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1.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 29(1): 195-214, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35442286

ABSTRACT

As of the nineteenth century, the number of world fairs and hygiene exhibitions grew significantly. This phenomenon was linked to the experience of modernity and the emergence of bacteriology, when different cities were sanitized with the aim of combating urban diseases and epidemics. For the purpose of sanitary education and hygiene propaganda, many objects and pictures were displayed in hygiene exhibitions and museums, such as the International Hygiene Exhibition of 1911 and the German Hygiene Museum, both in Dresden. The goal of this article is to analyze a chapter of the international history of health through images that portray the connections between the German Hygiene Museum and Latin American countries between 1911 and 1933.


Subject(s)
Bacteriology , Museums , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Hygiene/history , Latin America , Museums/history , Propaganda
2.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;28(3): 879-883, jul.-set. 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1339963

ABSTRACT

Resumen El desarrollo de la pandemia de la covid-19 ha motivado un renovado interés por la gripe de 1918-1919 para buscar elementos que facilitaran la comprensión de la experiencia presente, pero también como oportunidad para reevaluar la grave crisis sanitaria del siglo XX a la luz de lo que estamos viviendo. En este contexto y con ese objetivo se inserta esta reflexión histórica sobre estos dos fenómenos pandémicos, que muestra los paralelismos existentes y la necesidad de una toma de conciencia de que nuestro modelo de sociedad está en crisis y se requiere una transformación profunda.


Abstract The rise of the covid-19 pandemic has led to renewed interest in the 1918-1919 influenza in search of aspects that might help us understand the current situation, but also as an opportunity to re-evaluate the serious twentieth-century health crisis in light of what we are experiencing now. In this context and with that goal, this historical reflection shows the parallels that exist and the need for a realization that our model of society is undergoing a crisis and requires profound transformation.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Influenza, Human/history , Pandemics/history , COVID-19/history , Influenza Vaccines/history , Hygiene/history , Denial, Psychological , World War I , Economics , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/transmission , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , COVID-19 Vaccines/history , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19/transmission , COVID-19/epidemiology , Military Personnel/history
3.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 28(3): 879-883, 2021.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34346994

ABSTRACT

The rise of the covid-19 pandemic has led to renewed interest in the 1918-1919 influenza in search of aspects that might help us understand the current situation, but also as an opportunity to re-evaluate the serious twentieth-century health crisis in light of what we are experiencing now. In this context and with that goal, this historical reflection shows the parallels that exist and the need for a realization that our model of society is undergoing a crisis and requires profound transformation.


El desarrollo de la pandemia de la covid-19 ha motivado un renovado interés por la gripe de 1918-1919 para buscar elementos que facilitaran la comprensión de la experiencia presente, pero también como oportunidad para reevaluar la grave crisis sanitaria del siglo XX a la luz de lo que estamos viviendo. En este contexto y con ese objetivo se inserta esta reflexión histórica sobre estos dos fenómenos pandémicos, que muestra los paralelismos existentes y la necesidad de una toma de conciencia de que nuestro modelo de sociedad está en crisis y se requiere una transformación profunda.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/history , Influenza, Human/history , Pandemics/history , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19/transmission , COVID-19 Vaccines/history , Denial, Psychological , Economics , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Hygiene/history , Influenza Vaccines/history , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/transmission , Military Personnel/history , World War I
5.
Esc. Anna Nery Rev. Enferm ; 25(4): e20200152, 2021.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-1286364

ABSTRACT

Resumo Objetivo refletir sobre a figura pública de Florence Nightingale, suas realizações, Reforma Sanitária e a criação da Escola de Enfermeiras, e compreender o nascimento da enfermagem como profissão. Método partiu-se da literatura de um quadro das pressões sociais que agiam sobre o comportamento individual de Florence Nightingale e dos marcos divisórios aparentes, que entendemos como a densidade das relações sócio-históricas, e o seu tempo social. Análise sócio-histórica da história de vida de Florence Nightingale e da literatura social de Charles Dickens. O marco temporal compreendeu da promulgação da New Poor Law (1.834) à revogação (1.601). Resultados Florence Nightingale foi uma mulher adiante do seu tempo que, contrariando as teorias do Darwinismo social de sua época, criou a profissão da enfermeira, e produziu uma clivagem na profissão definindo-a como ciência e arte. Conclusão e implicações para a enfermagem ao criar a figura emblemática da Dama da Lâmpada, Florence Nightingale gravou no cuidado de enfermagem, o zelo, o desvelo e a compaixão, aqui entendida como empatia e piedade com o sofrimento do outro acompanhada do desejo de minorá-lo, uma participação espiritual na dor do outro.


Resumen Objetivo reflexionar sobre la figura pública de Florence Nightingale, sus logros, Reforma Sanitaria y la creación de la Escuela de Enfermeras, y comprender el nacimiento de la enfermería como profesión. Método se partió de la literatura de un cuadro de las presiones sociales sobre el comportamiento individual de Florence Nightingale y de los marcos divisorios aparentes que se entiende como la densidad de las relaciones socio histórico y su tiempo social. Análisis socio histórico de la historia de vida de Florence Nightingale y de la literatura social de Charles Dickens. El marco temporal se comprendió entre la promulgación del New Poor Law en 1834 y su revocación promulgada en 1601. Resultados Florence Nightingale fue una mujer adelante a su tiempo que, contrariando las teorías del Darwinismo social de su época, creó la profesión de enfermera, y produjo una mirada embrionaria en la profesión definiéndola como ciencia y arte. Conclusión e implicaciones para la enfermería al crear la figura emblemática de la Dama de la Lámpara, Florence Nightingale registró en el cuidado de enfermería, el celo, el cuidado y la compasión, entendido aquí como empatía y piedad con el sufrimiento del otro acompañado del deseo de una disminución, una participación espiritual en el dolor del otro.


Abstract Objective to reflect on Florence Nightingale's public figure, her achievements, Health Care Reform and the creation of the School for Nurses, and understand the birth of nursing as a profession. Method a framework of the social pressures acting on Florence Nightingale's individual behavior and the apparent dividing marks, which we understand as the density of socio-historical relations, and her social time, was drawn from the literature. This is a socio-historical analysis of Florence Nightingale's life story and Charles Dickens' social literature. The time frame spanned from the enactment of the New Poor Law (1834) to the repeal (1601). Results Florence Nightingale was a woman ahead of her time who, going against the theories of social Darwinism of her time, created the nurse profession, and produced a divide in the profession by defining it as science and art. Conclusion and implications for nursing by creating the emblematic figure of the Lady of the Lamp, Florence Nightingale engraved in nursing care, zeal, devotion, and compassion, here understood as empathy and pity for the suffering of others accompanied by the desire to alleviate it, a spiritual participation in the pain of others.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , History, 19th Century , Health Care Reform/history , Knowledge Discovery/history , History of Nursing , Nurse Practitioners/history , Poverty/history , Social Conditions/history , Social Identification , Hygiene/history , Aggression , Alcoholism , London
6.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 27(2): 337-354, 2020 Jun.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32667602

ABSTRACT

This study outlines some understandings of the word "hygiene." The notion that originated in ancient Greece first began to be adopted as a system of diet and morals to prolong the lifespan. From a type of self-care, this idea transformed into a concept of governance to extend the lives of subject-citizens. The theoretical debate about what public hygiene used to be shows its eminently political side: not only was hygiene a branch of the political economy, the ideas of hygienists were also analyzed as to the degree of impact they had on policy. After political and scientific battles, certain understandings of government action emerged victorious, while others were forgotten and neglected.


Subject(s)
Health Behavior , Hygiene/history , Europe , Government/history , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, Ancient , Humans , United States
7.
Salud Colect ; 16: e2129, 2020 Apr 06.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32574461

ABSTRACT

From the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, the province of Mendoza presented problematic sanitary conditions due to rapid demographic and urban growth, the scarcity of public services, and the poor state of the old colonial city (destroyed by the 1861 earthquake), which facilitated the spread of various infectious diseases. The objective of this article is to inquire into the ways in which the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza both expanded and became increasingly professionalized from the late 19th to early 20th century. We explore how these factors, along with the predominant social representations of disease that permeated the discourses of governing elites, influenced public policy aimed at combating the diseases of the time. To that end, we consulted a wide range of written documents and photographic material that allowed us to analyze changes in discourse as well as public policy.


Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas.


Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care/history , Health Care Sector/history , Professionalism/history , Argentina , Communicable Diseases/history , Communicable Diseases/transmission , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Delivery of Health Care/standards , Epidemics/history , Health Care Sector/organization & administration , Health Care Sector/standards , Health Services Accessibility/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Hygiene/history , Politics , Population Growth , Public Policy/history , Quarantine/history , Social Conditions/history , Social Determinants of Health/history , Socioeconomic Factors/history , Urban Renewal/history
8.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;27(2): 337-354, abr.-jun. 2020.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134058

ABSTRACT

Resumo O estudo esboça algumas compreensões sobre a palavra "higiene". A partir do Renascimento, a ideia advinda da Grécia Antiga voltou a ser trabalhada, primeiramente como método para uma organização dietética e moral da vida que visava ao seu prolongamento. De uma espécie de cuidado de si, transformou-se em conceito de governança, cujo objetivo era o prolongamento da vida dos súditos/cidadãos. O debate teórico sobre o que era higiene pública mostra sua faceta eminentemente política: não apenas era um ramo da economia política, mas também eram analisadas as propostas dos higienistas de acordo com seu maior ou menor impacto na política. A batalha político-científica resultou na vitória de certas compreensões de ação estatal, e no esquecimento e na negligência de outras.


Abstract This study outlines some understandings of the word "hygiene." The notion that originated in ancient Greece first began to be adopted as a system of diet and morals to prolong the lifespan. From a type of self-care, this idea transformed into a concept of governance to extend the lives of subject-citizens. The theoretical debate about what public hygiene used to be shows its eminently political side: not only was hygiene a branch of the political economy, the ideas of hygienists were also analyzed as to the degree of impact they had on policy. After political and scientific battles, certain understandings of government action emerged victorious, while others were forgotten and neglected.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Health Behavior , Hygiene/history , United States , History, Ancient , Europe , Government/history
9.
Medwave ; 20(4): e7896, 2020 May 11.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32428923

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The social issue in Chile stems from an accumulation of social problems resulting from the migratory movements of the countryside-city and mining areas. The cities did not have the hygienic conditions necessary to receive migrants, which caused housing and health problems within the population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the problems of housing, hygiene, and health in Chile between 1880-1920. METHOD: We conduct a qualitative, analytical, and interpretive study using primary sources for the categories of analysis around housing, hygiene, and health of the following cities in Chile: Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepción and Chillán. RESULTS: The economic modernization led to the development of public works in the main cities of Chile, which also experienced a demographic phenomenon known as field-city migration, with urban growth never before seen. In the cities, there were problems of housing, hygiene, and health for the popular urban sectors. CONCLUSION: The State passed laws to regulate the conditions of the conventillos and public spaces to mitigate diseases and vices of the population.


INTRODUCCIÓN: La cuestión social tiene su origen en la acumulación de problemas sociales, producto de los movimientos migratorios del campo-ciudad y zonas mineras. Las ciudades no contaban con las condiciones higiénicas necesarias para recibir a los migrantes, lo cual provocó problemas de vivienda y salubridad entre la población. OBJETIVO: Analizar los problemas de vivienda, higiene y salubridad en Chile entre los años 1880 y 1920. MÉTODO: Es un estudio cualitativo, analítico e interpretativo, se utilizaron fuentes primarias para las categorías de análisis en torno a la vivienda, higiene y salubridad de las siguientes ciudades de Chile: Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepción y Chillán. RESULTADOS: La modernización económica permitió el desarrollo de obras públicas en las principales ciudades de Chile, pero también experimentaron un fenómeno demográfico conocido como migración campo - ciudad, con un crecimiento urbano nunca visto. CONCLUSIÓN: En las ciudades se presentaron problemas de vivienda, higiene y salubridad para los sectores populares urbanos. El Estado, a través de leyes, reguló las condiciones de los conventillos y espacios públicos con el propósito de mitigar enfermedades y vicios de la población.


Subject(s)
Hygiene/history , Public Health/history , Transients and Migrants/history , Chile , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Housing/history , Humans , Population Dynamics/history
10.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 27(1): 171-180, 2020.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32215524

ABSTRACT

Michel Foucault's preoccupation with medicine, its history and its impact on society, is a constant in his work. The goal of this study is to contrast the content of the lectures Foucault gave in Rio de Janeiro, in October 1974, with the preparatory notes for them which are part of the archival holdings acquired by the National Library of France. One of the key questions in those lectures is the relationship between ethics and contemporary social medicine. This question, analyzed from Foucault's point of view, constitutes the background and ultimate interest of this article.


La preocupación de Michel Foucault por la medicina, su historia y su impacto en la sociedad, es una constante en su obra. El objetivo de este trabajo es contrastar el contenido de las conferencias que Foucault impartió en Río de Janeiro, en octubre de 1974, con los materiales preparatorios de las mismas que forman parte de los fondos adquiridos por la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia. Una de las cuestiones clave en dichas conferencias es la relación entre la ética y la medicina social contemporánea. Esa cuestión, analizada desde el punto de vista de Foucault, constituye el trasfondo e interés último del presente trabajo.


Subject(s)
Ethics, Medical/history , Social Medicine/history , Brazil , Congresses as Topic/history , Health Policy/economics , Health Policy/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Hygiene/history , Right to Health/history , Social Medicine/ethics
11.
Medwave ; 20(2): e7841, 2020 03 18.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32191681

ABSTRACT

This article investigates the emergence of two institutions for the control of public hygiene in Chile between 1879 and 1920: colleges of royal physicians and isolation hospitals using the case of smallpox in La Araucanía, a region located in the South of Chile. We cover the characteristics and context of these institutions that allowed the State of Chile to address the problems of public hygiene and to prompt health professionals to professionalize the practice of medicine. The liberal positivist state of the late nineteenth century understood that the issue of hygiene was not only a matter of individual responsibility but had a social, public, and environmental dimension. People practiced hygiene alongside the existence of hygienic and anti-hygienic environments. Therefore, hygiene, the royal colleges of physicians, health records, isolation hospitals, doctors, and vaccinators are studied. All of these components of the health care system of the time were in permanent tension with the central government authorities due to the insufficient resources provided by the state for the care of infected patients with smallpox. The study follows a qualitative methodology with a descriptive historiographic design. We used archival primary and secondary sources available in Chile and Germany. The results show that the presence of smallpox appeared ferociously in South-Central Chile in the second half of the 19th century and remained in La Araucanía until the first half of the 20th century. The extent to which smallpox spread, spawning fear and insecurity in people of different social classes, had as one of its leading causes the precarious conditions of health and hygiene of the population.


El presente artículo indaga la aparición de dos instituciones de control de la higiene pública en Chile entre los años 1879 y 1920: los protomedicatos y lazaretos. El objeto de estudio utiliza como caso la presencia de la viruela en La Araucanía. Se abordan las características y contexto que adquirió la instalación de estos dispositivos que permitieron al Estado de Chile operacionalizar el asunto de la higiene pública, lo que interpeló a los profesionales de la salud para avanzar a mayores niveles de perfeccionamiento del ejercicio profesional de la medicina. El Estado liberal positivista de fines de siglo XIX comprendió que el tema de la higiene no era solamente una cuestión de responsabilidad individual, sino que tenía una dimensión social, pública y medio ambiental. No sólo había personas que eran higiénicas, sino también ambientes higiénicos y antihigiénicos. Por tanto, se estudia la higiene, el tribunal del protomedicato, la hoja sanitaria, lazaretos, médicos y vacunadores; quienes estuvieron en permanente tensión con las autoridades del gobierno central debido a los insuficientes recursos proporcionados por el Estado para la atención de los enfermos contagiados con viruela. El estudio se orienta desde una metodología cualitativa con un diseño historiográfico con alcances descriptivos densos. Se han utilizado fuentes primarias y secundarias disponibles en archivos en Chile y Alemania. Los resultados evidencian que la presencia de viruela apareció violentamente en el centro sur de Chile en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y permaneció en la Araucanía hasta la primera mitad del siglo XX. La violencia con que se desarrolló la viruela generó miedo e incertidumbre afectando a personas de diferentes clases sociales, y tuvo como una de sus causas principales las precarias condiciones de salubridad de la población.


Subject(s)
Hygiene/history , Smallpox , Chile/epidemiology , Delivery of Health Care , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Hospitals, Isolation/history , Humans , Smallpox/epidemiology , Smallpox/prevention & control , Smallpox/transmission
12.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;27(1): 171-180, jan.-mar. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1090493

ABSTRACT

Resumen La preocupación de Michel Foucault por la medicina, su historia y su impacto en la sociedad, es una constante en su obra. El objetivo de este trabajo es contrastar el contenido de las conferencias que Foucault impartió en Río de Janeiro, en octubre de 1974, con los materiales preparatorios de las mismas que forman parte de los fondos adquiridos por la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia. Una de las cuestiones clave en dichas conferencias es la relación entre la ética y la medicina social contemporánea. Esa cuestión, analizada desde el punto de vista de Foucault, constituye el trasfondo e interés último del presente trabajo.


Abstract Michel Foucault's preoccupation with medicine, its history and its impact on society, is a constant in his work. The goal of this study is to contrast the content of the lectures Foucault gave in Rio de Janeiro, in October 1974, with the preparatory notes for them which are part of the archival holdings acquired by the National Library of France. One of the key questions in those lectures is the relationship between ethics and contemporary social medicine. This question, analyzed from Foucault's point of view, constitutes the background and ultimate interest of this article.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Social Medicine/history , Ethics, Medical/history , Social Medicine/ethics , Brazil , Hygiene/history , Congresses as Topic/history , Right to Health/history , Health Policy/economics , Health Policy/history
13.
Medwave ; 20(2): e7841, 31-03-2020.
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1097785

ABSTRACT

El presente artículo indaga la aparición de dos instituciones de control de la higiene pública en Chile entre los años 1879 y 1920: los protomedicatos y lazaretos. El objeto de estudio utiliza como caso la presencia de la viruela en La Araucanía. Se abordan las características y contexto que adquirió la instalación de estos dispositivos que permitieron al Estado de Chile operacionalizar el asunto de la higiene pública, lo que interpeló a los profesionales de la salud para avanzar a mayores niveles de perfeccionamiento del ejercicio profesional de la medicina. El Estado liberal positivista de fines de siglo XIX comprendió que el tema de la higiene no era solamente una cuestión de responsabilidad individual, sino que tenía una dimensión social, pública y medio ambiental. No sólo había personas que eran higiénicas, sino también ambientes higiénicos y antihigiénicos. Por tanto, se estudia la higiene, el tribunal del protomedicato, la hoja sanitaria, lazaretos, médicos y vacunadores; quienes estuvieron en permanente tensión con las autoridades del gobierno central debido a los insuficientes recursos proporcionados por el Estado para la atención de los enfermos contagiados con viruela. El estudio se orienta desde una metodología cualitativa con un diseño historiográfico con alcances descriptivos densos. Se han utilizado fuentes primarias y secundarias disponibles en archivos en Chile y Alemania. Los resultados evidencian que la presencia de viruela apareció violentamente en el centro sur de Chile en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y permaneció en la Araucanía hasta la primera mitad del siglo XX. La violencia con que se desarrolló la viruela generó miedo e incertidumbre afectando a personas de diferentes clases sociales, y tuvo como una de sus causas principales las precarias condiciones de salubridad de la población.


This article investigates the emergence of two institutions for the control of public hygiene in Chile between 1879 and 1920: colleges of royal physicians and isolation hospitals using the case of smallpox in La Araucanía, a region located in the South of Chile. We cover the characteristics and context of these institutions that allowed the State of Chile to address the problems of public hygiene and to prompt health professionals to professionalize the practice of medicine. The liberal positivist state of the late nineteenth century understood that the issue of hygiene was not only a matter of individual responsibility but had a social, public, and environmental dimension. People practiced hygiene alongside the existence of hygienic and anti-hygienic environments. Therefore, hygiene, the royal colleges of physicians, health records, isolation hospitals, doctors, and vaccinators are studied. All of these components of the health care system of the time were in permanent tension with the central government authorities due to the insufficient resources provided by the state for the care of infected patients with smallpox. The study follows a qualitative methodology with a descriptive historiographic design. We used archival primary and secondary sources available in Chile and Germany. The results show that the presence of smallpox appeared ferociously in South-Central Chile in the second half of the 19th century and remained in La Araucanía until the first half of the 20th century. The extent to which smallpox spread, spawning fear and insecurity in people of different social classes, had as one of its leading causes the precarious conditions of health and hygiene of the population.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Smallpox/prevention & control , Smallpox/transmission , Smallpox/epidemiology , Hygiene/history , Chile/epidemiology , Delivery of Health Care , Hospitals, Isolation/history
14.
Salud colect ; 16: e2129, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1101904

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas.


ABSTRACT From the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, the province of Mendoza presented problematic sanitary conditions due to rapid demographic and urban growth, the scarcity of public services, and the poor state of the old colonial city (destroyed by the 1861 earthquake), which facilitated the spread of various infectious diseases. The objective of this article is to inquire into the ways in which the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza both expanded and became increasingly professionalized from the late 19th to early 20th century. We explore how these factors, along with the predominant social representations of disease that permeated the discourses of governing elites, influenced public policy aimed at combating the diseases of the time. To that end, we consulted a wide range of written documents and photographic material that allowed us to analyze changes in discourse as well as public policy.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Health Care Sector/history , Delivery of Health Care/history , Professionalism/history , Argentina , Politics , Public Policy/history , Social Conditions/history , Socioeconomic Factors/history , Urban Renewal/history , Quarantine/history , Hygiene/history , Communicable Diseases/history , Communicable Diseases/transmission , Population Growth , Health Care Sector/standards , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Epidemics/history , Social Determinants of Health/history , Health Services Accessibility/history
15.
Medwave ; 20(4): e7896, 2020.
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1103973

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cuestión social tiene su origen en la acumulación de problemas sociales, producto de los movimientos migratorios del campo-ciudad y zonas mineras. Las ciudades no contaban con las condiciones higiénicas necesarias para recibir a los migrantes, lo cual provocó problemas de vivienda y salubridad entre la población. OBJETIVO: Analizar los problemas de vivienda, higiene y salubridad en Chile entre los años 1880 y 1920. MÉTODO: Es un estudio cualitativo, analítico e interpretativo, se utilizaron fuentes primarias para las categorías de análisis en torno a la vivienda, higiene y salubridad de las siguientes ciudades de Chile: Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepción y Chillán. Resultados: La modernización económica permitió el desarrollo de obras públicas en las principales ciudades de Chile, pero también experimentaron un fenómeno demográfico conocido como migración campo - ciudad, con un crecimiento urbano nunca visto. CONCLUSIÓN: En las ciudades se presentaron problemas de vivienda, higiene y salubridad para los sectores populares urbanos. El Estado, a través de leyes, reguló las condiciones de los conventillos y espacios públicos con el propósito de mitigar enfermedades y vicios de la población.


INTRODUCTION: The social issue in Chile stems from an accumulation of social problems resulting from the migratory movements of the countryside-city and mining areas. The cities did not have the hygienic conditions necessary to receive migrants, which caused housing and health problems within the population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the problems of housing, hygiene, and health in Chile between 1880-1920. METHOD: We conduct a qualitative, analytical, and interpretive study using primary sources for the categories of analysis around housing, hygiene, and health of the following cities in Chile: Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepción and Chillán. Results: The economic modernization led to the development of public works in the main cities of Chile, which also experienced a demographic phenomenon known as field-city migration, with urban growth never before seen. In the cities, there were problems of housing, hygiene, and health for the popular urban sectors. CONCLUSION: The State passed laws to regulate the conditions of the conventillos and public spaces to mitigate diseases and vices of the population.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Transients and Migrants/history , Hygiene/history , Public Health/history , Chile , Population Dynamics/history , Housing/history
16.
Gac Med Mex ; 155(6): 624-628, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31787771

ABSTRACT

This article revisits Doctor Manuel González Rivera's work as a promoter of hygiene education in Mexico during the 1940s. From his classroom at the School of Public Health and head of the Hygiene Education Department of the Ministry of Health and Assistance, González Rivera produced an interesting bibliography on the meaning and importance of hygiene education. Based on three of his most important books, Educación Higiénica (Hygiene Education) (1943), Doña Eugenesia y otros personajes. Materiales de educación higiénica popular (Eugenics and other characters. Popular hygiene education materials) (1943) and Enfermedades transmisibles. Cartilla para maestros rurales (Communicable diseases. A booklet for rural teachers) (1944), this article highlights his pedagogical and social work in the design of strategies and tools for health personnel and rural teachers to educate the population in matters of prevention and hygiene habits promotion.


Este artículo rescata la labor del médico Manuel González Rivera como promotor de la educación higiénica en México durante la década de 1940. Desde su aula en la Escuela de Salubridad y como jefe de la Dirección de Educación Higiénica de la Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia, González Rivera produjo una interesante bibliografía sobre el significado e importancia de la educación higiénica. Con base en tres de sus principales libros: Educación Higiénica (1943), Doña Eugenesia y otros personajes. Materiales de educación higiénica popular (1943) y Enfermedades transmisibles. Cartilla para maestros rurales (1944), este artículo destaca su labor pedagógica y social en el diseño de estrategias e insumos para que personal sanitario y maestros rurales educaran a la población en materia de prevención y fomento de hábitos higiénicos.


Subject(s)
Health Education/history , Hygiene/education , History, 20th Century , Humans , Hygiene/history , Mexico
17.
Rev Med Chil ; 147(4): 499-504, 2019 Apr.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31344213

ABSTRACT

Eloísa Díaz Insunza, the first Latin American female physician, completed her studies in Medicine and Surgery at the University of Chile in 1887 and worked a large part of her life as Medical Inspector of Public Schools of Santiago, Chile. In this article, the focus is placed on her "Test Memorandum" (1886) and her first Reports to the Ministry of Public Education (1899-1905), to appreciate the hygienist perspective that characterizes her proposals. We describe her intervention project that sought to integrate medical practice with psychology and education, to solve a social problem such as the degeneration of the Chilean race.


Subject(s)
Education/history , History of Medicine , Hygiene/history , Psychology/history , Chile , Female , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans
18.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 26(2): 445-464, 2019 Jun 19.
Article in Spanish, English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31241669

ABSTRACT

After the Spanish Civil War, poor hygiene and nutritional deficiencies among a large part of Spain's population contributed to the rise of epidemic diseases. Exanthematic typhus posed a challenge to the health authorities, especially during the spring of 1941, when the epidemiological cycle of the disease and the lack of infrastructures combined to create a serious health crisis. The Franco regime, aware that this situation posed a threat to its legitimacy, promptly used social exclusion as part of its health policy against the epidemic. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the case of Valencia, a city that was behind Republican lines during the war, and therefore received successive waves of refugees as Franco's troops advanced.


Tras la Guerra Civil, las deficientes condiciones higiénico-dietéticas de gran parte de la población española favorecieron la aparición de enfermedades epidémicas. El tifus exantemático puso en jaque a las autoridades sanitarias, especialmente durante la primavera de 1941, cuando el ciclo epidemiológico de la enfermedad y la falta de infraestructuras se aliaron para provocar una grave crisis sanitaria. El régimen franquista, consciente de que esta situación dificultaba su legitimación, no dudó en utilizar la exclusión social como parte de su política sanitaria contra esta epidemia. El artículo analiza en profundidad el caso de Valencia, una ciudad que durante la guerra, por hallarse en la retaguardia republicana, había acogido sucesivas oleadas de refugiados a medida que avanzaban las tropas franquistas.


Subject(s)
Communicable Disease Control/history , Epidemics/history , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/history , Epidemics/prevention & control , History, 20th Century , Humans , Hygiene/history , Quarantine/history , Spain/epidemiology , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/epidemiology , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/prevention & control
19.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 26(1): 15-32, 2019.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30942301

ABSTRACT

The Hospedaria de Imigrantes (Immigrant Lodgings) da Ilha das Flores was established in 1883 in accordance with the hygienist thinking of the time. Immigrants were isolated on the east coast of Guanabara Bay because of the epidemics of yellow fever which returned to the Imperial capital every summer since 1849-1850. Hygienists attributed the disease to the precarious health conditions in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which enabled germs to multiply and infect the atmosphere. As physicians reinterpreted the disease in light of Pasteurian theory, new procedures were adopted to receive immigrants, changing the structure and function of the facility on Ilha das Flores.


A criação da Hospedaria de Imigrantes da Ilha das Flores, em 1883, esteve de acordo com os preceitos higienistas vigentes na época. O isolamento de imigrantes na costa leste da baía de Guanabara ocorreu em virtude das epidemias de febre amarela que retornavam à capital do Império todo verão, desde 1849-1850. Higienistas atribuíam a doença à precária condição sanitária da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que propiciava a multiplicação do germe e infeccionava a atmosfera. Na medida em que os médicos reinterpretavam a doença à luz da teoria pasteuriana, foram sendo adotados novos procedimentos para a recepção de imigrantes, alterando a estrutura e o funcionamento da Hospedaria da Ilha das Flores.


Subject(s)
Emigrants and Immigrants/history , Hospitals, Special/history , Hygiene/history , Public Health Practice/history , Yellow Fever/history , Brazil/epidemiology , Epidemics/history , Facility Design and Construction/history , History, 19th Century , Humans , Yellow Fever/epidemiology , Yellow Fever/prevention & control
20.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(4): 499-504, abr. 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1014252

ABSTRACT

Eloísa Díaz Insunza, the first Latin American female physician, completed her studies in Medicine and Surgery at the University of Chile in 1887 and worked a large part of her life as Medical Inspector of Public Schools of Santiago, Chile. In this article, the focus is placed on her "Test Memorandum" (1886) and her first Reports to the Ministry of Public Education (1899-1905), to appreciate the hygienist perspective that characterizes her proposals. We describe her intervention project that sought to integrate medical practice with psychology and education, to solve a social problem such as the degeneration of the Chilean race.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Psychology/history , Hygiene/history , Education/history , History of Medicine
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