Do good things really come to those who wait? An analysis of the average time of acceptance in Brazilian surgery journals.

PURPOSE: To analyze the average time between submission and acceptance of national journals in seven Brazilian surgery journals from 2017 to 2022. METHODS: It consists of a cross-sectional and observational study with a quantitative approach to analyze the acceptance time of articles approved by Brazilian journals on general surgery and its subspecialties, including Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira, Jornal Vascular Brasileiro, Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia de Digestiva, Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões, Journal of Coloproctology, Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica, and International Brazilian Journal of Urology. RESULTS: The journals with the lowest average waiting times were Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões, Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira, and Journal of Coloproctology, respectively, and, with the lowest interquartile range there is Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira. There was no significant difference between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. The study designs with the highest and lowest means were, respectively, ideas and innovations - also with the highest interquartile range - and expert opinion, while with the lowest interquartile range was technical skill. CONCLUSIONS: The acceptance time for articles in Brazilian surgery journals is extremely variable. Identifying these discrepancies highlights the importance of understanding editorial processes and seeking ways to improve consistency and efficiency in reviewing articles.

Presencia de las distintas áreas quirúrgicas en el Congreso Nacional de Cirugía: análisis de los últimos 12 años / Presence of the different surgical areas in the National Congress of Surgery: analysis of the last 12 years

Introducción: Los trabajos científicos permiten divulgar, compartir y contrastar resultados a terceros. Una de las formas de ver la actividad investigativa de cada especialidad es a través de las presentaciones que realizan en reuniones científicas. Objetivo: Describir el número de presentaciones de las distintas especialidades o áreas quirúrgicas en Chile en el principal congreso realizado a nivel nacional y evaluar si el comportamiento fue distinto durante los años de pandemia por coronavirus. Material y Método: Estudio bibliométrico del Congreso Chileno de Cirugía entre los años 2010 y 2021 evaluando el número total de presentaciones por área quirúrgica, año de presentación y período categorizado en 2010 a 2019 y 2020 a 2021. Se realiza estadística descriptiva y análisis de asociación de medias de publicaciones por área y período. Resultados: Se identificaron 4.462 presentaciones, incluyendo resúmenes orales, póster, videos y jornada de residentes. La media total fue 371,8 trabajos anuales. Coloproctología y Cirugía Gastroesofágica aportaron un total de 616 (13,8%) y 598 (13,4%) respectivamente. La media de presentaciones anuales previo a la pandemia por coronavirus fue de 414, en contraste a los 160 trabajos anuales durante ella, existiendo una disminución significativa de medias de presentaciones por área de 27,6 (± 18,8) a 10,7 (± 8,69) (p < 0,001), sin diferencias sus porcentajes de participación respecto del total (p = 0,776). Conclusión: Coloproctología y Cirugía Gastroesofágica son las áreas quirúrgicas más representadas. Si bien en el período contemporáneo a la pandemia por coronavirus significó una disminución en las presentaciones, no se observó una modificación en el porcentaje de participación de algún área en particular.

Introduction: Scientific studies allow the disclosure, sharing and comparison of results with third parties. One of the ways to see the investigative activity of each medical specialty is through the presentations they make at scientific meetings. Aim: To describe the number of presentations of the different surgical specialties or areas in Chile in the main congress held at a national level and to assess whether the behavior was different during the years of the coronavirus pandemic. Material and Method: Bibliometric study of the Chilean Congress of Surgery between 2010 and 2021, evaluating the total number of presentations by surgical area, year of presentation and two categorized periods (2010 to 2019 and 2020 to 2021). Descriptive statistics and association analysis of publication means by area and period are performed. Results: 4,462 presentations were identified, including oral summaries, posters, videos, and residents' sessions, with a mean of 371.8 per year. Coloproctology and Gastroesophageal Surgery contributed a total of 616 (13.8%) and 598 (13.4%) respectively. The mean number of annual presentations prior to the coronavirus pandemic was 414, in contrast to the 160 annual works during it, with a significant decrease in the mean number of presentations per area from 27.6 (± 18.8) to 10.7 (± 8.69) (p < 0.001), without differences in their percentages of participation with respect to the total (p = 0.776). Conclusion: Coloproctology and Gastroesophageal Surgery are the most represented surgical areas. Although the contemporary period of the coronavirus pandemic meant a decrease in presentations, no change was observed in the percentage of participation in any particular area.

Impacto de COVID-19 en la formación de los alumnos de la Carrera de Posgrado de Cirugía General en un Hospital COVID / Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on trainees' education in the Postgraduate Program in General Surgery in a COVID-19-dedicated hospital

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El Hospital Eva Perón de la ciudad de Granadero Baigorria se destinó a la atención casi exclusiva de pacientes afectados por COVID-19, lo que implicó modificar las actividades que allí se desarrollan. Allí se realizan actividades correspondientes al Posgrado de Cirugía General de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario. El objetivo es describir los cambios y el funcionamiento del posgrado de Cirugía General en el HEEP durante la pandemia por COVID-19, y el impacto que esta tuvo sobre la formación de los alumnos. Material y métodos: se realizó un trabajo descriptivo, comparativo. Período 20 de marzo de 2020 al 30 de septiembre de 2020 y el mismo período del año 2019. Variables analizadas: número de cirugías, horas en el hospital, número de guardias, actividad en consultorio y pacientes evaluados, seminarios teóricos, cursado de la carrera de posgrado. Resultados: las cirugías totales se redujeron un 74,88%. Las cirugías programadas se redujeron un 85,59%. Las cirugías de guardia se redujeron un 63,19%. Las guardias de R1, R2 y R3 se vieron disminuidas, al contrario de R4. Las horas en el hospital se redujeron en todos los alumnos. Los pacientes ingresados disminuyeron el 74,06%. La atención en todos los consultorios se vio reducida. Las actividades académicas se incrementaron, de forma no presencial. Conclusión: la pandemia por COVID-19 afectó significativamente la formación de los alumnos del posgrado de Cirugía General del HEEP. Se recurrió a métodos no tradicionales de enseñanza para realizar actualizaciones y discutir trabajos científicos.

ABSTRACT Background: Hospital Eva Perón in the city of Granadero Baigorria was almost exclusively dedicated to the care of COVID-19 patients; thereby, it was necessary to modify its activities, as those of the postgraduate program in General Surgery of Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, which take place in this hospital. The aim of this study is to describe the changes made and the performance of the postgraduate program in general surgery at HEEP during the COVID-19 pandemic, and its impact on trainees' education. Material and methods: We conducted a descriptive study comparing the period between March 20, 2020, and September 30, 2020, with the same period in 2019. The variables analyzed included number of surgeries, hours spent in hospital, number of in-house call shifts, activities in the outpatient clinic and evaluation of patients, theoretical seminars, attendance to classes of the postgraduate programs and research work. Results: The total number of surgeries decreased by 74.88%, scheduled surgeries by 85.59% and emergency surgeries by 63.19%. The numbers of in-house call shifts of PGY-1, PGY-2 and PGY-3 residents decreased but not those of PGY-4 residents. The hours spent in hospital decreased in all the trainees. The number of patients hospitalized decreased by 74.06% and there was a reduction in all the activities of the outpatient clinics. The academic activities, performed non-face-to-face, increased. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected trainees' education in the postgraduate program in General Surgery at HEEP. Non-traditional teaching methods were used for updating and discussing scientific papers.

Jejum pós-operatório prolongado: um problema negligenciado / Ayuno postoperatorio prolongado: un problema negligenciado / Prolonged postoperative fasting: a neglected problem

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o tempo de jejum e tipo de dieta prescrita para reintrodução alimentar no pós-operatório de diferentes especialidades cirúrgicas. Método: estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, documental e descritivo dos prontuários de pacientes cirúrgicos, com amostra randomizada e estratificada de 464 pacientes, realizado em hospital universitário público de grande porte no Paraná. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva, apresentando medidas de tendência central e seus intervalos de confiança. Resultados: a média de jejum pós-operatório foi de 9:54h (DP: 6:89), variando de 8 a 30 horas. As clínicas que apresentaram maior tempo de jejum foram cirurgia cardíaca, cirurgia torácica e neurocirurgia, com médias de 18:25h, 14:45h e 12:22h, respectivamente. Quanto à prescrição de dieta no pós-operatório imediato, 51,3% dos pacientes receberam dieta geral, 15,3% dieta leve e 11,9% mantiveram jejum nas primeiras 24 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico. Conclusão: o tempo de jejum encontrado nessa instituição excede as atuais recomendações de protocolos nacionais e internacionais, o que implica aumento de desconfortos para o paciente cirúrgico, como sede, fome e estresse, além da insatisfação com o serviço prestado pela equipe de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el tiempo de ayuno y tipo de dieta prescrita para la reintroducción alimentaria postoperatoria de diferentes especialidades quirúrgicas. Método: estudio cuantitativo, retrospectivo, documental y descriptivo de historias clínicas de pacientes quirúrgicos, con una muestra aleatorizada y estratificada de 464 pacientes, realizada en un gran hospital universitario público de Paraná. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo, presentando medidas de tendencia central y sus intervalos de confianza. Resultados: el ayuno postoperatorio medio fue de 9: 54h (DP: 6:89), con un rango de 8 a 30 horas. Las clínicas que mostraron mayor tiempo de ayuno fueron cirugía cardíaca, cirugía torácica y neurocirugía, con medias de 18: 25h, 14: 45h y 12: 22h, respectivamente. En cuanto a la prescripción de dieta en el postoperatorio inmediato, el 51,3% de los pacientes recibió dieta general, el 15,3% dieta ligera y el 11,9% ayuno durante las primeras 24 horas posteriores al procedimiento quirúrgico. Conclusión: el tiempo de ayuno encontrado en esta institución supera las recomendaciones vigentes de los protocolos nacionales e internacionales, lo que implica un aumento de las molestias para el paciente quirúrgico, como sed, hambre y estrés, además de insatisfacción con el servicio brindado por el equipo de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the fasting time and type of the diet prescribed for the food reintroduction during the postoperative period of different surgical specialties. Method: this is a quantitative, retrospective, documentary, and descriptive study with medical records of surgical patients. The study had a randomized and stratified sample with 464 patients carried out in a large public university hospital in Paraná. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis, presenting measures of central tendency and their confidence intervals. Results: the mean post-operative fasting was 9:54 hours (SD: 6:89), ranging from 8 to 30 hours. The cardiac surgery, thoracic surgery, and neurosurgery were the clinics that presented the longest fasting time with averages of 18:25, 14:45, and 12:22 hours, respectively. Regarding the diet prescription in the immediate postoperative period, 51.3% of the patients received a general diet, 15.3% a light diet, and 11.9% fasted for the first 24 hours after the surgical procedure. Conclusion: the fasting time found in this institution exceeds the current recommendations of national and international protocols, showing an increase in discomfort for the surgical patient such as thirst, hunger, and stress, in addition to dissatisfaction with the service provided by the health team.

Differences in outcomes after emergency general surgery between Hispanic subgroups in the New Jersey State Inpatient Database (2009-2014): The Hispanic population is not monolithic.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to examine differences in clinical outcomes between Hispanic subgroups who underwent emergency general surgery (EGS). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of the HCUP State Inpatient Database from New Jersey (2009-2014), including Hispanic and non-Hispanic White (NHW) adult patients who underwent EGS. Multivariable analyses were performed on outcomes including 7-day readmission and length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: 125,874 patients underwent EGS operations. 22,971 were Hispanic (15,488 with subgroup defined: 7,331 - Central/South American; 4,254 - Puerto Rican; 3,170 - Mexican; 733 - Cuban). On multivariable analysis, patients in the Central/South American subgroup were more likely to be readmitted compared to the Mexican subgroup (OR 2.02; p < 0.001, respectively). Puerto Rican and Central/South American subgroups had significantly shorter LOS than Mexican patients (Puerto Rico -0.58 days; p < 0.001; Central/South American -0.30 days; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in EGS outcomes between Hispanic subgroups. These differences could be missed when data are aggregated at Hispanic ethnicity.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency general surgery: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected healthcare systems worldwide. The effect of the pandemic on emergency general surgery patients remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To reveal the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality and morbidity among emergency general surgery cases. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data on patients who were admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Samsun, Turkey, and had consultations at the general surgery clinic were analyzed retrospectively. METHODS: Our study included comparative analysis on two groups of patients who received emergency general surgery consultations in our hospital: during the COVID-19 pandemic period (Group 2); and on the same dates one year previously (Group 1). RESULTS: There were 195 patients in Group 1 and 132 in Group 2 (P < 0.001). While 113 (58%) of the patients in Group 1 were women, only 58 (44%) were women in Group 2 (P = 0.013). Considering all types of diagnosis, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.261). The rates of abscess and delayed abdominal emergency diseases were higher in Group 2: one case (0.5%) versus ten cases (8%); P < 0.001. The morbidity rate was higher in Group 2 than in Group 1: three cases (1.5%) versus nine cases (7%); P = 0.016. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has decreased the number of unnecessary nonemergency admissions to the emergency department, but has not delayed patients' urgent consultations. The pandemic has led surgeons to deal with more complicated cases and greater numbers of complications.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency general surgery: a retrospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected healthcare systems worldwide. The effect of the pandemic on emergency general surgery patients remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To reveal the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality and morbidity among emergency general surgery cases. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data on patients who were admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Samsun, Turkey, and had consultations at the general surgery clinic were analyzed retrospectively. METHODS: Our study included comparative analysis on two groups of patients who received emergency general surgery consultations in our hospital: during the COVID-19 pandemic period (Group 2); and on the same dates one year previously (Group 1). RESULTS: There were 195 patients in Group 1 and 132 in Group 2 (P < 0.001). While 113 (58%) of the patients in Group 1 were women, only 58 (44%) were women in Group 2 (P = 0.013). Considering all types of diagnosis, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.261). The rates of abscess and delayed abdominal emergency diseases were higher in Group 2: one case (0.5%) versus ten cases (8%); P < 0.001. The morbidity rate was higher in Group 2 than in Group 1: three cases (1.5%) versus nine cases (7%); P = 0.016. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has decreased the number of unnecessary nonemergency admissions to the emergency department, but has not delayed patients' urgent consultations. The pandemic has led surgeons to deal with more complicated cases and greater numbers of complications.

Perfil epidemiológico de cirurgias em serviço de urgência e emergência / Epidemiological profile of surgery in emergency service

RESUMO: Introdução: A encefalite viral é uma condição com altas taxas de morbimortalidade, e um melhor entendimento de sua epidemiologia pode colaborar para a construção de estratégias de prevenção e controle. Diante disso, este estudo se propôs a traçar um perfil epidemiológico para a encefalite viral no Brasil no ano de 2018 a partir de dados de internações hospitalares no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos: Estudo ecológico de análise espacial. Os dados estudados foram relativos às internações hospitalares por encefalite viral no SUS em 2018, estratificadas por unidade da federação (UF), sexo e faixa etária. A distribuição geográfica foi abordada exploratoriamente, já as variáveis sexo e faixa etária foram abordadas analiticamente. Resultados: Foram registradas 2075 internações, com taxa de 0,99/105 habitantes. As taxas para cada UF foram representadas a partir de um mapa colorimétrico, enquanto as taxas para cada sexo e faixa etária foram representadas em uma tabela comparativa univariada. Discussão: Observou-se ampla variação numérica das taxas de internação dentre as UF, sendo Pernambuco o estado com maior incidência (4,13/105 habitantes) e Paraíba o estado com menor (0,29/105 habitantes). Foi constatada associação significativa com o risco de internação hospitalar por encefalite viral para o sexo masculino e para as faixas etárias de 1 a 4 anos (RR: 3,28) e menores de 1 ano (RR: 6,02). Conclusão: UF, gênero e faixa etária foram determinantes importantes da taxa de internação hospitalar por encefalite viral. Todavia, carecem de estudos atuais no Brasil e no mundo para a melhor caracterização da epidemiologia da encefalite viral. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Viral encephalitis is a condition with high morbidity and mortality rates, and a better understanding of its epidemiology may contribute to the construction of prevention and control strategies. For this reason, this study aimed to draw an epidemiological profile for viral encephalitis in Brazil in 2018 from data on hospitalizations in the Unified Health System (SUS). Methods: Ecological study of spatial analysis. The data studied were hospitalizations for viral encephalitis in SUS in 2018, stratified by federation unit (FU), gender, and age group. The geographical distribution was approached in an exploratory way, whereas gender and age variables were analytically addressed. Results: There were 2075 hospitalizations, with a rate of 0.99/105 inhabitants. The rates for each FU were represented in a colorimetric map, whereas the rates for each sex and age group were exemplified in a univariate comparative table. Discussion: There was a wide numerical variation in hospitalization rates among the FUs, with Pernambuco being the state with the highest incidence (4.13/105 inhabitants) and Paraíba with the lowest (0.29/105 inhabitants). A significant association was found with the risk of hospitalization for viral encephalitis for males and the ages from 1 to 4 years (RR: 3.28) and under one year (RR: 6.02). Conclusion: FU, gender, and age group were important determinants of the hospitalization rate due to viral encephalitis. However, current studies are needed in Brazil and worldwide to better characterize the epidemiology of viral encephalitis. (AU)

Factors attributable to the cancellation of programmed surgeries.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors attributable to the cancellation of surgeries of a third level health institution in the city of Valledupar, Cesar / Colombia (2017-2018). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Data from the hospital surgical unit adverse case file were collected for 6 surgical specialties. RESULTS: They showed that in 2017 there was a surgical suspension of 4% of the total of scheduled surgeries that were (3339), for 2018 the rate was 3% with a total of scheduled surgeries (1733). The reason for the suspension for both periods was the factor related to the patient's adverse conditions with 45.9 and 38.5% respectively. The specialty most affected for these cases was the specialty of general surgery with the same percentage value in both periods of 4%. CONCLUSION: The results give us an idea of the factors present for the cancellation of scheduled surgeries and the need to apply measures to guarantee patient safety.

OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores atribuibles a la cancelación de cirugías de una institución de salud de tercer nivel en la ciudad de Valledupar, Cesar, Colombia (2017-2018). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal. Se recopilaron datos del archivo de casos adversos de la unidad quirúrgica del hospital para 6 especialidades quirúrgicas. RESULTADOS: Mostraron que en 2017 hubo una suspensión quirúrgica del 4% del total de cirugías programadas que fueron (3339), para 2018 la tasa fue del 3% con un total de cirugías programadas (1733). La razón de la suspensión para ambos períodos fue el factor relacionado con las condiciones adversas del paciente con 45.9 y 38.5% respectivamente. La especialidad más afectada para estos casos fue la especialidad de cirugía general con el mismo valor porcentual en ambos períodos del 4%. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados nos dan una idea de los factores presentes para la cancelación de cirugías programadas y la necesidad de aplicar medidas para garantizar la seguridad del paciente.

Conflictos del cirujano: ¿La vocación quirúrgica está en crisis? / Conflicts of surgeons: is surgical vocation in crisis?

RESUMEN Introducción: En los últimos años vemos un aumento de bibliografía que se refiere a problemas perso nales y psicológicos del cirujano, a la deserción en residencias de cirugía y a la falta de especialización de individuos jóvenes. Este aumento se observa sobre todo en revistas de jerarquía como Lancet o JAMA. ¿Pero cuál es la situación en la Argentina? ¿Consideramos que nos están pagando adecua damente por nuestra práctica? ¿Pensamos en abandonar nuestra especialidad? ¿Cuántos conflictos tenemos con pacientes por mes? Estimamos necesaria la realización de un trabajo regional que lo plasme. Objetivo: conocer la situación socioeconómica actual de los cirujanos. Material y métodos: estudio de corte transversal. Resultados: de 73 cirujanos encuestados de la provincia de Santa Fe, se recibió respuesta en un 57,5 %. El 87,8 % fueron hombres y 56,1% estaba dentro del grupo de edad adulto intermedio/mayor al momento del estudio. El 97,6 % de los cirujanos concordó en que sus ingresos no se corresponden con el tiempo invertido en la práctica. Consideraron abandonar su práctica diaria en el último año en un 26,2 %; la causa económica es el principal problema para el 72,7%. Discusión: la incomodidad del cirujano frente a su salario (97,6 %), la discrepancia de porcentajes en tre cirujanos y cirujanas (87,8% vs. 12,2%), la falta de cirujanos jóvenes (43,9%) y la alarmante cifra de cirujanos graduados por año (35 por año) son cuatro puntos clave que consideramos deberían abordar de manera urgente los entes políticos y, sobre todo, las Asociaciones de Cirugía.

ABSTRACT Background: In recent years we have witnessed more publications about personal and psychological issues affecting surgeons, residents quitting surgery residencies, and lack of specialization of young in dividuals. This growth can be observed especially in high-impact journals such as The Lancet or JAMA. But what is the situation in Argentina? Do we think that we are receiving adequate payment for our practice? Do we consider quitting our specialty? How many conflicts do we have with patients each month? We think that a regional work is necessary to reflect this situation. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the current socioeconomic situation of surgeons. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study. Results: A total of 73 surgeons from the province of Santa Fe were contacted and 42 answers were received (response rate 57.5%): 87.8% were men and 56.1% corresponded to middle/older adulthood. Almost all surgeons (97.6%) agreed that their income did not reflect the time spent in practice. Up to 26.2% of survey respondents considered quitting their daily practice in the last year due to eco nomic reasons, which is the main problem for 72.7% of them. Discussion: Surgeons' discomfort with their salaries (97.6%), the discrepancy in percentages between male and female surgeons (87.8% vs. 12.2%), the lack of young surgeons (43.9%) and the alarming number of surgeons graduated per year (35 per year) are 4 key issues which we believe should be urgently addressed by political bodies and, especially, by surgery associations.

Statistics in surgery, how to understand and apply basic concepts.

It is estimated that a regular reader of biomedical publications will have access to 70% of journals with bivariate procedures with basic statistics, that is, any health professional with basic knowledge is capable of understanding the vast majority of published studies. That is why the need arises to write this text that aims to give an overview of the statistics applied to surgery, making reference to how and when to use each statistical procedure and of course how to interpret the results. We will handle definitions of concepts such as variables, hypotheses, confidence intervals, multivariate analysis, contrast of hypotheses, parametric and nonparametric methods and logistic regression. The importance of this guide is that all health professionals can interpret in a simple and concrete way the different statistical studies in their professional development.

Se estima que un lector habitual de publicaciones biomédicas tendrá acceso a un 70% de revistas con procedimientos bivariados con estadística básica, es decir, cualquier profesional de la salud con conocimientos básicos es capaz de entender la gran mayoría de los estudios publicados. Por eso surge la necesidad de escribir este texto que pretende dar una visión general de la estadística aplicada a la cirugía, haciendo referencia a cómo y cuándo utilizar cada procedimiento estadístico y, por supuesto, cómo interpretar los resultados. Manejaremos definiciones de conceptos como variables, hipótesis, intervalos de confianza, análisis multivariados, contraste de hipótesis, pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas, y regresión logística. La importancia de esta guía es que todos los profesionales de la salud puedan interpretar de manera sencilla y concreta los diferentes estudios estadísticos en su desarrollo profesional.

Safety and quality in surgery: surgeons' perception in Brazil. / Segurança e qualidade em cirurgia: a percepção de cirurgiões no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the perception of surgeons, members of the Brazilian College of Surgeons (CBC), on safety and quality issues in surgery, based on projects of Brazilian Ministry of Health (MS), CBC, World Health Organization (WHO), and American College of Surgeons (ACS). METHODS: a questionnaire based on WHO, CBC, and ACS initiatives was sent to all active and non-active CBC members, using Survey Monkey, in March 2018. RESULTS: out of 7,100 members, 171 professionals answered the questionnaire. Out of these, the majority (63.2%) declared to perform general surgery, 88.9% indicated knowing the project called Safe Surgery developed by MS, 73.1%, the CBC manual, and 14.6%, the ACS Strong for Surgery. Among those who indicated knowing the MS project, 73.1% said that they were accustomed to use it as a routine, and, among those who indicated knowing the CBC manual, 46.2% said that they were accustomed to use it. Most of the surgeons (81.3%) indicated that they had experienced severe surgical failures, being failures related to surgical material (49.7%) and presence of foreign bodies (8.2%) the most common ones. There were distinct opinions on who was responsible for checking over the checklist. CONCLUSION: the importance of safety and quality in surgery is well known by surgeons, but the practice is varied. Serious adverse events had been experienced by many surgeons, mainly related to surgical material and foreign bodies. The concept of interdisciplinarity did not seem to be common practice. Data indicated the need to develop education projects and the obligation of audits.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a percepção dos cirurgiões, membros do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões (CBC), sobre temas de segurança e qualidade em cirurgia, com base em Projetos do Ministério da Saúde (MS), do CBC, da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) e do Colégio Americano de Cirurgiões (ACS). MÉTODOS: questionário com base nas iniciativas da OMS, do CBC e do ACS foi enviado pelo Survey Monkey a todos os sócios, ativos e não ativos, do CBC em março de 2018. RESULTADOS: responderam ao questionário 171 profissionais dentre os 7.100 sócios. Desses, a maioria (63,2%) declarou praticar Cirurgia Geral, 88,9% indicaram conhecer o Projeto Cirurgia Segura do MS, 73,1%, o Manual do CBC e 14,6%, o Strong for Surgery do ACS. Entre os que conhecem o Projeto do MS, 73,1% disseram usá-lo como rotina e, entre os que conhecem o Manual do CBC, 46,2% usam-no. A maior parte dos cirurgiões (81,3%) indicou que já vivenciou falha cirúrgica grave, sendo aquelas relacionadas com material cirúrgico (49,7%) e presença de corpos estranhos (8,2%), isoladamente, as mais comuns. Houve opiniões distintas sobre a responsabilidade de conferência do checklist. CONCLUSÃO: a importância da segurança e qualidade em cirurgia é conhecida pelos cirurgiões, mas a prática é variada. Eventos adversos graves foram vivenciados por muitos cirurgiões, principalmente relacionados com material cirúrgico e corpos estranhos. O conceito de interdisciplinaridade parece não ser prática comum. Os dados indicam a necessidade de desenvolver projetos de educação e a obrigatoriedade de auditorias.

Segurança e qualidade em cirurgia: a percepção de cirurgiões no Brasil / Safety and quality in surgery: surgeons' perception in Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a percepção dos cirurgiões, membros do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões (CBC), sobre temas de segurança e qualidade em cirurgia, com base em Projetos do Ministério da Saúde (MS), do CBC, da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) e do Colégio Americano de Cirurgiões (ACS). Métodos: questionário com base nas iniciativas da OMS, do CBC e do ACS foi enviado pelo Survey Monkey a todos os sócios, ativos e não ativos, do CBC em março de 2018. Resultados: responderam ao questionário 171 profissionais dentre os 7.100 sócios. Desses, a maioria (63,2%) declarou praticar Cirurgia Geral, 88,9% indicaram conhecer o Projeto Cirurgia Segura do MS, 73,1%, o Manual do CBC e 14,6%, o Strong for Surgery do ACS. Entre os que conhecem o Projeto do MS, 73,1% disseram usá-lo como rotina e, entre os que conhecem o Manual do CBC, 46,2% usam-no. A maior parte dos cirurgiões (81,3%) indicou que já vivenciou falha cirúrgica grave, sendo aquelas relacionadas com material cirúrgico (49,7%) e presença de corpos estranhos (8,2%), isoladamente, as mais comuns. Houve opiniões distintas sobre a responsabilidade de conferência do checklist. Conclusão: a importância da segurança e qualidade em cirurgia é conhecida pelos cirurgiões, mas a prática é variada. Eventos adversos graves foram vivenciados por muitos cirurgiões, principalmente relacionados com material cirúrgico e corpos estranhos. O conceito de interdisciplinaridade parece não ser prática comum. Os dados indicam a necessidade de desenvolver projetos de educação e a obrigatoriedade de auditorias.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the perception of surgeons, members of the Brazilian College of Surgeons (CBC), on safety and quality issues in surgery, based on projects of Brazilian Ministry of Health (MS), CBC, World Health Organization (WHO), and American College of Surgeons (ACS). Methods: a questionnaire based on WHO, CBC, and ACS initiatives was sent to all active and non-active CBC members, using Survey Monkey, in March 2018. Results: out of 7,100 members, 171 professionals answered the questionnaire. Out of these, the majority (63.2%) declared to perform general surgery, 88.9% indicated knowing the project called Safe Surgery developed by MS, 73.1%, the CBC manual, and 14.6%, the ACS Strong for Surgery. Among those who indicated knowing the MS project, 73.1% said that they were accustomed to use it as a routine, and, among those who indicated knowing the CBC manual, 46.2% said that they were accustomed to use it. Most of the surgeons (81.3%) indicated that they had experienced severe surgical failures, being failures related to surgical material (49.7%) and presence of foreign bodies (8.2%) the most common ones. There were distinct opinions on who was responsible for checking over the checklist. Conclusion: the importance of safety and quality in surgery is well known by surgeons, but the practice is varied. Serious adverse events had been experienced by many surgeons, mainly related to surgical material and foreign bodies. The concept of interdisciplinarity did not seem to be common practice. Data indicated the need to develop education projects and the obligation of audits.

Especialidades derivadas de la cirugía general: revisión de brechas e intención de residentes de la especialidad en Chile / Gaps between country needs and intentions to obtain a subspecialty among general surgery trainees in Chile

The fragmentation of a general specialty in subspecialties or derived specialties is a widely spread reality. Chilean health care system is becoming more complex, requiring more specialists. On the other hand, doctors in specialty training increasingly choose a subspecialty to continue their training and professional development. This contrasts with the growing need for well-trained general surgeons. We aimed to compare the evidence about the needs for general surgeons and the perspectives of Chilean physicians about their specialty training. A literature review about the intention of specialization in Chilean general surgery residents and the gaps in the Chilean health system, was performed. As of December 2016, there were 2,103 general surgeons in Chile, of whom 598 (28%) also have a subspecialty. Among the latter, 49% are plastic or vascular surgeons, which are also the specialties with the greatest demand in the public system. According to estimates of the Chilean Ministry of Health, on that year there was a deficit of 285 general surgeons and 142 subspecialists. These figures correspond to 18.5% and 23.8% of the existing resources. A survey published in 2009 reported that 78% of trainees in general surgery would prefer to continue studying a subspecialty, following the trend observed in the USA and Europe. Therefore, there is a disproportion between the intentions of general surgery trainees and the needs for these professionals in Chile.

[Gaps between country needs and intentions to obtain a subspecialty among general surgery trainees in Chile]. / Especialidades derivadas de la cirugía general: revisión de brechas e intención de residentes de la especialidad en Chile.

The fragmentation of a general specialty in subspecialties or derived specialties is a widely spread reality. Chilean health care system is becoming more complex, requiring more specialists. On the other hand, doctors in specialty training increasingly choose a subspecialty to continue their training and professional development. This contrasts with the growing need for well-trained general surgeons. We aimed to compare the evidence about the needs for general surgeons and the perspectives of Chilean physicians about their specialty training. A literature review about the intention of specialization in Chilean general surgery residents and the gaps in the Chilean health system, was performed. As of December 2016, there were 2,103 general surgeons in Chile, of whom 598 (28%) also have a subspecialty. Among the latter, 49% are plastic or vascular surgeons, which are also the specialties with the greatest demand in the public system. According to estimates of the Chilean Ministry of Health, on that year there was a deficit of 285 general surgeons and 142 subspecialists. These figures correspond to 18.5% and 23.8% of the existing resources. A survey published in 2009 reported that 78% of trainees in general surgery would prefer to continue studying a subspecialty, following the trend observed in the USA and Europe. Therefore, there is a disproportion between the intentions of general surgery trainees and the needs for these professionals in Chile.

Assessment of Surgical and Trauma Capacity in Potosí, Bolivia.

BACKGROUND: Scaling up surgical and trauma care in low- and middle-income countries could prevent nearly 2 million annual deaths. Various survey instruments exist to measure surgical and trauma capacity, including Personnel, Infrastructure, Procedures, Equipment, and Supplies (PIPES) and International Assessment of Capacity for Trauma (INTACT). OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate surgical and trauma capacity in the Bolivian department of Potosí using a combined PIPES and INTACT tool, with additional questions to further inform intervention targets. METHODS: In June and July 2014 a combined PIPES and INTACT survey was administered to 20 government facilities in Potosí with a minimum of 1 operating room: 2 third-level, 10 second-level, and 8 first-level facilities. A surgeon, head physician, director, or obstetrician-gynecologist completed the survey. Additional personnel responded to 4 short-answer questions. Survey items were divided into subsections, and PIPES and INTACT indices calculated. Medians were compared via Wilcoxon rank sum and Kruskal-Wallis tests. FINDINGS: Six of 20 facilities were located in the capital city and designated urban. Urban establishments had higher median PIPES (8.5 vs 6.7, P = .11) and INTACT (8.5 vs 6.9, P = .16) indices compared with rural. More than half of surgeons and anesthesiologists worked in urban hospitals. Urban facilities had higher median infrastructure and procedure scores compared with rural. Fifty-three individuals completed short-answer questions. Training was most desired in laparoscopic surgery and trauma management; less than half of establishments reported staff with trauma training. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical and trauma capacity in Potosí was most limited in personnel, infrastructure, and procedures at rural facilities, with greater personnel deficiencies than previously reported. Interventions should focus on increasing the number of surgical and anesthesia personnel in rural areas, with a particular focus on the reported desire for trauma management training. Results have been made available to key stakeholders in Potosí to inform targeted quality improvement interventions.

Factores relacionados con la elección de una especialidad en médicos residentes mexicanos.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored choice factors in four specialties in Mexico. METHOD: Mixed methods design. Qualitative phase: four focus groups with first-year residents, to obtain information of how specialty choice was done. With this information a web-based cross-sectional questionnaire was applied to residents registered in the 1st year of Postgraduate Studies Division, UNAM. RESULTS: 32 residents participated in qualitative phase and for the quantitative phase, the survey was answered by 35 surgical, 28 gynecology, 61 internal medicine and 62 pediatric residents. The specialty choice decision was done during the last years of the medical career. The majority of the resident choice was a subspecialty after the general residency. The type of patient was more crucial to choose pediatrics while a good academic program was for internal medicine. Negative models and bullying were decisive to rule out surgery as well as a not well-known hospital was to rule out pediatrics. CONCLUSION: The specialty choice is done during undergraduate training, with the intention of doing a subspecialty. Demographic and personality traits were identified.

Publication rate of abstracts presented in a Brazilian experimental surgery congress.

PURPOSE:: To verify the publication rate of the abstracts presented at the XII Brazilian Congress of Experimental Surgery. METHODS:: We performed a cross-sectional study that evaluated if the abstracts accepted for presentation at the XII Brazilian Congress of Experimental Surgery were published in periodics. The information was acquired using the Scielo, Medline / Pubmed, LILACS and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS:: From all the abstracts presented, only 77 (40.52%) were published in scientific journals. Of this total, 14 (18.18%) were published prior to the conference 35 (45.45%) in the same year that occurred congress, 56 (72.72%) in the period 2011-2013 and 63 (81, 81%) between the Congress and the year 2015. Regarding the geographical distribution of summaries, 42 (22%) were from the northern region, 19 (10%) from the Northeast, 8 (4%) Midwest, 116 (61%) from the Southeast and 5 (3%) from the south. CONCLUSION:: The publication rate of the abstracts presented at the XII Brazilian Congress of Experimental Surgery was 40,52%, most from the state of Sao Paulo.