Sonographic features of diffuse giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath in the shoulder: A case report.

A middle-aged woman presented to our hospital with a chief complaint of a mass on the left shoulder for 1 year. The initial lump was small with no pain or tenderness, and the patient had not sought medical attention for numbness in the left shoulder. Clinical examination showed a mass on the left shoulder measuring 11 × 8 × 3 cm approximately with no apparent skin damage or ecchymosis. No limitations in left shoulder joint movements were observed, and the patient exhibited normal movement of the left elbow joint, wrist joint, and metacarpophalangeal joint. Moreover, the left radial artery was palpable.

Complications and prognosis of primary thoracic and lumbar giant cell tumors treated by total tumor resection.

BACKGROUND: Spinal giant cell tumor (SGCT) is a relatively rare primary tumor. En bloc resection is the preferred surgical procedure for it due to its aggressiveness, meanwhile leading to more complications. We reported the characteristics of perioperative complications and local control of total tumor resection including en bloc resection and piecemeal resection for primary thoracic and lumbar spinal giant cell tumors in a single center over 10 years. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional and cohort study. Forty-one consecutive patients with SGCTs who underwent total tumor resection from 2010 to 2020 at our institution and were followed up for at least 24 months were reviewed. Surgery data, complication characteristics and local tumor control were collected and compared by different surgical procedure. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were included, consisting of 18 males and 23 females, with a mean age of 34.2 years. Thirty-one had thoracic vertebra lesions, and 10 had lumbar vertebra lesions. Thirty-five patients were primary cases, and 6 patients were recurrent cases. Eighteen patients were treated by total en bloc spondylectomy (TES), 12 patients underwent en bloc resection according to WBB surgical system, and 11 patients underwent piecemeal resection. The average surgical time was 498 min, and the mean estimated blood loss was 2145 ml. A total of 58 complications were recorded, and 30 patients (73.2%) had at least one perioperative complication. All patients were followed up after surgery for at least 2 years. A total of 6 cases had postoperative internal fixation failure, and 4 cases presented local tumor recurrence (9.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the surgical technique is difficult and accompanied by a high rate of perioperative complications, en bloc resection can achieve favorable local control in SGCT. When it is too difficult to complete en bloc resection, thoroughly piecemeal resection without residual is also acceptable, given the relatively low recurrence rate.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumors of digits: MRI differentiation between localized types and diffuse types with pathology correlation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the MRI findings between the localized- and diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TSGCTs) of digits with pathology correlation. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with newly diagnosed TSGCTs of digits (22 localized and 6 diffuse types) who underwent preoperative MRI and surgical excision were included from Jan. 2015 to September 2021. MRI findings regarding nodularity, margins, morphology of hypointensity with pathology correlation, and disease extent (bone erosion, articular involvement, muscle involvement, tendon destruction, and neurovascular encasement) were assessed. RESULTS: Diffuse type was significantly larger (P = 0.006), more multinodular on both MRI and pathology (P = 0.038, both) with significant agreement, and infiltrative on both MRI and pathology (P < 0.001, both) with substantial agreement, and showed central granular on MRI and strong hemosiderin deposition on pathology (P = 0.022 and P = 0.021) with moderate agreement than localized type. Localized type showed significantly more frequent peripheral capsules on both MRI and pathology (P < 0.001, both) with moderate agreement than diffuse type. However, the septum on both MRI and pathology showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.529 and P = 0.372) without significant agreement. The disease extent was more severe in the diffuse type than the localized type regarding articular involvement (P < 0.001), muscle involvement (P < 0.001), and tendon destruction (P = 0.010). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups regarding bone erosion (P = 0.196) or neurovascular bundle encasement (P = 0.165). CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse-type TSGCTs of digits presented as locally aggressive lesions with larger, multinodular, infiltrative masses exhibiting stronger hemosiderin deposition and more severe disease extents of articular, muscle, and tendon involvement than the localized type.

The exploration of surgical outcomes in patients with giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath in spine: An epidemiological, radiological, and follow-up investigation.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) in spine more fully and further validate the therapeutical effect of surgcial resection for treating this neoplasm. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with spinal GCTTS and received surgical resection in our hospital between January 2009 and September 2021 were identified retrospectively. The clinical data and radiological images were summarized and the clinical outcomes of patients with a follow-up period of more than 12 months were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty patients with benign GCTTS and one with malignant GCTTS were included. Preoperative radiological images were available in 28 of 30 benign cases. Benign lesions were revealed as soft tissue masses centering on the facet joint with osteolytic bone destruction in 26 patients on CT, and as prevertebral or intramuscular masses without bone erosion in 2. MRI showed the signal of isointensity or hypointensity on T1 weighted images (T1WI) in 25 patients and slightly hyperintense in three. On T2 weighted images (T2WI), 17 lesions displayed homogeneous hypointense signal, and eight lesions possessed heterogeneous signals. The remaining three lesions featured slightly hyperintense signal on T2WI. Follow-up data were available in 23 of 30 benign cases treated with gross-total resection, and two patients experienced recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal GCTTS should be suspected in cases with features such as the mass mainly involving the posterior bone elements, the lack of intralesional calcification, T2-weighted dark signals, and free of any cancer. Gross-total resection is an effective means for treating spinal GCTTS.

FNAC study of giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor): Clinico-radiological correlation and cytopathological features.

BACKGROUND: Localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor (GCT) or giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTTS), is a benign nodular lesion that arises from the synovium of the tendon sheath of the hands and foot. GCTTS is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and proliferation of synovial-like mononuclear cells. A clinical diagnosis of GCTTS is kept as a differential when a firm, nodular mass shows decreased signal intensity on both T1-and T2-weighted MR imaging. Treatment is usually marginal excision of the mass. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It is a retrospective study, observed in the past 3 years at a tertiary care hospital. Those cases were included in the study in which histopathological confirmation was available or if clinico-radiological features were confirmatory of the diagnosis of GCTTS when correlated with cytological features. RESULTS: There was a total of 24 cases, out of which 16 were females and 8 males. The tumor was located in the upper limb in 21 cases and in 3 cases the tumor was present in the lower limb. In the upper limb, 18 cases were on the right side and three cases were on the left side. In the lower limb, 1 case was present on the left and 2 on the right side. The cytomorphology consisted of mononuclear stromal cells, multinucleated giant cells, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages in variable numbers. CONCLUSION: It is important to accurately diagnose and categorize giant cell-containing lesions because their prognosis depends on the exact categorization of the tumor.

Tumor de células gigantes / Giant Cell Tumor

Introducción: El tumor de células gigantes continúa siendo uno de los tumores óseos con muchas controversias en su diagnóstico y manejo, por ortopédicos, radiólogos y patólogos. Objetivo: Enriquecer el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad desde el aporte de las técnicas de imagen. Presentación de caso: Paciente masculino de 33 años de edad, remitido a la consulta de Ortopedia por presentar un aumento de volumen en la rodilla de meses de evolución, que empeoró progresivamente hasta llegar a la impotencia funcional. Al examen físico se constata un marcado aumento del volumen por lo que se indican estudios de imagen. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico temprano ayuda a mejorar el estilo de vida de estos pacientes. El tratamiento quirúrgico es el más indicado en tumores de células gigantes, ya que logra buenos resultados tanto en el tratamiento del tumor primario como de las recidivas (AU)

Introduction: The giant cell tumor continues to be one of the bone tumors with many controversies in diagnosis and management, by orthopedists, radiologists and pathologists. Objective: To enrich the diagnosis of this disease from the contribution of imaging techniques. Casereport: We report the case of a 33-year-old male patient, referred to the Orthopedics consultation for presenting an increase in volume in his knee, with months of evolution, which progressively worsened until functional impotence. Physical examination showed a marked increase in volume, so imaging studies are indicated. Conclusions: Early diagnosis helps to improve the lifestyle of these patients. Surgical treatment is the most indicated in giant cell tumors, since it achieves good results both in the treatment of the primary tumor and recurrences(AU)

Localized Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath of the Upper Cervical Spine: A Case Report.

Introduction: Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is commonly seen in the appendicular skeleton, and rarely arises from the axial skeleton. We describe a rare case of GCTTS in an adolescent in the upper cervical spine. Case Presentation: A previously healthy 16-year-old boy presented with a 6-month history of numbness of right upper extremity, and had experienced a neck pain 4 months ago. Spinal MRI demonstrated a small syrinx at C2 level and a well-circumscribed extradural mass with contrast enhancement extending from the posterior arch of C1 to C2. The extradural mass was totally resected, and the syrinx underwent clinical and imaging surveillance. Discussion: GCTTS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the axial skeletal lesion although very rare. Gross-total resection is advocated in GCTTS of the upper cervical spine, and subtotal resection with meticulous lesion monitoring should be performed in unresectable cases.

A rare sacral localization of giant cell tumor in a young adult female: a case report.

We reported the case of a 42-years-old woman who suffered from a giant cell tumor of sacrum. Although the giant cell tumor primarily affects the long bones, especially those of the knee joint, it can rarely affect the axial skeleton and the sacrum. The onset of symptoms is generally insidious and may include locoregional pain and swelling as well as movement deficits if nerve roots are involved at this level. In this case report we discuss on the radiographic imaging, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of this type of tumor in an unusual location of the disease.

Giant cell tumour of EHL tendon sheath in young: a rare case report and review of the literature.

Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath also known as benign synovioma is a slow-growing benign tumour originating from tendon sheath, ligaments or bursa. We present a case of swelling over the left foot of 7-month duration in 11-year-old boy diagnosed as giant cell tumour of tendon sheath. There was an extensive pressure effect of tumour mass on the second metatarsal evident by scalloping. Local excision was planned and executed, and reduction in scalloping was evident at 26-month follow-up with no recurrence. We conclude that en bloc resection of tumour with a hydrogen peroxide lavage may result in a favourable prognosis without recurrence.

Atypical Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Foot and Ankle: A Case Report.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor, also known as giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCT-TS), is a solitary, nodular, firm, benign, soft-tissue tumor that arises from the synovial lining of a tendon. The etiology is unknown. It is a rare soft-tissue tumor, with an overall incidence of one in 50,000 individuals, and usually affects people aged between 30 and 50 years. Magnetic resonance imaging tends to be the imaging modality of choice, used for surgical preparation. Widely accepted treatment involves local excision with or without radiotherapy. The author presents a case study involving a patient with an abnormally large, longstanding GCT-TS, diagnosed with clinical examination and imaging modalities, surgically excised, and further confirmed by pathology reports. Topic of discussion includes a review of GCT-TS.

Osteoclast: like giant cell undiferrentiated pancreatic tumor diagnosed by means of EUS guided FNA.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoclast-like giant cell tumours are rare abdominal malignant neoplasms mainly arising in the pancreas. Because of their rarity, clinical and cytopathology reports are very limited, and sonographic features have not been clearly specified ; these tumors are easily misdiagnosed by ultrasound as mucinous cystic tumors (MCTs)  or solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs). CASE STUDY: We report a case of osteoclast  like giant cell tumor arising in the pancreas of an 80 year old female patient offered by EUS-FNA cytology on direct and cell block slides. A biphasic pattern composed by a malignant mononuclear cell component and a giant cell component were hallmarks to the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Our case highlights the performance of EUS-FNA in the diagnostic approach of  abdominal tumours and the significance of cell block method in the interpretation of osteoclast-like giant cell pancreatic tumour.

Minimally Invasive Spinal Stabilization with Denosumab before Total Spondylectomy for a Collapsing Lower Lumbar Spinal Giant Cell Tumor.

A 21-year-old man consulted our hospital for treatment of a spinal giant cell tumor (GCT) of Enneking stage III. Lower lumbar-spine tumors and severe spinal canal stenosis are associated with high risk for surgical mor-bidity. Stability was temporarily secured with a percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in combination with deno-sumab, which shrank the tumor. Total en bloc spondylectomy was then performed 6 months after initiation of denosumab, and the patient was followed for 3 years. There was no local recurrence, and bony fusion was obtained. Minimally invasive surgery and denosumab allowed safer and easier treatment of a collapsing lower lumbar extra-compartmental GCT.

Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of Soft Tissue Disguised as Giant Cell Tumor of the Bone Involving the Distal and Proximal Phalanges of the Great Toe.

Giant cell tumors are benign tumors that are locally aggressive and rare in the foot. Giant cell tumors involving bone in the foot have an incidence of 1.2% to 2.8%, whereas giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath constitute 3% to 5% of all giant cell tumors in the foot and ankle. We present a case of giant cell tumor of the soft tissue disguised as a giant cell tumor of bone in a healthy 29-year-old male patient. Through radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation, it was determined that this patient had a bone tumor invading the distal and proximal phalanges of his left great toe with the involvement of soft tissue. With the use of the evidence-based medicine and patient expectation, the decision was made to amputate the digit. To much surprise, when the histopathologic results were reviewed, it was determined that the excised lesion was consistent with giant cell tumor of soft tissue that did not involve the bone.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor of the upper cervical spine arising from the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: a case report.

A tenosynovial giant cell tumor is a benign proliferative disease, mostly arising from the synovial membrane of tendon sheaths, bursae, and joints. Axial skeleton involvement is very rare, but it is often found in the cervical spine. Spinal tenosynovial giant cell tumors often arise at the facet joints; a completely extra-articular spinal tenosynovial giant cell tumor is rare. We report an extremely rare case of tenosynovial giant cell tumor in the upper cervical spine that extended from the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane rather than the facet joint. Herein, the clinical and radiological findings will be reviewed to better our understanding of the characteristics of spinal tenosynovial giant cell tumors, and to help improve their diagnosis despite their non-typical locations of origin.

Bilateral Mirror-Symmetrical Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath in the Foot and Ankle: A Case Report.

Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is a slowly growing benign tumor. It usually arises from the tendon sheath and periarticular soft tissue of small joints. However, it may infrequently involve the large joints emerging around the knee, elbow, and hip joints. Giant cell tumor of the tibialis tendon sheath is rarely reported in the foot and ankle joint. Here, we report the first case in the medical literature of bilateral mirror-symmetrical giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath in the foot and ankle. A 12-year-old male presented with a bilateral and mirror-image mass on his ankles extending to the foot. It was painless but affected his gait and footwear. Staged complete resection was done first on the right then on the left side, with no recurrence after 1 year. The role of genes can be argued for this presentation and giant cell tumor's etiology, owing to the bilateralism and mirror-image presentation. Studies are needed to explore this genetic aspect and its role in management.

Tumor de células gigantes de la bursa de la pata de ganso (bursitis villonodular pigmentada extraarticular): a propósito de un caso / Giant cell tumor of the pes anserine bursa (extraarticular pigmented villonodular bursitis): a case report

Resumen: La sinovitis villonodular pigmentada extraarticular, también llamada tumor de células gigantes de la vaina tendinosa, es frecuente en la mano, siendo extremadamente rara su localización en la rodilla. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con una bursitis villonodular pigmentada de la bursa de la pata de ganso sin afectación intraarticular. Extra-articular pigmented villonodular synovitis, also called giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath, is common in the hand, being extremely rare in the knee. We present the case of a patient with a pigmented villonodular bursitis of the pes anserine bursa without intraarticular involvement.

Abstract: Extra-articular pigmented villonodular synovitis, also called giant cell tumor of the tendon seath, is common in the hand, being extremely rare in the knee. We present the case of a patient with a pigmented villonodular bursitis of the pes anserine bursa without intraarticular involvement.