Genetically modified crops: Brazilian law and overview.

In Brazil, the first genetically modified (GM) crop was released in 1998, and it is estimated that 84, 78, and 50% of crop areas containing soybean, corn, and cotton, respectively, were transgenic in 2012. This intense and rapid adoption rate confirms that the choice to use technology has been the main factor in developing national agriculture. Thus, this review focuses on understanding these dynamics in the context of farmers, trade relations, and legislation. To accomplish this goal, a survey was conducted using the database of the National Cultivar Registry and the National Service for Plant Variety Protection of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply [Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA)] between 1998 and October 13, 2013. To date, 36 events have been released: five for soybeans, 18 for corn, 12 for cotton, and one for beans. From these events, 1395 cultivars have been developed and registered: 582 for soybean, 783 for corn and 30 for cotton. Monsanto owns 73.05% of the technologies used to develop these cultivars, while the Dow AgroScience - DuPont partnership and Syngenta have 16.34 and 4.37% ownership, respectively. Thus, the provision of transgenic seeds by these companies is an oligopoly supported by legislation. Moreover, there has been a rapid replacement of conventional crops by GM crops, whose technologies belong almost exclusively to four multinational companies, with the major ownership by Monsanto. These results reflect a warning to the government of the increased dependence on multinational corporations for key agricultural commodities.

Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains.

The recent 70% decline in deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon suggests that it is possible to manage the advance of a vast agricultural frontier. Enforcement of laws, interventions in soy and beef supply chains, restrictions on access to credit, and expansion of protected areas appear to have contributed to this decline, as did a decline in the demand for new deforestation. The supply chain interventions that fed into this deceleration are precariously dependent on corporate risk management, and public policies have relied excessively on punitive measures. Systems for delivering positive incentives for farmers to forgo deforestation have been designed but not fully implemented. Territorial approaches to deforestation have been effective and could consolidate progress in slowing deforestation while providing a framework for addressing other important dimensions of sustainable development.

Evaluación del crecimiento de un cultivo de Daphnia magnaalimentado con Saccharomyces cereviseae y unenriquecimiento con avena soya / Avaliação do crescimento de um cultivo de Daphnia magna alimentada conSaccharomyces cereviseae e um meio enrriquecido com aveia soja / Growth culture evaluation of Daphnia magna feed with Saccharomyces cereviseae enrichment with oat soy

Se realizó el cultivo experimental de cladócero Daphnia magna alimentado con probióticos. Serealizaron 16 ensayos experimentales, en el laboratorio de larvicultura de peces y alimento vivo (Larpeali)de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad de Antioquia, bajo condiciones controladas detemperatura ambiente (21 - 25 °C), temperatura del agua (22 - 23 °C) y pH (7.6). Empleando una dietade Saccharomyces cereviseae y un medio de enriquecimiento con ácidos grasos (n-6) proveniente deharina avena-soya. Las concentraciones de dieta y enriquecimiento fueron de 25 ppm y 12.5 ppm, enarreglo factorial 2x2 (2 niveles de dieta con levadura y 2 niveles dieta con avena de soya), los cultivosde Daphnia por tratamiento se realizaron con cuatro replicas con el fin de determinar su efecto sobreel desempeño de la población. Se alimentaron cada tercer día, durante 15 días, evaluándose el númerode organismos al final del período. Se obtuvieron diferencias altamente significativas (p<0.01) para elefecto del tratamiento con una concentración de 25 ppm Saccharomyces cereviseae + harina de avenasoyaa una concentración de 25 ppm. De igual forma se observó una diferencia significativa (p<0.05) en el tratamiento con Saccharomyces cereviseae a 12.5 ppm + harina de avena-soya 25 ppm sobre elcrecimiento poblacional de los cladóceros. En el resto de los tratamientos no se observaron diferenciassignificativas (p>0.05). Se evidenció que la combinación de estos componentes en sus concentracionesmás altas potenció el crecimiento de la Daphnia magna, alcanzando un número de microcrustáceos de826ª Daphnias/L ± 9.57. Se puede concluir que los cladóceros por sus características de crecimiento encultivo, presentan adaptación favorable a las condiciones de manejo para la producción de biomasa útilcomo alimento vivo en acuicultura.

Experimental cultivate cladocerans Daphnia magna feed with probiotics was realized. At Universityof Antioquia, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Larviculture, fish and food live Laboratory (Larpeali), undercontrolled conditions of environmental temperature between (21 - 25 °C), water temperature (22 - 23°C)and pH (7.6), were performed. One diet of Saccharomyces cereviseae was used and one enriched mediumof oat-soy flour (fatty acid, n-6) to concentrations of diet and enriched medium were the same, 25 ppmand 12.5 ppm, 2x2 factorial treatment arrangements (2 levels of Saccharomyces cereviseae and 2 levelsof oat-soy flour, diets was fed to four replicates of Daphnia culture per treatment in order to determinetheir effects on the populations cultivated. A 15-days feeding, each third day, trial were conducted, to assessthe organisms at final period. The results showed significant high difference (p<0.01) for the effect of thetreatment with Saccharomyces cereviseae 25 ppm + oat-soy flour 25 ppm. In the same way, the results showedsignificant difference (p<0.05) for the effect of the treatment with Saccharomyces cereviseae 12.5 ppm +oat-soy flour 25 ppm on the population growth of the cladocerans. Rest of treatments were not significantlydifference (p>0.05). The results showed that the combination of their high concentrations of componentsenhanced the population growth of Daphnia magna, reaching a number of microcrustaceans of 826ª ± 9.57.These cladocerans for their characteristics of growth in culture, present favorable adaptation to the handlingconditions to produce biomasses potentially useful as nutritious particle as live food in aquaculture purposes.

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o efeito das gorduras saturadas e insaturadas e seu grau deproteção (protegidas e sem proteção) sob a cinética e a extensão da degradação in vitro da matéria seca(MS) em dietas para ruminantes. Quatro dietas foram formuladas para conter o mesmo nível de energia(3200 Kcal ED /Kg MS) e proteína (13%PC) a ração total misturada (RTM), de acordo com as necessidadesnutricionais de ovelhas em fase de finalização, quatro tipos de gorduras foram feitas com 8% de MS eforam testados tipos de gorduras foram testados: 1) gordura saturada sem proteção (GSSP), 2) gordurasaturada protegida (GSP), 3) gordura insaturada sem proteção (GISP) e 4) gordura insaturada protegida(GIP). Para estimar a cinética e a extensão da degradação da MS e cinética da produção de gás, as raçõesforam avaliadas mediante a técnica in vitro de produção de gás, seguindo os modelos propostos por Orskove McDonald (1979) y France et al (1993), para isto foi empregado o procedimento PROC NLIN de SAS(2001). Ao mesmo tempo, foi realizado um analise de medidas repetidas no tempo para verificar o efeito dostratamentos sobre a produção de gás e a degradação da MS no tempo com ajuda do procedimento PROCMIXED do SAS (2001.) Neste experimento verificou-se que a utilização de gorduras insaturadas protegidasnão afetou a degradação de MS quando comparadas com as não protegidas. No caso das gorduras saturadas,não houve um claro efeito da proteção sob a degradação e a cinética de fermentação da MS.

Valor alimenticio de la levadura tórula (Candida utilis) en dietas para aves / Feed value of torutal yeast (Candida utilis) on poultry diets

Se estudió el efecto (del empleo) de la proteína unicelular levadura tórula (Candida utilis), producida en escala piloto en el Centro de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, en dietas para aves. Se realizaron dos experimentos usando como sustrato melaza de caña de azúcar. La inclusión de la levadura en dietas tipo práctico en harina sorgo + soya a niveles de 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 y 10.0 por ciento tanto para pollos de engorda como para gallinas en producción. En ambos experimentos, realizados en el Campo Experimental "Valle de México" en Chapingo, Edo. de México, se empleó un diseño completamente al azar; cada tratamiento se ofreció por triplicado. En el Experimento 1 se emplearon 180 pollos de engorda Indian River sexados de un día de edad, los cuales se alojaron en jaulas en grupos de doce pollitos (6 machos y 6 hembras). Los resultados promedio obtenidos a las 7 semanas de edad fueron similares (P > 0.05) entre tratamientos para ganancia de peso (1909, 1932, 2047, 1915 y 1905g), consumo de alimento (3707, 3674, 3689,3623 y 3754g) y conversión alimenticia (1.94, 1.90, 1.86, 1.91 y 1.97). En el Experimento 2, se utilizaron 150 gallinas Leghorn (Hy - Line) de 10 meses de edad, alojadas en jaulas individuales, las cuales se dispusieron en grupos de 10 aves cada una. Los datos obtenidos en 92 días de experimentación para porcentaje de producción (78.7, 78.7, 79.1, 79.6 y 81.1 por ciento), pero del huevo (62.4, 61.4, 62.0, 62.7 y 61.8g), consumo de alimento ave/día (110. 104, 110, 111 y 113g) y conversión alimenticia (2.23, 2.17, 2.25, 2.22 y 2.24) fueron similares (P>0.05) en los tratamientos con 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 y 10 por ciento de levadura tórula respectivamente. Esta información indica que la levadura tórula puede usarse en dietas para pollos y gallinas hasta en 10 por ciento, sin afectarse el comportamiento de las aves.