Impaired bone mineral density and microarchitecture in female adolescents with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy.

This study compared the bone parameters of adolescents with persistent cow's milk allergy (CMA) with those of healthy adolescents. Adolescents with CMA had compromised bone parameters (lower bone mineral density, impaired trabecular microarchitecture, and lower bone strength). Partial exclusion diet was associated with better bone parameters than total exclusion diet. BACKGROUND: Persistent immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated cow's milk allergy (CMA) may impair bone parameters and increase the risk of fractures. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) is a novel methodology that not only assesses trabecular and cortical bone compartments and volumetric density measurements, but also evaluates bone microarchitecture and estimates biomechanical properties through finite element analysis (FEA). Both HR-pQCT and bone strength parameters derived from FEA have shown a strong correlation with fracture risk. PURPOSE: To assess the bone density, microarchitecture, and bone strength of adolescents with persistent IgE-mediated CMA (IgE-CMA). METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional study with female adolescents with persistent IgE-CMA and healthy control participants matched by female sex and sexual maturation. Bone parameters were assessed by areal bone mineral density (aBMD) through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bone microarchitecture by HR-pQCT at the radius and tibia, and laboratory markers related to bone metabolism. RESULTS: The median age of adolescents with persistent IgE-CMA (n = 26) was 13.0 years (interquartile range (IQR) 11.4-14.7) and of healthy control participants (n = 28) was 13.6 years (IQR 11.9-14.9). Adolescents with IgE-CMA ingested 27.4% less calcium (p = 0.012) and 28.8% less phosphorus (p = 0.009) than controls. Adolescents with IgE-CMA had lower bone mineral content (BMC) (38.83 g vs. 44.50 g) and aBMD (0.796 g/cm2 vs. 0.872 g/cm2) at lumbar spine, and lower BMC (1.11 kg vs. 1.27 kg) and aBMD (0.823 g/cm2 vs. 0.877 g/cm2) at total body less head (TBLH) (p < 0.05). However, Z-scores BMC and Z-scores aBMD at lumbar spine and TBLH, when adjusted for Z-score height/age, were not significantly different between the groups. Moreover, CMA adolescents had lower bone strength at the distal tibia (S 169 kN/mm vs. 194 kN/mm; F Load 8030 N vs. 9223 N) (p < 0.05). Pairing of groups by the presence of menarche showed compromised parameters at the tibia-lower total volumetric BMD (Tt.vBMD) (293.9 mg HA/cm3 vs. 325.9 mg HA/cm3) and trabecular vBMD (Tb.vBMD) (170.8 mg HA/cm3 vs. 192.2 mg HA/cm3), along with lower cortical thickness (Ct.th) (1.02 mm vs. 1.16 mm) and bone strength (S 174 kN vs. 210 kN; F Load 8301 N vs. 9950 N)-and at the radius (S 61 kN/mm vs. 71 kN/mm; F Load 2920 N vs. 3398 N) (p < 0.05) among adolescents with IgE-CMA. Adolescents with IgE-CMA on a total exclusion diet (n = 12) showed greater impairment of bone features than those on a partial exclusion diet (n = 14), with lower lumbar spine Z-score BMC (- 0.65 vs. 0.18; p = 0.013), lumbar spine trabecular bone score (TBS) (1.268 vs. 1.383; p = 0.005), Z-score TBS (0.03 vs. 1.14; p = 0.020), TBLH Z-score BMC (- 1.17 vs. - 0.35; p = 0.012), TBLH Z-score aBMD (- 1.13 vs. - 0.33; p = 0.027), Tt.vBMD at the tibia (259.0 mg HA/cm3 vs. 298.7 mg HA/cm3; p = 0.021), Ct.th at the tibia (0.77 mm vs. 1.04 mm; p = 0.015) and Ct.th at the radius (0.16 mm vs. 0.56 mm; p = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Adolescents with persistent IgE-CMA had lower aBMD and compromised microarchitecture (impaired trabecular microarchitecture and lower bone strength). Adolescents on a partial exclusion diet had better bone parameters than those on a total exclusion diet.

Growth comparison in children with and without food allergies in 2 different demographic populations.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of food avoidance on the growth of children with food allergies. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review was performed for children with and without food allergies followed at 2 New York City general pediatric practices. Charts were selected based on codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, for well child visit, food allergy, anaphylaxis, and/or epinephrine autoinjector prescriptions. Heights and weights were obtained to calculate body mass index, height, and weight z-scores. RESULTS: Of the 9938 children seen, 439 (4.4%) were avoiding one or more foods. Of those with commercial insurance, children with food allergies were significantly shorter (mean height z-score = 0.06; P = .01) and weighed less (mean weight z-score -0.1; P = .006) than children without food allergies (mean height z-score = 0.42; mean weight z-score = 0.07). In contrast, children with food allergies and state insurance were not smaller in height or weight compared with children without food allergies. Among white subjects, there was a significant effect of food allergies on height and weight (ANOVA for height P = .012, for weight P = .0036) that was not observed for Hispanic/Latino, black, or Asian subjects. Children with allergies to milk weighed significantly less than children without milk allergies (P = .0006). CONCLUSIONS: Children with food allergies and commercial insurance have significant impairment in growth compared with those without food allergies. Additionally, children avoiding all forms of milk are shorter and weigh less than matched counterparts. Therefore, height and weight measurements should be assessed routinely in children with food allergies because there is risk for growth impairment in this population.

A survey on clinical presentation and nutritional status of infants with suspected cow' milk allergy.

BACKGROUND: Cow's milk is the most common food allergen in infants and the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy is difficult, even with the use of several diagnostic tests. Therefore, elimination diets and challenge tests are essential for the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. The aim of this study is to report the clinical presentation and nutritional status of children evaluated by pediatric gastroenterologists for the assessment of symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study was performed among 9,478 patients evaluated by 30 pediatric gastroenterologists for 40 days in 5 different geographical regions in Brazil. Clinical data were collected from patients with symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy. The nutritional status of infants (age < or = 24 months) seen for the first time was evaluated according to z-scores for weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age. Epi-Info (CDC-NCHS, 2000) software was used to calculate z-scores. RESULTS: The prevalence of suspected cow's milk allergy in the study population was 5.4% (513/9,478), and the incidence was 2.2% (211/9,478). Among 159 infants seen at first evaluation, 15.1% presented with a low weight-for-age z score (< -2.0 standard deviation - SD), 8.7% with a low weight-for-height z score (< -2.0 SD), and 23.9% with a low height-for-age z score (< -2.0 SD). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of nutritional deficits among infants with symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy indicates that effective elimination diets should be prescribed to control allergy symptoms and to prevent or treat malnutrition.

Alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca: propuesta de Guía para el manejo de los niños con alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca / Cow’s milk protein allergy: proposed guidelines for the management of children with cow’s milk protein allergy

El diagnóstico y manejo de la alergia a la proteína de leche de vaca es un verdadero desafío en la práctica pediátrica. Como se trata de una patología que pareciera estar aumentando en nuestro medio, de un modo similar a lo comunicado en otras latitudes, hemos considerado conveniente proponer una normalización de la nomenclatura y de la metodología diagnóstica. Un grupo de pediatras especialistas se ha reunido para realizar una Propuesta de Guía para el manejo de los niños con alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca. El objetivo ha sido difundir el conocimiento actual de la fisiopatología, factores ambientales y sus manifestaciones clínicas, para colaborar con el pediatra mediante algoritmos que faciliten su manejo integral.

Cow’s milk allergy is a growing concern in the practice of pediatrics. The impression of an increasing incidence, similar to what has been reported in other latitudes, has determined the need for guidelines to help in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. A group of pediatric specialists met to discuss the “state of the art” and propose local guidelines to deal with cow’s milk allergy. The aim has been to contribute in the understanding of the pathophysiology, environmental factors, and clinical expressions of this problem, and help pediatricians in the overall management.

Alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca: propuesta de Guía para el manejo de los niños con alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca / Cows milk protein allergy: proposed guidelines for the management of children with cows milk protein allergy

El diagnóstico y manejo de la alergia a la proteína de leche de vaca es un verdadero desafío en la práctica pediátrica. Como se trata de una patología que pareciera estar aumentando en nuestro medio, de un modo similar a lo comunicado en otras latitudes, hemos considerado conveniente proponer una normalización de la nomenclatura y de la metodología diagnóstica. Un grupo de pediatras especialistas se ha reunido para realizar una Propuesta de Guía para el manejo de los niños con alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca. El objetivo ha sido difundir el conocimiento actual de la fisiopatología, factores ambientales y sus manifestaciones clínicas, para colaborar con el pediatra mediante algoritmos que faciliten su manejo integral.(AU)

Cows milk allergy is a growing concern in the practice of pediatrics. The impression of an increasing incidence, similar to what has been reported in other latitudes, has determined the need for guidelines to help in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. A group of pediatric specialists met to discuss the ¶state of the art÷ and propose local guidelines to deal with cows milk allergy. The aim has been to contribute in the understanding of the pathophysiology, environmental factors, and clinical expressions of this problem, and help pediatricians in the overall management.(AU)

Time course of allergy to extensively hydrolyzed cow's milk proteins in infants.

We report on the follow-up of 22 infants allergic to cow's milk proteins who did not tolerate extensively hydrolyzed protein formulas. After successful use of an amino acid-based diet for a duration of 11.8 +/- 8.7 months, evolution differed according to the presence or absence of associated allergy to other foods. Cow's milk protein tolerance occurred earlier in the patients (n = 9) whose allergy was limited to cow's milk proteins and to extensively hydrolyzed protein formulas.

Hipersensibilidad tipo 1 a la leche y epitelio de vaca en paciente de 3era. edad luego de 40 años de actividad en un tambo manual / Hypersensitivity tipe 1 at cow milk and epithelium in adult patient after wards worker in a manual wilking for 40 years

Siendo infrecuente en el adulto la Hipersensibilidad tipo 1 a la leche de vaca se informa de una paciente de 68 años, sin antecedentes atópicos. Comienza a sensibilizarse al epitelio y luego a la leche de vaca, habiendo trabajado en un tambo manual durante 40 años. Alimentándose a base de lácteos, abandona las tareas rurales, presentando al consumir los mismos una reacción anafiláctica. Se efectuó Prick test, a inhalantes, pólenes, leche de vaca fresca, y extractos comerciales a: 1) leche de vaca y sus fracciones 2) epitelio de vaca 3) alimentos, siendo positivos en todos los casos en los dos primeros. No se efectuó la prueba de provocación con la leche de vaca por presentar durante la testificación una reacción alérgica sistémica. Se solicitó IgE específica a la Alfa-lactoalbúmina, Betalactoglobulina, Caseína y epitelio de vaca, por RAST, con resultados positivos elevados. El TDBH para la leche de vaca e hidrolizado de caseína fue positivo. Determinación del complemento: Normal. Las pruebas efectuadas confirman la Hipersensibilidad tipo 1 al epitelio y leche de vaca y su reactividad cruzada entre los mismos

Hipersensibilidad tipo 1 a la leche y epitelio de vaca en paciente de 3era. edad luego de 40 años de actividad en un tambo manual / Hypersensitivity tipe 1 at cow milk and epithelium in adult patient after wards worker in a manual wilking for 40 years

Siendo infrecuente en el adulto la Hipersensibilidad tipo 1 a la leche de vaca se informa de una paciente de 68 años, sin antecedentes atópicos. Comienza a sensibilizarse al epitelio y luego a la leche de vaca, habiendo trabajado en un tambo manual durante 40 años. Alimentándose a base de lácteos, abandona las tareas rurales, presentando al consumir los mismos una reacción anafiláctica. Se efectuó Prick test, a inhalantes, pólenes, leche de vaca fresca, y extractos comerciales a: 1) leche de vaca y sus fracciones 2) epitelio de vaca 3) alimentos, siendo positivos en todos los casos en los dos primeros. No se efectuó la prueba de provocación con la leche de vaca por presentar durante la testificación una reacción alérgica sistémica. Se solicitó IgE específica a la Alfa-lactoalbúmina, Betalactoglobulina, Caseína y epitelio de vaca, por RAST, con resultados positivos elevados. El TDBH para la leche de vaca e hidrolizado de caseína fue positivo. Determinación del complemento: Normal. Las pruebas efectuadas confirman la Hipersensibilidad tipo 1 al epitelio y leche de vaca y su reactividad cruzada entre los mismos (AU)

Reflujo y asma en el lactante / Reflux and asthma in the lactant

Hay muchas teorías que atribuyen a la presencia de reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) ser causa desencadenante o agravante (o ambas) del estado de hiperreactividad bronquial (HRB). La relación entre el aumento de los síntomas broncoobstructivos del lactante, en particular durante la noche, y el RGE o la microaspiración alimentaria (MAA) o ambos aún es tema de debate. Por otra parte, el RGE y la MAA se presentan en el lactante con una frecuencia tal que muchos autores los postulan como fisiológicos. Desde 1984 estamos aplicando un test citológico sensible y específico para el diagnóstico de la MAA independiente de la presencia de RGE o no en el lactante. Con el propósito de evaluar la asociación del RGE, la MAA y los niveles de anticuerpos contra la leche de vaca se estudiaron 35 niños (de 2 a 22 meses) con obstrucción bronquial recurrente; todos completaron el estudio (RGE por diagnóstico radiológico contrastado; MAA por citología de aspirado faríngeo, IgE total e IgE Rast para leche por RIA) fueron divididos en dos grupos: 22 niños (m:15; f:7) con valores elevados de IgE + 2 DE y 13 niños (m:5; f:8) como grupo control con valores normales de IgE+2 DE. Se concluye que la presencia de RGE (81,81 por ciento y 84,61 por ciento), MAA (72,72 por ciento y 76,92 por ciento) y asociación entre RGE y MAA (63,63 por ciento y 61,55 por ciento) es muy elevada en ambos grupos; esto podría explicar la frecuente presencia en ellos de anticuerpos circulantes anti leche de vaca grado 1 (45,45 por ciento y 46,15 por ciento) determinados por IgE Rast-específica. Sólo en el primer grupo se encontraron anticuerpos circulantes anti leche de vaca grado 2 (13,63 por ciento) en coincidencia con valores elevados de IgE. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el pulmón tendría una importante participación en la hipersensibilidad a la leche de vaca

Reflujo y asma en el lactante / Reflux and asthma in the lactant

Hay muchas teorías que atribuyen a la presencia de reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) ser causa desencadenante o agravante (o ambas) del estado de hiperreactividad bronquial (HRB). La relación entre el aumento de los síntomas broncoobstructivos del lactante, en particular durante la noche, y el RGE o la microaspiración alimentaria (MAA) o ambos aún es tema de debate. Por otra parte, el RGE y la MAA se presentan en el lactante con una frecuencia tal que muchos autores los postulan como fisiológicos. Desde 1984 estamos aplicando un test citológico sensible y específico para el diagnóstico de la MAA independiente de la presencia de RGE o no en el lactante. Con el propósito de evaluar la asociación del RGE, la MAA y los niveles de anticuerpos contra la leche de vaca se estudiaron 35 niños (de 2 a 22 meses) con obstrucción bronquial recurrente; todos completaron el estudio (RGE por diagnóstico radiológico contrastado; MAA por citología de aspirado faríngeo, IgE total e IgE Rast para leche por RIA) fueron divididos en dos grupos: 22 niños (m:15; f:7) con valores elevados de IgE + 2 DE y 13 niños (m:5; f:8) como grupo control con valores normales de IgE+2 DE. Se concluye que la presencia de RGE (81,81 por ciento y 84,61 por ciento), MAA (72,72 por ciento y 76,92 por ciento) y asociación entre RGE y MAA (63,63 por ciento y 61,55 por ciento) es muy elevada en ambos grupos; esto podría explicar la frecuente presencia en ellos de anticuerpos circulantes anti leche de vaca grado 1 (45,45 por ciento y 46,15 por ciento) determinados por IgE Rast-específica. Sólo en el primer grupo se encontraron anticuerpos circulantes anti leche de vaca grado 2 (13,63 por ciento) en coincidencia con valores elevados de IgE. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el pulmón tendría una importante participación en la hipersensibilidad a la leche de vaca

Local immune response in patients with cow milk allergy: follow-up of patients retaining allergy or becoming tolerant.

To assist in identifying factors that determine the clinical outcome of cow milk allergy, we subjected to rechallenge 37 patients with a history of cow milk allergy, mean (+/- SD) age 27.6 +/- 7.1 months, after a follow-up of 13.5 +/- 5.1 months with a milk-free diet. A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to assess the total number of immunoglobulin-secreting and specific antibody-secreting cells among peripheral blood lymphocytes primed during provocation by milk antigens, giving indirect evidence of local immune response in the gut. Patients with persistent cow milk allergy (n = 13) had milder reactions at rechallenge than they had shown at the time of diagnosis. Numbers of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in these patients increased significantly from a geometric mean (95% confidence interval) in the IgA class of 1570 (1009, 2445) to 2984 (1941, 4583) IgA-secreting cells/10(6) cells, in the IgG class of 1445 (1067, 1959) to 2740 (1698, 4425) IgG-secreting cells/10(6) cells, and in the IgM class of 842 (534, 1325) to 2235 (1429, 3495) IgM-secreting cells/10(6) cells. By contrast, in patients (n = 24) who had acquired cow milk tolerance, the number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells did not increase during provocation. The total number of IgA-secreting cells before rechallenge was significantly higher than it had been before the initial challenge. The patients who acquired cow milk tolerance also had specific antibody-secreting cells of IgA isotype before the second challenge. These results indicate that in cow milk allergy the ability to mount a local immune response against cow milk antigens, particularly in the IgA class, is related to the suppression of clinical sensitivity.

Milk protein enteropathy after acute infectious gastroenteritis: experimental and clinical observations.

Animal models of allergic gastroenteropathy have defined both morphologic and physiologic changes that accompany the immune-mediated reaction to a dietary protein. In such models a broadening of the allergic response to other dietary proteins present in the gastrointestinal tract may occur during the localized anaphylactic reaction. The characteristic histologic intestinal findings of food protein-induced enteropathy may develop in selected infants with protracted diarrhea after infectious enteritis. Mechanisms underlying the induction of this response remain to be explained, but they may in part be similar to the broadening of the hypersensitivity response seen in experimental models of allergic enteropathy.