxim, extensively utilized in agriculture as an organothiophosphate insecticide, has the potential to cause neurotoxicity and pose human health hazards. In this study, an electrochemical enzyme biosensor based on Ti3C2 MXene/MoS2@AuNPs/AChE was constructed for the sensitive detection of phoxim. The two-dimensional multilayer structure of Ti3C2 MXene provides a robust framework for MoS2, leading to an expansion of the specific surface area and effectively preventing re-stacking of Ti3C2 MXene. Additionally, the synergistic effect of self-reduced grown AuNPs with MoS2 further improves the electrical conductivity of the composites, while the robust framework provides a favorable microenvironment for immobilization of enzyme molecules. Ti3C2 MXene/MoS2@AuNPs electrochemical enzyme sensor showed a significant response to phoxim in the range of 1 × 10-13 M to 1 × 10-7 M with a detection limit of 5.29 × 10-15 M. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and stability, thereby showing its promising potential for real sample detection.


Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , Electrochemical Techniques , Fruit , Gold , Metal Nanoparticles , Nanocomposites , Organothiophosphorus Compounds , Titanium , Gold/chemistry , Electrochemical Techniques/instrumentation , Electrochemical Techniques/methods , Nanocomposites/chemistry , Fruit/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Biosensing Techniques/instrumentation , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/analysis , Titanium/chemistry , Limit of Detection , Food Contamination/analysis , Molybdenum/chemistry , Insecticides/analysis , Insecticides/chemistry , Pesticide Residues/analysis , Pesticide Residues/chemistry
5.
Food Chem ; 462: 140949, 2025 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39213976

ABSTRACT

Hydrogels based on natural polymers have aroused interest from the scientific community. The aim of this investigation was to obtain natural extracts from mango peels and to evaluate their addition (1, 3, and 5%) on the rheological behavior of mango starch hydrogels. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and phenolic acid profile of the natural extracts were evaluated. The viscoelastic and thixotropic behavior of hydrogels with the addition of natural extracts was evaluated. The total phenol content and antioxidant activity of the extracts increased significantly (p<0.05) with the variation of the ethanol-water ratio; the phenolic acid profile showed the contain of p-coumaric, ellagic, ferulic, chlorogenic acids, epicatechein, catechin, querecetin, and mangiferin. The viscoelastic behavior of the hydrogels showed that the storage modulus G' is larger than the loss modulus G'' indicating a viscoelastic solid behavior. The addition of extract improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels. 1% of the extracts increase viscoelastic and thixotropic properties, while concentrations of 3 to 5% decreased. The recovery percentage (%Re) decreases at concentrations from 0% to 1% of natural extracts, however, at concentrations from 3% to 5% increased.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Hydrogels , Mangifera , Plant Extracts , Rheology , Starch , Mangifera/chemistry , Hydrogels/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Starch/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Viscosity , Fruit/chemistry , Phenols/chemistry
6.
Food Chem ; 462: 141002, 2025 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39216371

ABSTRACT

Making health-enhancing tea from Forsythia suspensa leaves has been a tradition of Chinese folk culture for centuries. However, these leaves were not officially recognized as a new food source until 2017 by the Chinese government. In this study, ethyl acetate fractions from Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaves exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in vitro antioxidant assays and in vivo D-galactose-induced aging mice model. The antioxidant activity of the leaves was higher than that of fruit both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical constituents present in these ethyl acetate fractions were comprehensively analyzed using UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap/MS. A total of 20 compounds were identified, among which forsythoside E, (+)-epipinoresinol, dihydromyricetin, chlorogenic acid, and ursolic acid were exclusively detected in the ethyl acetate fraction of Forsythia suspensa leaves, but absent in the ethyl acetate fraction derived from its fruit. This study provides theoretical support for the utilization of Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaves.


Subject(s)
Aging , Antioxidants , Forsythia , Fruit , Galactose , Plant Extracts , Plant Leaves , Animals , Forsythia/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Mice , Fruit/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Aging/drug effects , Male , Humans , Mass Spectrometry
7.
Food Chem ; 462: 141020, 2025 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39216377

ABSTRACT

The effects of preharvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) spray application on the physicochemical quality, metabolism of phenolics, and cell wall components in raspberries were investigated during a 10-day cold storage period. MeJA spray reduced firmness loss, decay incidence, and weight loss, while maintained higher levels of soluble solids content, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and flavonoids in raspberries. Furthermore, MeJA application resulted in increased total pectin and protopectin levels, as well as lowered water-soluble pectin, and activities of pectin methyl esterase, polygalacturonase and cellulase enzymes. Additionally, MeJA treatment upregulated the phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to higher endogenous phenolics and activities of phenylalanine-ammonia lyase and shikimate dehydrogenase. In conclusion, preharvest MeJA spray application could be adopted to enhance the storage potential of cold-stored raspberries for 10 days by maintaining higher firmness, assuring better physicochemical quality, and increasing phenolic metabolism, while reducing cell wall hydrolysis.


Subject(s)
Acetates , Antioxidants , Cell Wall , Cyclopentanes , Food Storage , Fruit , Oxylipins , Phenols , Rubus , Oxylipins/pharmacology , Oxylipins/metabolism , Cell Wall/metabolism , Cell Wall/drug effects , Cell Wall/chemistry , Cyclopentanes/pharmacology , Cyclopentanes/metabolism , Phenols/metabolism , Antioxidants/metabolism , Acetates/pharmacology , Acetates/metabolism , Fruit/metabolism , Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/drug effects , Rubus/metabolism , Rubus/chemistry , Food Preservation/methods , Cold Temperature , Plant Proteins/metabolism
8.
Food Chem ; 462: 140943, 2025 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39217744

ABSTRACT

Application of microbial-based biopreparations as a pre-harvest strategy offers a method to obtain sustainable agricultural practices and could be an important approach for advancing food science, promoting sustainability, and meeting global food market demands. The impact of a bacterial-fungal biopreparation mixture on soil-plant-microbe interactions, fruit chemical composition and yield of 7 raspberry clones was investigated by examining the structural and functional profiles of microbial communities within leaves, fruits, and soil. Biopreparation addition caused the enhancement of the microbiological utilization of specific compounds, such as d-mannitol, relevant in plant-pathogen interactions and overall plant health. The biopreparation treatment positively affected the nitrogen availability in soil (9-160%). The analysis of plant stress marker enzymes combined with the evaluation of fruit quality and chemical properties highlight changes inducted by the pre-harvest biopreparation application. Chemical analyses highlight biopreparations' role in soil and fruit quality improvement, promoting sustainable agriculture. This effect was dependent on tested clones, showing increase of soluble solid content in fruits, concentration of polyphenols or the sensory quality of the fruits. The results of the next-generation sequencing indicated increase in the effective number of bacterial species after biopreparation treatment. The network analysis showed stimulating effect of biopreparation on microbial communities by enhancing microbial interactions (increasing the number of network edges up to 260%) of and affecting the proportions of mutual relationships between both bacteria and fungi. These findings show the potential of microbial-based biopreparation in enhancing raspberry production whilst promoting sustainable practices and maintaining environmental homeostasis and giving inshght in holistic understanding of microbial-based approaches for advancing food science monitoring.


Subject(s)
Bacteria , Fruit , Fungi , Rubus , Soil Microbiology , Soil , Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/microbiology , Fruit/metabolism , Rubus/chemistry , Rubus/microbiology , Rubus/metabolism , Rubus/growth & development , Soil/chemistry , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/metabolism , Bacteria/genetics , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Bacteria/growth & development , Fungi/metabolism , Fungi/growth & development , Agriculture , Microbiota
9.
Food Chem ; 462: 141024, 2025 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39217751

ABSTRACT

With the aim of expanding the potential application scope of mulberries, eleven pH-switchable deep eutectic solvents were screened for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of mulberry polysaccharides, and a salt/salt aqueous two-phase system was constructed for the efficient separation of mulberry polysaccharides by regulating the system pH. DES-9 (tetraethylammonium chloride: octanoic acid molar ratio = 1: 2) with a critical response pH value of approximately 6.1 was concluded to be the best extraction solvent for extracting mulberry polysaccharides. A maximum polysaccharide extraction yield of 270.71 mg/g was obtained under the optimal conditions. The maximum polysaccharide extraction efficiency was 78.09 % for the pH-driven tetraethylammonium chloride/K2HPO4 aqueous two-phase system. An acidic ß-pyran mulberry polysaccharide with a low-molecular weight of 9.26 kDa and a confirmed monosaccharide composition were obtained. This efficient and environmentally friendly polysaccharide separation method offers a new approach for the efficient extraction and utilization of other plant polysaccharides.


Subject(s)
Deep Eutectic Solvents , Morus , Plant Extracts , Polysaccharides , Morus/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Deep Eutectic Solvents/chemistry , Chemical Fractionation/methods , Molecular Weight , Fruit/chemistry , Sodium Chloride/chemistry
10.
Food Chem ; 462: 140806, 2025 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39241684

ABSTRACT

Dried citrus peel (DCP), also called "Chen Pi", has edible and medicinal value. However, the specific differences among various sources remain unknown. Herein, we collected six DCP species, namely, one Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (CZG) and five Citrus reticulata Blanco (CRB). Targeted high-performance liquid chromatography and untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were employed to comprehensively compare the phenolic compounds and metabolites in DCP. Interestingly, 13 different phenolic compounds were noted in DCP. The total phenolic compound content in all CRB samples (58.86-127.65 mg/g) was higher than that of CZG (39.47 mg/g). Untargeted metabolomic revealed 1495 compounds, with 115 differentially expressed metabolites for CRBs and CZG, particularly flavonoids (38), terpenoids (15), and phenolic acids and derivatives (9). Lastly, antioxidant assays revealed that all CRB samples exhibited higher antioxidant activities compared with CZG. Therefore, our study results provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of citrus peels and their metabolites.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Citrus , Fruit , Metabolomics , Plant Extracts , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Citrus/chemistry , Citrus/metabolism , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/metabolism , Antioxidants/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/metabolism , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/metabolism , Phenols/metabolism , Phenols/chemistry , Phenols/analysis , Flavonoids/metabolism , Flavonoids/chemistry , Flavonoids/analysis
11.
J Prev Alzheimers Dis ; 11(5): 1270-1279, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39350372

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Fruits are an important source of flavonoids, and greater intake of dietary flavonoids in older adults has been shown to be associated with decreased risk of dementia. It is unclear whether this relationship is similar or different between younger adults and older adults. OBJECTIVES: We examined for associations between midlife and late-life intake of flavonoid-rich fruits and incident dementia. We hypothesized that greater total cumulative intake of flavonoid-rich fruits in midlife and late-life adults would be associated with reduced risk of all-cause dementia. DESIGN: Longitudinal, cohort study design. SETTING: Framingham Heart Study, which is a longitudinal, multi-generational community-based cohort based in Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Participants from the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort were included (n = 2,790) who attended the fifth core exam between 1991 to 1995, and were dementia-free and at least 45 years of age at that time, as well as had valid food frequency questionnaires from the fifth to ninth core exams. MEASUREMENTS: Consumption of fruits with high flavonoid content or are important contributors to overall flavonoid intake was collected via food frequency questionnaire. Flavonoid-rich fruits from the food frequency questionnaire included raisins or grapes, prunes, bananas, fresh apples or pears, apple juice or cider, oranges, orange juice, grapefruit, grapefruit juice, strawberries, blueberries, and peaches, apricots, or plums. Dementia ascertainment was based on a multidisciplinary consensus committee, and included all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease dementia diagnoses based on research criteria. Cox models were used to examine associations between cumulative fruit intake and incident dementia, stratified by midlife (45-59 years; n = 1,642) and late-life (60-82 years; n = 1,148). RESULTS: Greater cumulative total fruit intake in midlife, but not late-life, was significantly associated with a 44% decreased risk of all-cause dementia (HR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.32 - 0.98; p = 0.044). Decreased risk of all-cause dementia was also associated with higher intake of apples or pears in midlife and late-life, as well as higher intake of raisins or grapes in midlife only, and higher intake of oranges, grapefruit, blueberries, and peaches, apricots, or plums in late-life only. CONCLUSIONS: Among participants from the Framingham Heart Study, greater overall consumption of flavonoid-rich fruits in midlife was associated with reduced risk of dementia, though intake of specific fruits in midlife and late-life may have a protective role against developing dementia. These findings may help to inform future recommendations on when dietary interventions may be most beneficial to healthy brain aging across the life course.


Subject(s)
Dementia , Flavonoids , Fruit , Humans , Flavonoids/administration & dosage , Male , Female , Dementia/epidemiology , Dementia/prevention & control , Longitudinal Studies , Middle Aged , Aged , Massachusetts/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Cohort Studies
12.
Ecol Lett ; 27(9): e14514, 2024 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39354913

ABSTRACT

The efficient conversion of tissues into reproductive success is a crucial aspect affecting the evolution of life histories. Masting, the interannually variable and synchronous seed production in perennial plants, is a strategy that can enhance reproductive efficiency by mitigating seed predation and pollen limitation. However, evaluating benefits is insufficient to establish whether efficiency has improved, as such assessments neglect the associated costs of masting, particularly during the critical seed-to-seedling stage. We conducted a parentage analysis of seedlings and adults in a population of 209 Sorbus aucuparia trees, monitored over 23 years, providing pioneering documentation of the effects of masting on the fitness of individual trees beyond the seed stage. Our results show high costs of interannual variation that can be mitigated by high synchrony and reveal the existence of phenotypes that appear to reap the benefits of masting while avoiding its costs through regular reproduction.


Subject(s)
Seedlings , Sorbus , Seedlings/growth & development , Seedlings/physiology , Sorbus/physiology , Reproduction , Seeds/growth & development , Seeds/physiology , Fruit/growth & development , Fruit/physiology
13.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf ; 23(5): e13430, 2024 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39217522

ABSTRACT

Pulsed vacuum drying (PVD) is a novel vacuum drying method that has demonstrated significant potential in improving energy efficiency and product quality in the drying of foods and agricultural products. The current work provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in PVD technology, including its historical development, fundamental principles, and mechanistic aspects. The impact of periodic pulsed pressure changes between vacuum and atmospheric pressure on heat and moisture transfer, as well as structural changes in foods at micro- and macro-scales, is thoroughly discussed. The article also highlights the influential drying parameters, the integration of novel auxiliary heaters, and the applications of PVD across various fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Furthermore, the review examines the current status and needs for mathematical modeling of PVD processes, identifying key challenges, research opportunities, and future trends for industrial application. The findings suggest that PVD not only enhances drying efficiency and reduces energy consumption but also preserves the nutritional value, color, and texture of dried products better than traditional methods. Future research should focus on optimizing process parameters and integrating advanced control systems to further improve the scalability and applicability of PVD technology in the food industry.


Subject(s)
Desiccation , Fruit , Vegetables , Vegetables/chemistry , Vacuum , Fruit/chemistry , Desiccation/methods , Food Preservation/methods , Food Handling/methods
14.
Water Sci Technol ; 89(2): 333-346, 2024 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39219133

ABSTRACT

The application of a hybrid-fruit-peel (HFP) coagulant used as an external carbon source (ECS) in both simulated water and real sewage having a low carbon source treated with sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was studied, compared with that of sodium acetate (NaAc). The impact of HFP on sludge properties (such as extracellular polymer substance (EPS), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), charged property, size, microscopic images and bacteria phase) was characterized. The results showed that as an ECS, HFP basically gave similar nitrogen removal to NaAc and also gave a similar developing trend of both dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. HFP promoted more proliferation of microorganisms and posed higher levels of protein (PN) and polysaccharide (PS) than NaAc, but gave slightly lower DHA than NaAc. After HFP was added as an ECS, the types and quantities of microorganisms increased significantly, the effluent qualities were improved and the sludge size and extensibility became larger, which was conducive to direct contact and remove pollutants. HFP played a similar role to NaAc as ECS and can be used as a quality and slow-releasing ECS for low carbon source wastewaters.


Subject(s)
Carbon , Carbon/chemistry , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Wastewater/chemistry , Fruit/chemistry , Sewage/chemistry , Water Purification/methods , Bioreactors
15.
PeerJ ; 12: e17960, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39221270

ABSTRACT

Water soaking is a commercially important disorder of field-grown strawberries that is exacerbated by surface wetness and high humidity. The objective was to establish the effect of genotype on susceptibility to water soaking. Three greenhouse-grown model 'collections' were used comprising a total of 172 different genotypes: (1) a segregating F2 population, (2) a collection of strawberry cultivars and breeding clones, and (3) a collection of wild Fragaria species. A standardized immersion assay was used to induce water soaking. Potential relationships between water soaking and water uptake characteristics, depth of the achene depressions, fruit firmness, cuticle mass and strain relaxation and microcracking were investigated. Further, the effect of downregulating the polygalacturonase genes (FaPG1 and FaPG2) on the susceptibility to water soaking was investigated. The collection of wild species was most susceptible to water soaking. This was followed by the collection of cultivars and breeding clones, and by the F2 population. Susceptibility to water soaking was strongly correlated with water uptake rate (mass of water, per fruit, per time). For the pooled dataset of 172 genotypes, 46% of the variability in water soaking was accounted for by the permeance of the skin to osmotic water uptake. Susceptibility to water soaking was not, or was only poorly correlated with measurements of fruit surface area or of the osmotic potential of the expressed fruit juice. The only exceptions were the wild Fragaria species which were highly variable in fruit size and also in fruit osmotic potential. For genotypes from the F2 and the wild species collections, firmer fruit were less susceptible to water soaking than softer fruit. There were no relationships between fruit firmness and susceptibility to water soaking in transgenic plants in which FaPG1 and FaPG2 were down-regulated. Susceptibility to water soaking was not related to cuticle mass per unit fruit surface area, nor to strain relaxation of the cuticle upon isolation, nor to achene position. In summary, strawberry's susceptibility to water soaking has a significant genetic component and is closely and consistently related to the skin's permeance to osmotic water uptake.


Subject(s)
Fragaria , Fruit , Genotype , Phenotype , Water , Fragaria/genetics , Fragaria/metabolism , Water/metabolism , Fruit/genetics , Fruit/metabolism
16.
Funct Plant Biol ; 512024 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39222466

ABSTRACT

The water relation strategy is a key issue in climate change. Given the difficulty of determining water relations strategy, there is a need for simple traits with a solid theoretical basis to estimate it. Traits associated with resource allocation patterns along a 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum are particularly compelling, reflecting trade-offs between growth rate and carbon allocation. Avocado (Persea americana ), fig tree (Ficus carica ), mandarin (Citrus reticulata ), olive (Olea europaea ), pomegranate (Punica granatum ), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera ) were characterised in terms of iso-anisohydric strategy through stomatal behaviour, water potential at the turgor loss point (TLP), and hydroscape area. Additionally, the association of these metrics with leaf mass per area (LMA) and wood density (WDen) was explored. We observed high coordination between LMA and WDen, and both traits were related to metrics of water relation strategy. More anisohydric species tended to invest more carbon per unit leaf area or unit stem volume, which has implications for hydraulic efficiency and water stress tolerance. WDen and TLP were the most powerful traits in estimating the water relation strategy for six fruit species. These traits are easy to measure, time-cost efficient, and appear central to coordinating multiple traits and behaviours along the water relations strategies.


Subject(s)
Carbon , Plant Leaves , Plant Stems , Trees , Water , Plant Leaves/physiology , Plant Leaves/growth & development , Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Water/metabolism , Carbon/metabolism , Plant Stems/growth & development , Plant Stems/physiology , Plant Stems/anatomy & histology , Trees/growth & development , Trees/physiology , Persea/physiology , Persea/growth & development , Citrus/growth & development , Citrus/physiology , Citrus/anatomy & histology , Fruit/growth & development , Vitis/growth & development , Vitis/physiology , Olea/physiology , Olea/growth & development , Ficus/physiology , Ficus/growth & development , Pomegranate
17.
Cell Physiol Biochem ; 58(4): 445-457, 2024 Aug 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39230349

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Lemons (Citrus limon ) contain various nutrients and are among the most popular citrus fruit. Besides their antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, clinical studies have indicated their anti-allergic properties. METHODS: Using the differential-interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, we examined the effects of lemon juice and peel constituents, such as citric acid, ascorbic acid, hesperetin and eriodictyol, on the degranulation from rat peritoneal mast cells. Using fluorescence imaging with a water-soluble dye, Lucifer Yellow, we also examined their effects on the deformation of the plasma membrane. RESULTS: Lemon juice dose-dependently decreased the number of degranulated mast cells. At concentrations equal to or higher than 0.25 mM, citric acid, hesperetin, and eriodictyol significantly reduced the number of degranulating mast cells in a dose-dependent manner, while ascorbic acid required much higher doses to exert significant effects. At 1 mM, citric acid, hesperetin, and eriodictyol almost completely inhibited exocytosis and washed out the Lucifer Yellow trapped on the mast cell surface, while ascorbic acid did not. CONCLUSION: This study provides in vitro evidence for the first time that lemon constituents, such as citric acid, hesperetin, and eriodictyol, potently exert mast cell-stabilizing properties. These properties are attributable to their inhibitory effects on plasma membrane deformation in degranulating mast cells.


Subject(s)
Ascorbic Acid , Citrus , Flavanones , Hesperidin , Mast Cells , Animals , Mast Cells/drug effects , Mast Cells/metabolism , Citrus/chemistry , Rats , Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology , Male , Hesperidin/pharmacology , Hesperidin/chemistry , Flavanones/pharmacology , Flavanones/chemistry , Citric Acid/pharmacology , Citric Acid/chemistry , Cell Degranulation/drug effects , Fruit and Vegetable Juices/analysis , Peritoneum/cytology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Exocytosis/drug effects , Cell Membrane/drug effects , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Fruit/chemistry , Isoquinolines
18.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci ; 379(1912): 20240060, 2024 Oct 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39230458

ABSTRACT

According to the information centre hypothesis (ICH), colonial species use social information in roosts to locate ephemeral resources. Validating the ICH necessitates showing that uninformed individuals follow informed ones to the new resource. However, following behaviour may not be essential when individuals have a good memory of the resources' locations. For instance, Egyptian fruit bats forage on spatially predictable trees, but some bear fruit at unpredictable times. These circumstances suggest an alternative ICH pathway in which bats learn when fruits emerge from social cues in the roost but then use spatial memory to locate them without following conspecifics. Here, using an unique field manipulation and high-frequency tracking data, we test for this alternative pathway: we introduced bats smeared with the fruit odour of the unpredictably fruiting Ficus sycomorus trees to the roost, when they bore no fruits, and then tracked the movement of conspecifics exposed to the manipulated social cue. As predicted, bats visited the F. sycomorus trees with significantly higher probabilities than during routine foraging trips (of >200 bats). Our results show how the integration of spatial memory and social cues leads to efficient resource tracking and highlight the value of using large movement datasets and field experiments in behavioural ecology. This article is part of the theme issue 'The spatial-social interface: a theoretical and empirical integration'.


Subject(s)
Chiroptera , Cues , Ficus , Fruit , Spatial Memory , Animals , Chiroptera/physiology , Spatial Memory/physiology , Ficus/physiology , Social Behavior , Feeding Behavior , Odorants/analysis
19.
Food Res Int ; 194: 114879, 2024 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39232517

ABSTRACT

Antheraxanthin (C40H56O3) is one of fat-soluble carotenoids belonging to natural pigments. Its chemical structure is based on the unsaturated polyene chain skeleton, with a hydroxy-ß-ionone ring and an epoxy-ß-ionone ring on each side of the skeleton. It is found in a wide range of plants and photosynthetic bacteria, and external stimuli (high temperature, drought, ozone treatment, etc.) can significantly affect its synthesis. It also, like other carotenoids, exhibits a diverse potential pharmacological profile as well as nutraceutical values. However, it is worth noting that various food processing methods (extrusion, puffing, baking, etc.) and storage conditions for fruits and vegetables have distinct impacts on the bioaccessibility and retention of antheraxanthin. This compilation of antheraxanthin includes sources, biosynthesis, chemical analysis, and processing effects.


Subject(s)
Food Handling , Xanthophylls , Xanthophylls/chemistry , Food Handling/methods , Fruit/chemistry , Vegetables/chemistry
20.
Food Res Int ; 194: 114888, 2024 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39232522

ABSTRACT

Alcoholic fermentation is one of man's most efficient food preservation processes, and innovations in this area are a trend in food science and nutrition. In addition to the classic Saccharomyces yeasts, various other species may have desirable characteristics for obtaining fruit wines. This study investigated the profile of non-Saccharomyces commercial yeasts compared with S. cerevisiae regarding pineapple wine's chemical composition and bioaccessibility. The fermentation profile of the yeasts Lachancea thermotolerans, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Brettanomyces lambicus, and S. cerevisiae was evaluated for sugar and alcohol content, and the pineapple wines obtained were analyzed for amino acids, phenolics, and organic acids by HPLC and volatile profile by GC/MS. All yeast strains were able to produce ethanol and glycerol at acceptable levels. L. thermotolerans produced higher levels of lactic acid (0.95 g/L) and higher consumption of free amino acids. B. bruxellensis produced higher levels of individual phenolics and ethanol 109 g/L. The alcoholic fermentation process improved the bioaccessibility of phenolics such as catechin (237 %), epigallocatechin gallate (81 %), procyanidin B1 (61 %) and procyanidin B2 (61 %). The yeasts differed in their volatile profiles, with Brettanomyces and Lachancea producing higher levels of compounds associated with pineapple aroma, such as ester ethyl butyrate (260-270 µg/L). These results demonstrate the importance of choosing the yeast strain for the conduction of alcoholic fermentation and that the yeasts Brettanomyces and Lachancea showed technological potential in obtaining pineapple wines. This study contributes to developing processes for obtaining fruit wines by highlighting two non-Saccharomyces yeast species with technological potential for alcoholic fermentations.


Subject(s)
Ananas , Ethanol , Fermentation , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Wine , Wine/analysis , Ananas/chemistry , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism , Ethanol/metabolism , Ethanol/analysis , Phenols/analysis , Phenols/metabolism , Amino Acids/analysis , Amino Acids/metabolism , Brettanomyces/metabolism , Saccharomycetales/metabolism , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Fruit/chemistry
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