Ultrasonography of the stomach and small intestine in healthy Mangalarga Marchador horses from birth to 5 years of age / Ultrassonografia de estômago e intestino delgado de equinos Mangalarga Marchador saudáveis desde o nascimento até cinco anos de idade

The aim of the study was to describe location, sonographic characteristics and measures of the stomach and small intestine of equines at different ages. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on 88 healthy equines of either sex, aged 1, 7 and 15 days, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 months and 1, 3 and 5 years, with 20 animals per group. Location, characteristics and measurements of stomach, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were performed for each measurement and the percentile for each age was analyzed. The work showed the growth and characteristics of the organs evaluated over time. Adult animals showed a minimum of 4 duodenal movements per minute. It was possible to locate the organs evaluated in all animals. The detailed ultrasound examination of these organs allowed gathering information that could be used to assist in the care of future patients.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever localização topográfica, características e medidas ultrassonográficas de estômago e intestino delgado de equinos em diferentes idades. Foi realizado um exame ultrassonográfico abdominal em 20 equinos saudáveis de ambos os sexos, com idades de um, sete e 15 dias, um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, seis, sete, oito, nove, 10 e 11 meses e um, três e cinco anos. A localização, as características e as medidas de estômago, duodeno e jejuno foram avaliadas. Foi realizada a estatística descritiva para cada medida e analisado o percentil para cada idade. O trabalho mostrou o crescimento e as características dos órgãos avaliados ao longo do tempo. Animais adultos apresentaram um mínimo de quatro movimentos por minuto de duodeno. Foi possível localizar os órgãos avaliados em todos os animais. O exame ultrassonográfico detalhado desses órgãos permitiu agrupar informações que poderão ser usadas para auxiliar no atendimento a futuros pacientes.

Comparative study of the histomorphological structure of the small intestine of Lonchura striata and Copsychus saularis / Estudio comparativo de la estructura histomorfológica del intestino delgado de Lonchura striata y Copsychus saularis

SUMMARY: Six Lonchura striata and six Copsychus saularis birds were selected in this study, morphological index of the small intestine was measured by quantitative biology and image analysis. The changes of goblet cells and Na+/K+ATPase were detected by AB-PAS staining and ELISA to inform the different mechanisms of the digestion and absorption of nutrients between the Lonchura striata and Copsychus saularis. The villus height, crypt depth and muscle thickness of each segment of small intestine of Lonchura striata were smaller than those of Copsychus saularis, and the difference of ileum muscle thickness was significant. In addition, the ileum villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) value of Lonchura striata was significantly less than that of Copsychus saularis. The number of goblet cells in duodenum and jejunum of Lonchura striata and Copsychus saularis had no significant difference, but the number of goblet cells in ileum of Copsychus saularis was significantly larger than that of Lonchura striata. The vitality of Na+/K+-ATPase in different intestinal segments of the Lonchura striata and the Copsychus saularis was different. The vitality of Na+/K+-ATPase in the Lonchura striata was significantly higher than that of the Copsychus saularis. It can be concluded that the digestion and absorption capacity of Copsychus saularis and Lonchura striata are significantly different, and the reason may be due to their different diets and intestinal floras.

RESUMEN: En este estudio se seleccionaron seis aves Lonchura striata y seis Copsychus saularis, a las cuales se midió mediante biología cuantitativa y análisis de imágenes el índice morfológico del intestino delgado. Los cambios de las células caliciformes y Na+/K+ATPasa se detectaron mediante tinción AB- PAS y ELISA para informar los diferentes mecanismos de digestión y absorción de nutrientes entre Lonchura striata y Copsychus saularis. La altura de las vellosidades, la profundidad de las criptas y el grosor del músculo de cada segmento del intestino delgado de Lonchura striata fueron menores que los de Copsychus saularis, y se observó una diferencia significativa en el grosor de la músculatura del íleon. Además, el valor de la altura de la vellosidad del íleon/profundidad de la cripta (VH/CD) de Lonchura striata fue significativamente menor que el de Copsychus saularis. En el número de células caliciformes del duodeno y del yeyuno de Lonchura striata y Copsychus saularis no hubo una diferencia significativa, pero el número de células caliciformes en el íleon de Copsychus saularis fue significativamente mayor que el de Lonchura striata. Hubo diferencias en la vitalidad de Na+/K+-ATPasa en diferentes segmentos intestinales de Lonchura striata y Copsychus saularis. La vitalidad de Na+/K+-ATPasa en Lonchura striata fue significativamente mayor que la de Copsychus saularis. Se puede concluir que la capacidad de digestión y absorción de Copsychus saularis y Lonchura striata son significativamente diferentes, posiblemente debido a sus distintas dietas y floras intestinales.

Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect.

Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). We demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with this yeast prevented depression-like behavior induced by stress and an inflammatory challenge in mice. We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1ß, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD.

Xenarthras: topografia intestinal e relações vasculares com a serosa / [Xenarthras: intestinal topography and vascular relationships with serosa]

Xenarthras (Mammalia, Dasypodidae) das espécies Dasypus novemcinctus e Euphractus sexcinctus tiveram sua anatomia científica estudada em relação à topografia dos intestinos delgado e grosso, suas relações peritoniais, morfologia externa e irrigação. Medidas dos diferentes segmentos intestinais e do número de vasos a eles destinados foram tomadas para fins comparativos. O método previu: fixação (formol 7%); injeção de látex; dissecação e fotodocumentação. Espacialmente, embora os intestinos sejam fixados por dupla membrana peritoneal, como em outros vertebrados, nestes a serosa conectou o duodeno, o jejuno, o íleo e os cólons em um único ligamento fixado no dorso do animal. Duodeno e pâncreas, intraperitoniais, como o reto, fixaram-se nas pelves maior e menor, respectivamente e dorsalmente. Vasos derivados do tronco celíaco mesentérico e da aorta percorreram o interior do mesoduodeno, do mesentério comum, do mesocólon e do mesorreto, estando estes, ao longo de seus trajetos, relacionados às cadeias linfonodulares intestinais. O modelo de rotação peritoneal, a morfologia externa, bem como o modelo de vascularização intestinal, foram interpretados como basais, diferindo dos vertebrados recentes, conforme o suporte literário.(AU)

Xenarthras (Mammalia, Dasypodidae) of the species Dasypus novemcinctus and Euphractus sexcinctus had their scientific anatomy studied in relation to the topography of the small and large intestines, their peritoneal relationships, external morphology and irrigation. Measurements of the different intestinal segments and the number of vessels destined for them were taken for comparative purposes. The method predicted: fixation (7% formaldehyde); latex injection; dissection and photo documentation. Spatially, the intestines, although fixed by a double peritoneal membrane, as in other vertebrates, in these, the serosa connected the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and the colon in a single ligament fixed to the animal's back. Duodenum and pancreas, intraperitoneal, like the rectum, were fixed in the major and minor pelvis respectively and dorsally. Vessels derived from the mesenteric celiac trunk and the aorta traveled through the interior of the mesoduodenum, common mesentery, mesocolon and mesoride, being related to the lymph node chains along their pathways. The peritoneal rotation model, the external morphology as well as the model of intestinal vascularization were interpreted as basal, differing from recent vertebrates, according to literary support.(AU)

Effects of maternal protein supplementation and inclusion of rumen-protected fat in the finishing diet on nutrient digestibility and expression of intestinal genes in Nellore steers.

The study aimed to evaluate nutrient digestibility and intestine gene expression in the progeny from cows supplemented during gestation and fed diets with or without rumen-protected fat (RPF) in the feedlot. Forty-eight Nellore steers, averaging 340 kg, were housed in individual pens and allotted in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (dams nutrition × RPF). Cows' supplementation started after 124 ± 21 days of gestation. The feedlot lasted 135 days and diets had the inclusion of zero or 6% of RPF. Digestibility was evaluated by total feces collection. Steers were slaughtered using the concussion technique and samples of pancreas and small intestine were collected immediately after the slaughter to analyze α-amylase activity, and the expression of SLC5A1, CD36, and CCK and villi morphometry. Feeding RPF increased nutrients digestibility (p < 0.01). There was no effect of maternal nutrition on digestibility and α-amylase activity in steers (p > 0.05). Duodenal expression of SLC5A1, CD36, and CCK increased in the progeny from restricted cows. In conclusion, protein restriction during mid to late gestation of dams has long-term effects on small-intestine length and on expression of membrane transporters genes in the duodenum of the progeny. However, maternal nutrition does not affect digestibility in the feedlot.

Morphological bases for intestinal paracellular absorption in bats and rodents.

Flying mammals present unique intestinal adaptations, such as lower intestinal surface area than nonflying mammals, and they compensate for this with higher paracellular absorption of glucose. There is no consensus about the mechanistic bases for this physiological phenomenon. The surface area of the small intestine is a key determinant of the absorptive capacity by both the transcellular and the paracellular pathways; thus, information about intestinal surface area and micro-anatomical structure can help explain differences among species in absorptive capacity. In order to elucidate a possible mechanism for the high paracellular nutrient absorption in bats, we performed a comparative analysis of intestinal villi architecture and enterocyte size and number in microchiropterans and rodents. We collected data from intestines of six bat species and five rodent species using hematoxylin and eosin staining and histological measurements. For the analysis we added measurements from published studies employing similar methodology, making in total a comparison of nine species each of rodents and bats. Bats presented shorter intestines than rodents. After correction for body size differences, bats had ~41% less nominal surface area (NSA) than rodents. Villous enhancement of surface area (SEF) was ~64% greater in bats than in rodents, mainly because of longer villi and a greater density of villi in bat intestines. Both taxa exhibited similar enterocyte diameter. Bats exceeded rodents by ~103% in enterocyte density per cm2 NSA, but they do not significantly differ in total number of enterocytes per whole animal. In addition, there is a correlation between SEF and clearance per cm2 NSA of L-arabinose, a nonactively transported paracellular probe. We infer that an increased enterocyte density per cm2 NSA corresponds to increased density of tight junctions per cm2 NSA, which provides a partial mechanistic explanation for understanding the high paracellular absorption observed in bats compared to nonflying mammals.

The role of ischemic preconditioning in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in a rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Purpose: To analyze the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in rat small intestine subjected to ischemia and reperfusion.Methods: Thirty anesthetized rats underwent laparotomy and were drive into five groups: control (CG); ischemia (IG); ischemia and reperfusion (IRG); IPC and ischemia (IG+IPC); IPC and ischemia and reperfusion (I/RG+IPC). Intestinal ischemia was performed by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes, whereas reperfusion lasted for 120 minutes. IPC was carried out by one cycle of 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion prior to the prolonged 60-minutes-ischemia and 120-minutes-reperfusion. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and samples of small intestine were processed for histology and gene expression. Results: Histology of myenteric plexus showed a higher presence of neurons presenting pyknotic nuclei and condensed chromatin in the IG and IRG. IG+IPC and I/RG+IPC groups exhibited neurons with preserved volume and nuclei, along with significant up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2l1 and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes. Moreover, Bax/Bcl2 ratio was lower in the groups subjected to IPC, indicating a protective effect of IPC against apoptosis. Conclusion: Ischemic preconditioning protect rat small intestine against ischemia/reperfusion injury, reducing morphologic lesions and apoptosis.(AU)

Effects of dietary supplementation of red pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) essential oil on performance, small intestinal morphology and microbial counts of weanling pigs.

BACKGROUND: Many strategies, such as the antibiotic growth promoters, have been developed to improve intestinal health and performance of newly weaned piglets. Natural products such as essential oils have been scientifically recognized as growth enhancer feed additives for weanling pigs, replacing the antibiotics. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that Brazilian red pepper could replace performance-enhancing antibiotics also in weanling pig diets. However, one experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary Brazilian red pepper essential oil or antimicrobial growth promoter on intestinal health and growth performance of weanling pigs. RESULTS: No effects of treatments were observed on performance and organ weights (P > 0.05). Overall, both additives [red pepper essential oil (RPEO) or antibiotic (ANT)] increased gut Lactobacillus counts compared to negative control, as well as reduced villi density (P < 0.05). Animals fed diets containing 1.5 g kg-1 RPEO presented the lowest incidence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that essential oil from Brazilian red pepper or chlorohydroxyquinoline added in weanling pig diets affect gut microbiota and histology without affecting performance and organ weights. In addition, there was an indication that high doses of essential oil could reduce the incidence of diarrhea. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

An unusual case of colon vascularization by the inferior mesenteric artery / Um caso incomum de vascularização do cólon pela artéria mesentérica inferior

Abstract In this article we present a rare variant in which the large intestine was vascularized by the inferior mesenteric artery. It was encountered during macro and microscopic dissection of the cadaver of a 63-year-old woman at a university department of human anatomy. In this case, the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon and rectum were vascularized by the inferior mesenteric artery, whereas the small intestine, cecum and appendix were supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.

Resumo Neste artigo apresentamos uma variação rara em que o intestino grosso era vascularizado pela artéria mesentérica inferior. A variação foi descoberta durante a dissecção macro e microscópia de um cadáver do sexo feminino, 63 anos de idade, em um departamento universitário de anatomia humana. Neste caso, o cólon ascendente, transverso, descendente e sigmoide e também o reto eram vascularizados pela artéria mesentérica inferior, ao passo que o intestino delgado, ceco e apêndice eram vascularizados pela artéria mesentéria superior.

Histomorfometria do intestino delgado de frangos de corte (COBB 500®) suplementadas com glicerina bruta a 7 por cento / Histomorphometry small intestine of broiler (Cobb 500®) supplemented with 7 per cent glycerin gross

Objetivou-se avaliar alterações métricas dos componentes da mucosa intestinal de frangos que receberam dieta com a adição de glicerina bruta a 7% e comparar as dimensões desses componentes nas diferentes porções intestinais. O presente trabalho foi realizado no galpão experimental, no setor de avicultura do Colégio Técnico de Bom Jesus, da Universidade Federal do Piauí, em Bom Jesus, Piauí. Foram selecionados 16 animais aleatoriamente, e estes foram divididos em dois grupos, um sem glicerina bruta adicionada à ração (A), e outro com a adição de glicerina bruta à ração (B). Os animais foram alimentados até os 46 dias de idade, posteriormente foram eutanasiados e coletadas amostras do duodeno jejuno e íleo para avaliação histomorfométrica entre os grupos e comparação entre as porções intestinais. A avaliação histomorfométrica do intestino delgado dos dois grupos revelou diferença significativa apenas no duodeno, local onde se observou redução do comprimento médio do vilo de 172,08 nos animais controle para 123,12 µm nos animais tratados, esta redução também foi observada na relação vilo/cripta (13,38 no controle e 10,13 no tratamento com adição de 7% de glicerina bruta). Na comparação das dimensões dos componentes da mucosa de cada porção intestinal se observou uma redução gradual do vilo e da cripta e da parede muscular, no sentido crânio-caudal independentemente do tratamento analisado. Conclui-se que a adição de glicerina na dieta de frangos de corte reduz o comprimento do vilo no duodeno e que as dimensões dos componentes da mucosa intestinal diminuem em sentido crânio-caudal no intestino.(AU)

The objective metrics to evaluate changes in the components of the intestines of broilers fed the diet with the addition of crude glycerin to 7% and to compare the dimensions of these components in the different intestinal portions. This research was carried out in the experimental shed in Technical College of Bom Jesus, the Federal University of Piauí in, Bom Jesus, PI, the poultry sector were selected 16 animals randomly, and these were divided into two groups, one without crude glycerin added to the feed (A), and another with the addition of crude glycerin to feed (B). The animals were fed until 46 days of age, were subsequently euthanized and samples taken from the duodenum jejunum and ileum for histomorphometric assessment and comparison between groups between intestinal portions. Histomorphometric evaluation of the small intestine of the two groups showed a significant difference only in the duodenum, where there was a reduction of villi length in the treatment with the addition of crude glycerin to 7% (172,08 x 132,12 µm; control and treated group, respectively). When comparing the size of the mucosa of the components of each intestinal portion was observed a gradual reduction of villi and crypt and the muscular wall in the cranio-caudal direction. It is concluded that the addition of glycerin in broiler diet reduces the duodenum villus length and the dimensions of the components of the intestinal mucosa decrease in the cranio-caudal direction intestine.(AU)

Histological analysis of the intestinal tract of Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) / Análise histológica do trato intestinal do Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777)

The Southern Crested Carcara is a bird with a recognized ecological role in the population control of small birds and mammals, feeding on live prey as much as on decaying animals. The objective of this study was to analyze the histology of Carcara`s intestinal tract of five Carcaras from the Wild Animal Screening Center of Pernambuco were euthanized to remove their intestines and cloacae. The tissues were stained with Hematoxylin/Eosin, Alcian Blue pH 1.0, and Periodic Acid Schiff. The villi of the small and large intestines are lined with a simple columnar epithelium with microvilli membranes and goblet cells. The lamina contains lymphocytes and form lymphatic follicles within some of the villi. The mucosal muscle is arranged in a longitudinal direction. The submucosal layer was only observed in the cloaca and the muscle layer has transverse and longitudinal fibers. The serous membrane lines the whole intestinal tract and is composed of mesothelium and submesothelial connective tissue. Longitudinal folds were found in the large intestine. The conclusion is that the Carcara`s intestine exhibits an overall structure compatible with the histological pattern observed in other species of birds; however, Paneth cells and the submucosal layer were not observed. Lymph follicles were found inside the villi and a high number of goblet cells at the end of the ileum and large intestine.(AU)

O carcará é uma ave com reconhecido papel ecológico, atuando no controle de populações de pequenas aves e mamíferos, alimentando-se tanto de presas vivas, quanto de animais em decomposição. Objetivou-se analisar a histologia do trato intestinal do carcará. Foram eutanasiados cinco carcarás provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de Pernambuco, para retirada do intestino e cloaca. Os tecidos foram corados por Hematoxilina/Eosina, Alcian Blue pH 1,0 e Ácido Periódico de Shiff. As vilosidades do intestino delgado e grosso são revestidas por epitélio simples colunar, com microvilosidades e células caliciformes. A lâmina própria contém linfócitos, formando folículos linfáticos no interior de algumas vilosidades. Já a muscular da mucosa está disposta no sentido longitudinal. A camada submucosa só foi observada na cloaca e a camada muscular possui fibras transversais e longitudinais. A serosa reveste externamente todo trato intestinal, sendo composta por mesotélio e tecido conjuntivo submesotelial. Pregas longitudinais foram encontradas no intestino grosso. Conclui-se que o intestino do Carcará apresenta de forma geral estrutura compatível com o padrão histológico observado em outras espécies de aves; entretanto, as células de Paneth e camada submucosa não foram observadas. Folículos linfáticos foram encontrados no interior das vilosidades e um elevado número de células caliciformes na porção final do íleo e intestino grosso.(AU)

Histomorfometria do intestino delgado de frangos de corte (COBB 500®) suplementadas com glicerina bruta a 7 por cento / Histomorphometry small intestine of broiler (Cobb 500®) supplemented with 7 per cent glycerin gross

Objetivou-se avaliar alterações métricas dos componentes da mucosa intestinal de frangos que receberam dieta com a adição de glicerina bruta a 7% e comparar as dimensões desses componentes nas diferentes porções intestinais. O presente trabalho foi realizado no galpão experimental, no setor de avicultura do Colégio Técnico de Bom Jesus, da Universidade Federal do Piauí, em Bom Jesus, Piauí. Foram selecionados 16 animais aleatoriamente, e estes foram divididos em dois grupos, um sem glicerina bruta adicionada à ração (A), e outro com a adição de glicerina bruta à ração (B). Os animais foram alimentados até os 46 dias de idade, posteriormente foram eutanasiados e coletadas amostras do duodeno jejuno e íleo para avaliação histomorfométrica entre os grupos e comparação entre as porções intestinais. A avaliação histomorfométrica do intestino delgado dos dois grupos revelou diferença significativa apenas no duodeno, local onde se observou redução do comprimento médio do vilo de 172,08 nos animais controle para 123,12 µm nos animais tratados, esta redução também foi observada na relação vilo/cripta (13,38 no controle e 10,13 no tratamento com adição de 7% de glicerina bruta). Na comparação das dimensões dos componentes da mucosa de cada porção intestinal se observou uma redução gradual do vilo e da cripta e da parede muscular, no sentido crânio-caudal independentemente do tratamento analisado. Conclui-se que a adição de glicerina na dieta de frangos de corte reduz o comprimento do vilo no duodeno e que as dimensões dos componentes da mucosa intestinal diminuem em sentido crânio-caudal no intestino.

The objective metrics to evaluate changes in the components of the intestines of broilers fed the diet with the addition of crude glycerin to 7% and to compare the dimensions of these components in the different intestinal portions. This research was carried out in the experimental shed in Technical College of Bom Jesus, the Federal University of Piauí in, Bom Jesus, PI, the poultry sector were selected 16 animals randomly, and these were divided into two groups, one without crude glycerin added to the feed (A), and another with the addition of crude glycerin to feed (B). The animals were fed until 46 days of age, were subsequently euthanized and samples taken from the duodenum jejunum and ileum for histomorphometric assessment and comparison between groups between intestinal portions. Histomorphometric evaluation of the small intestine of the two groups showed a significant difference only in the duodenum, where there was a reduction of villi length in the treatment with the addition of crude glycerin to 7% (172,08 x 132,12 µm; control and treated group, respectively). When comparing the size of the mucosa of the components of each intestinal portion was observed a gradual reduction of villi and crypt and the muscular wall in the cranio-caudal direction. It is concluded that the addition of glycerin in broiler diet reduces the duodenum villus length and the dimensions of the components of the intestinal mucosa decrease in the cranio-caudal direction intestine.

Histological analysis of the intestinal tract of Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) / Análise histológica do trato intestinal do Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777)

The Southern Crested Carcara is a bird with a recognized ecological role in the population control of small birds and mammals, feeding on live prey as much as on decaying animals. The objective of this study was to analyze the histology of Carcara`s intestinal tract of five Carcaras from the Wild Animal Screening Center of Pernambuco were euthanized to remove their intestines and cloacae. The tissues were stained with Hematoxylin/Eosin, Alcian Blue pH 1.0, and Periodic Acid Schiff. The villi of the small and large intestines are lined with a simple columnar epithelium with microvilli membranes and goblet cells. The lamina contains lymphocytes and form lymphatic follicles within some of the villi. The mucosal muscle is arranged in a longitudinal direction. The submucosal layer was only observed in the cloaca and the muscle layer has transverse and longitudinal fibers. The serous membrane lines the whole intestinal tract and is composed of mesothelium and submesothelial connective tissue. Longitudinal folds were found in the large intestine. The conclusion is that the Carcara`s intestine exhibits an overall structure compatible with the histological pattern observed in other species of birds; however, Paneth cells and the submucosal layer were not observed. Lymph follicles were found inside the villi and a high number of goblet cells at the end of the ileum and large intestine.

O carcará é uma ave com reconhecido papel ecológico, atuando no controle de populações de pequenas aves e mamíferos, alimentando-se tanto de presas vivas, quanto de animais em decomposição. Objetivou-se analisar a histologia do trato intestinal do carcará. Foram eutanasiados cinco carcarás provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de Pernambuco, para retirada do intestino e cloaca. Os tecidos foram corados por Hematoxilina/Eosina, Alcian Blue pH 1,0 e Ácido Periódico de Shiff. As vilosidades do intestino delgado e grosso são revestidas por epitélio simples colunar, com microvilosidades e células caliciformes. A lâmina própria contém linfócitos, formando folículos linfáticos no interior de algumas vilosidades. Já a muscular da mucosa está disposta no sentido longitudinal. A camada submucosa só foi observada na cloaca e a camada muscular possui fibras transversais e longitudinais. A serosa reveste externamente todo trato intestinal, sendo composta por mesotélio e tecido conjuntivo submesotelial. Pregas longitudinais foram encontradas no intestino grosso. Conclui-se que o intestino do Carcará apresenta de forma geral estrutura compatível com o padrão histológico observado em outras espécies de aves; entretanto, as células de Paneth e camada submucosa não foram observadas. Folículos linfáticos foram encontrados no interior das vilosidades e um elevado número de células caliciformes na porção final do íleo e intestino grosso.

A Comparison of mucosal surface area and villous histology in small intestines of the Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) and the mouse (Mus musculus).

Studies on birds have led to the hypothesis that increased intestinal absorption between enterocytes (paracellular) evolved as a compensation for smaller intestinal size in fliers, which was perhaps selected to minimize the mass of digesta carried. This hypothesis predicts that bats will also exhibit relatively reduced intestinal size and high paracellular absorption, compared with nonflying mammals. Published studies on three bat species indicate relatively high paracellular absorption. One mechanism for increasing paracellular absorption per cm2 small intestine (SI) is increased number of tight junctions (TJs) across which paracellular absorption occurs. To our knowledge, we provide the first comparative analysis of enterocyte size and number in flying and nonflying mammals. Intestines of insectivorous bats Tadarida brasiliensis were compared with Mus musculus using hematoxylin and eosin staining method. Bats had shorter and narrower SIs than mice, and after correction for body size difference by normalizing to mass3/4, the bats had 40% less nominal surface area than the mouse, as predicted. Villous enhancement of surface area was 90% greater in the bat than in the mouse, mainly because of longer villi and a greater density of villi in bat intestines. Bat and mouse were similar in enterocyte diameter. Bats exceeded mice by 54.4% in villous area per cm length SI and by 95% in number of enterocytes per cm2 of the nominal surface area of the SI. Therefore, an increased density of TJs per cm2 SI may be a mechanistic explanation that helps to understand the high paracellular absorption observed in bats compared to nonflying mammals.

Influence of breeder age on biometrics organ and morphology of the mucosa of the small intestine of chicks hatching / Influência da idade da matriz sobre a biometria de órgãos e a morfometria da mucosa do intestino delgado dos pintos à eclosão

The objective of the conducted experiment was the evaluation of effect of multiple age breeders on the organs biometry and the intestinal morphometry of chicks at hatching. There were incubated 200 eggs provided from Ross 308 breeders at the ages of 32, 40, 48, 56 and 64 weeks. At hatching, 20 chicks of each breeder age were individually weighted and sacrificed in order to evaluate breast, cloacal bursa, yolk sack and small intestine weight, besides the small intestine length. The duodenum portion was collected in order to measure the villus height and the crypt depth. There were a positive linear effect of the breeder age (p 0,05) on the live weight, absolute and relative yolk sack weight, cloacal bursa absolute weight and breast absolute and relative weight. For the absolute and relative small intestine weight it was observed a quadratic effect of the breeder age (p 0,05), in which the best intestine development was in chicks from breeders between 40 and 50 weeks of age. The chick weight has a positive correlation with the weight of the yolk sac, cloacal bursa and breast (p 0,05). For the villus and crypt it was obtained a significant effect of the breeders age (p 0,05) on the crypt depth, whose linear behavior was decreasing and inverse to the breeders age. The villus:crypt relation showed a linear increasing behavior (p 0,05) according to the breeders age. It's concluded that the breeder age hasinfluence on the organ biometry and on the small intestine mucosal morphometry of chicks at hatching.Key words: Villus height, organ weights, broiler, yolk sac.(AU)

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes idades de matrizes sobre abiometria de órgãos e a morfometria intestinal de pintos de corte à eclosão. Foram incubados 200 ovosprovenientes de matrizes pesadas da linhagem comercial Ross 308, com as idades de 32, 40, 48, 56 e 64semanas. À eclosão 20 pintinhos de cada idade de matriz foram pesados individualmente e sacrificadospara avaliação do peso do peito, bolsa cloacal, saco da gema e intestino delgado e do comprimentodo intestino delgado. O segmento do duodeno foi coletado para mensuração da altura de vilo e daprofundidade de cripta. Houve efeito linear positivo da idade da matriz (p<0,05) sobre o peso vivo,peso absoluto e relativo do saco da gema, peso absoluto da bolsa cloacal e peso absoluto e relativo dopeito. Para o peso absoluto, peso relativo do intestino delgado observou-se efeito quadrático da idadeda matriz (p<0,05), sendo o melhor desenvolvimento do intestino em pintos provenientes de matrizesentre 40 e 50 semanas. O peso do pinto apresentou correlação positiva com o peso do saco da gema,bolsa cloacal e peito (p<0,05). Para vilo e cripta obteve-se um efeito significativo da idade das matrizes(p<0,05) sobre a profundidade das criptas, cujo comportamento foi linear decrescente e inverso à idadedas matrizes enquanto a relação vilo:cripta, apresentou comportamento linear crescente (p<0,05) deacordo com a idade das matrizes. Conclui-se que a idade da matriz tem influência na biometria dosórgãos e na morfometria da mucosa do intestino delgado de pintos de corte à eclosão.(AU)

Influence of breeder age on biometrics organ and morphology of the mucosa of the small intestine of chicks hatching / Influência da idade da matriz sobre a biometria de órgãos e a morfometria da mucosa do intestino delgado dos pintos à eclosão

The objective of the conducted experiment was the evaluation of effect of multiple age breeders on the organs biometry and the intestinal morphometry of chicks at hatching. There were incubated 200 eggs provided from Ross 308 breeders at the ages of 32, 40, 48, 56 and 64 weeks. At hatching, 20 chicks of each breeder age were individually weighted and sacrificed in order to evaluate breast, cloacal bursa, yolk sack and small intestine weight, besides the small intestine length. The duodenum portion was collected in order to measure the villus height and the crypt depth. There were a positive linear effect of the breeder age (p 0,05) on the live weight, absolute and relative yolk sack weight, cloacal bursa absolute weight and breast absolute and relative weight. For the absolute and relative small intestine weight it was observed a quadratic effect of the breeder age (p 0,05), in which the best intestine development was in chicks from breeders between 40 and 50 weeks of age. The chick weight has a positive correlation with the weight of the yolk sac, cloacal bursa and breast (p 0,05). For the villus and crypt it was obtained a significant effect of the breeders age (p 0,05) on the crypt depth, whose linear behavior was decreasing and inverse to the breeders age. The villus:crypt relation showed a linear increasing behavior (p 0,05) according to the breeders age. It's concluded that the breeder age hasinfluence on the organ biometry and on the small intestine mucosal morphometry of chicks at hatching.Key words: Villus height, organ weights, broiler, yolk sac.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes idades de matrizes sobre abiometria de órgãos e a morfometria intestinal de pintos de corte à eclosão. Foram incubados 200 ovosprovenientes de matrizes pesadas da linhagem comercial Ross 308, com as idades de 32, 40, 48, 56 e 64semanas. À eclosão 20 pintinhos de cada idade de matriz foram pesados individualmente e sacrificadospara avaliação do peso do peito, bolsa cloacal, saco da gema e intestino delgado e do comprimentodo intestino delgado. O segmento do duodeno foi coletado para mensuração da altura de vilo e daprofundidade de cripta. Houve efeito linear positivo da idade da matriz (p<0,05) sobre o peso vivo,peso absoluto e relativo do saco da gema, peso absoluto da bolsa cloacal e peso absoluto e relativo dopeito. Para o peso absoluto, peso relativo do intestino delgado observou-se efeito quadrático da idadeda matriz (p<0,05), sendo o melhor desenvolvimento do intestino em pintos provenientes de matrizesentre 40 e 50 semanas. O peso do pinto apresentou correlação positiva com o peso do saco da gema,bolsa cloacal e peito (p<0,05). Para vilo e cripta obteve-se um efeito significativo da idade das matrizes(p<0,05) sobre a profundidade das criptas, cujo comportamento foi linear decrescente e inverso à idadedas matrizes enquanto a relação vilo:cripta, apresentou comportamento linear crescente (p<0,05) deacordo com a idade das matrizes. Conclui-se que a idade da matriz tem influência na biometria dosórgãos e na morfometria da mucosa do intestino delgado de pintos de corte à eclosão.

Histologia e histoquímica do tubo digestório de Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines, Chelidae) / Histology and histochemistry of the digestive tract of Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines, Chelidae)

Phrynops geoffroanus is the omnivorous chelonian with widest geographical distribution in South America. This work describes the histology and histochemistry of the digestive tube of this species, to relate the characteristics of these organs to the species' eating habit. The esophagus, stomach and intestine of four specimens were fixed in 10% formal and embedded in paraffin by routine histological techniques. Afterwards, 5-µm sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue (AB) pH 0.4 and 2.5. The tube is formed by the mucosa, submucosa, muscular and adventitia or serosa layers. The mucosa layer of the esophagus and stomach is lined with a simple cylindrical epithelium with mucus-secreting cells, where are intraepithelial glands inserted in the portion of the esophagus and gastric fossettes emptying into glands in the stomach. The stomach is divided into an anterior, middle and posterior region, according to the depth of the fossettes and the concentration of gastric glands. The intestine is lined by a simple cylindrical epithelium with striated boundaries and goblet cells and is divided into an anterior and posterior regions, according to the pattern of folds of the mucosa layer and the number of goblet cells. Reactivity to PAS and AB is observed in the entire tube. Smooth muscle fibers are present in mucosa layer of all the segments. The muscular layer is formed by two sub-layers of smooth muscle, except for the posterior stomach. This study will help understanding of the digestive physiology of P. geoffroanus and provide data for comparative analyzes with other turtles.(AU)

Phrynops geoffroanus é o quelônio onívoro com mais ampla distribuição geográfica na América do Sul. Este trabalho descreve a histologia e histoquímica do tubo digestório desta espécie, relacionando as características dos órgãos com seu hábito alimentar. O esôfago, estômago e intestino de quatro espécimes foram fixados em formol 10% e incluídos em parafina por técnica histológica de rotina. Depois, cortes de 5 µm de espessura foram corados com hematoxilina-eosina (HE), ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) e alcian blue (AB) pH 0.4 e 2.5. O tubo é formado pelas camadas mucosa, submucosa, muscular e adventícia ou serosa. A mucosa do esôfago e do estômago é revestida pelo epitélio simples cilíndrico com células mucossecretoras, onde estão inseridas glândulas intraepiteliais na porção do esôfago e fossetas gástricas desembocando em glândulas no estômago. O estômago divide-se em anterior, médio e posterior, de acordo com a profundidade das fossetas e a concentração de glândulas gástricas. O intestino é revestido pelo epitélio simples cilíndrico com borda estriada e células caliciformes e divide-se em anterior e posterior, de acordo com o padrão de dobramentos da mucosa e o número de células caliciformes. Reatividade ao PAS e AB é observada em todo o tubo. Fibras musculares lisas estão presentes na camada mucosa de todos os segmentos. A camada muscular é formada por duas subcamadas de músculo liso, exceto na porção posterior do estômago. Este estudo ajudará no entendimento da fisiologia digestiva da espécie investigada e fornecerá dados para análises comparativas com outros quelônios.(AU)

Histologia e histoquímica do tubo digestório de Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines, Chelidae) / Histology and histochemistry of the digestive tract of Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines, Chelidae)

Phrynops geoffroanus is the omnivorous chelonian with widest geographical distribution in South America. This work describes the histology and histochemistry of the digestive tube of this species, to relate the characteristics of these organs to the species' eating habit. The esophagus, stomach and intestine of four specimens were fixed in 10% formal and embedded in paraffin by routine histological techniques. Afterwards, 5-µm sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue (AB) pH 0.4 and 2.5. The tube is formed by the mucosa, submucosa, muscular and adventitia or serosa layers. The mucosa layer of the esophagus and stomach is lined with a simple cylindrical epithelium with mucus-secreting cells, where are intraepithelial glands inserted in the portion of the esophagus and gastric fossettes emptying into glands in the stomach. The stomach is divided into an anterior, middle and posterior region, according to the depth of the fossettes and the concentration of gastric glands. The intestine is lined by a simple cylindrical epithelium with striated boundaries and goblet cells and is divided into an anterior and posterior regions, according to the pattern of folds of the mucosa layer and the number of goblet cells. Reactivity to PAS and AB is observed in the entire tube. Smooth muscle fibers are present in mucosa layer of all the segments. The muscular layer is formed by two sub-layers of smooth muscle, except for the posterior stomach. This study will help understanding of the digestive physiology of P. geoffroanus and provide data for comparative analyzes with other turtles.

Phrynops geoffroanus é o quelônio onívoro com mais ampla distribuição geográfica na América do Sul. Este trabalho descreve a histologia e histoquímica do tubo digestório desta espécie, relacionando as características dos órgãos com seu hábito alimentar. O esôfago, estômago e intestino de quatro espécimes foram fixados em formol 10% e incluídos em parafina por técnica histológica de rotina. Depois, cortes de 5 µm de espessura foram corados com hematoxilina-eosina (HE), ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) e alcian blue (AB) pH 0.4 e 2.5. O tubo é formado pelas camadas mucosa, submucosa, muscular e adventícia ou serosa. A mucosa do esôfago e do estômago é revestida pelo epitélio simples cilíndrico com células mucossecretoras, onde estão inseridas glândulas intraepiteliais na porção do esôfago e fossetas gástricas desembocando em glândulas no estômago. O estômago divide-se em anterior, médio e posterior, de acordo com a profundidade das fossetas e a concentração de glândulas gástricas. O intestino é revestido pelo epitélio simples cilíndrico com borda estriada e células caliciformes e divide-se em anterior e posterior, de acordo com o padrão de dobramentos da mucosa e o número de células caliciformes. Reatividade ao PAS e AB é observada em todo o tubo. Fibras musculares lisas estão presentes na camada mucosa de todos os segmentos. A camada muscular é formada por duas subcamadas de músculo liso, exceto na porção posterior do estômago. Este estudo ajudará no entendimento da fisiologia digestiva da espécie investigada e fornecerá dados para análises comparativas com outros quelônios.

Ischemia and reperfusion of rat small intestine using pentoxyfilline and prostaglandin E1

PURPOSE: To investigate the small intestinal tissue alterations in rats submitted to ischemia and tissue reperfusion using pentoxyfilline or prostaglandin E1. METHODS: Thirty five Wistar rats were used, distributed into group control (A) n=10 were submitted to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion during 60 minutes and no one drug have been utilized. In the group pentoxyfilline (B) n=10 have been utilized during tissue ischemia and reperfusion as well as prostaglandin E1 (C) n=10, but separately. In the group sham (D) n=5, the animals were submitted to surgical. After euthanasia of the animals, a segment of the small intestine was cut, stained by hematoxilin-eosin and histological analysis according to Chiu criteria. RESULTS: Histological results showed that using pentoxyflline or prostaglandin E1 the results during tissue reperfusion were better, since the levels of criteria from Chiu that predominated were level 2 and 3, indicating less tissue damage in comparison to the control group (group A) that showed levels 4 and 5, what means more severe histological tissue alterations. CONCLUSION: Use of pentoxyfilline or prostaglandin E1 promoted a beneficial effect during intestinal reperfusion, demonstrated by less severe histological lesions in the small intestine mucosa of rats submitted to ischemia and tissue reperfusion when helped by the drugs.(AU)

Effects of fumonisin B1 on selected biological responses and performance of broiler chickens / Efeitos da fumonisina B1 sobre respostas biológicas e desempenho de frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of three doses of fumonisin B1 (0, 100, and 200mg/kg of feed) on biological variables (relative weight of liver [RWL], total plasma protein [TPP], albumin [Alb], calcium [Ca], phosphorus [P], uric acid [UA], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], gamma glutamyltransferase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [AP], total cholesterol [Chol], triglycerides [Tri], sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio [SA:SO], and C-reactive protein [CRP]), morphological evaluation of the small intestine (villus height [VH], crypt depth [CD], and villus-to-crypt ratio [V:C]), histological evaluation, and on performance (body weight [BW], feed intake [FI], and feed conversion rate [FCR]) of broiler chickens. Significant effects of FB were observed on BW and FI (reduced), on RWL, TPP, Ca, ALT, AST, GGT, Chol, and Tri (increased) at both 14 and 28 days evaluations. In addition, significant increase was observed on FCR, Alb, P, SA:SO, and CRP and significant reduction in UA, VH, and V:C only at the 28 days evaluation. Significant histological lesions were observed on liver and kidney of FB inoculated broilers at 14 and 28 days. Those results show that FB has a significant effect on biological and histological variables and on performance of broiler chickens.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos de três doses de fumonisina B1 (0, 100 e 200 mg/kg de ração) sobre variáveis biológicas (peso relativo de fígado [RWL], proteínas plasmáticas totais [TPP], albumina [Alb], cálcio [Ca], fósforo [P], ácido úrico [UA], alanina aminotransferase [ALT], aspartato aminotransferase [AST], gama glutamiltransferase [GGT] fosfatase alcalina [AP], colesterol total [Chol], triglicerídeos [Tri], relação esfinganina:esfingosina [SA:SO] e proteína C-reativa [CRP]), avaliação morfológica do intestino delgado (altura de vilosidades [VH], profundidade de criptas [CD] e relação entre vilosidade e cripta [V:C]), avaliações histológicas e no desempenho (peso corporal [BW], consumo de ração [FI] e conversão alimentar [FCR]) de frangos de corte. Efeitos significativos da FB foram observados sobre BW e FI (diminuição), sobre RWL, TPP, Ca, ALT, AST, GGT, Chol e Tri (aumento) aos 14 e 28 dias. Além disso, houve aumento significativo nos parâmetros FCR, Alb, P, SA:SO e CRP e redução nos parâmetros UA, VH e V:C somente aos 28 dias. Lesões histológicas significativas foram observadas no fígado e rins das aves intoxicadas, tanto aos 14 quanto aos 28 dias. Estes resultados indicam que a FB tem um efeito significativo sobre variáveis biológicas e de desempenho de frangos de corte.(AU)