Extraction, purification, structural characterization, and bioactivities of the genus Rhodiola L. polysaccharides: A review.

The genus Rhodiola L., an integral part of traditional Chinese medicine and Tibetan medicine in China, exhibits a broad spectrum of applications. This genus contains key compounds such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and flavonoids, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, immune-enhancing, and anti-hypoxic properties. As a vital raw material, Rhodiola L. contributes to twenty-four kinds of Chinese patent medicines and 481 health food products in China, finding extensive application in the health food sector. Recently, polysaccharides have emerged as a focal point in natural product research, with applications spanning the medicine, food, and materials sectors. Despite this, a comprehensive and systematic review of polysaccharides from the genus Rhodiola L. polysaccharides (TGRPs) is warranted. This study undertakes a systematic review of both domestic and international literature, assessing the research advancements and chemical functional values of polysaccharides derived from Rhodiola rosea. It involves the isolation, purification, and identification of a variety of homogeneous polysaccharides, followed by a detailed analysis of their chemical structures, pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanisms, structure-activity relationship (SAR) of TGRPs. The discussion includes the influence of molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic bonds on their biological activities, such as sulfation and carboxymethylation et al. Such analyses are crucial for deepening the understanding of Rhodiola rosea and for fostering the development and exploitation of TGRPs, offering a reference point for further investigations into TGRPs and their resource utilization.

Efficient degradation and enhanced anticomplementary activity of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. polysaccharides via trifluoroacetic acid treatment with different degrees.

The degradation of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. polysaccharides was carried out by five concentrations of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (1-5 mol/L), and their physicochemical properties, degradation kinetics and anticomplementary activity were investigated. The findings revealed a notable reduction in the molecular weight of BCP, from an initial value of 2.622 × 105 g/mol to a final value of 6.255 × 104 g/mol, and the water solubility index increased from 90.66 ± 0.42 % to 97.78 ± 0.43 %. The degraded polysaccharides of B. chinensis exhibited a comparable monosaccharide composition comprising Man, GalA, Glc, Gal, and Ara. As the concentration of TFA increased, the degradation rate constant increased from 1.468 × 10-3 to 5.943 × 10-3, and the process followed the first-order degradation kinetic model (R2 > 0.97) and the random fracture model (R2 > 0.96). Furthermore, the five degraded polysaccharides still exhibit good thermal stability. In vitro experiments showed that DBCP-3 exhibited more potent anticomplementary activity than the original polysaccharides and positive drugs, which was strongly correlated with its Mw (r = 0.6-0.8), inhibiting complement activation by blocking C2 and C4. These results indicated that TFA degradation has a positive effect on polysaccharides, of which DBCP-3 is expected to treat diseases involving hyperactivation of the complement system.

Size exclusion chromatography and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation for structural characterization of polysaccharides: A comparative review.

Natural polysaccharides exhibit a wide range of biological activities, which are closely related to their structural characteristics, including their molecular weight distribution, size, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond types and spatial conformation, etc. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), as two potent separation techniques, both harbor potential for continuous development and enhancement. This manuscript reviewed the fundamental principles and separation applications of SEC and AF4. The structural information and spatial conformation of polysaccharides can be obtained using SEC or AF4 coupled with multiple detectors. In addition, this manuscript elaborates in detail on the shear degradation of samples such as polysaccharides separated by SEC. In addition, the abnormal elution that occurs during the application of the two methods is also discussed. Both SEC and AF4 possess considerable potential for ongoing development and refinement, thereby offering increased possibilities and opportunities for polysaccharide separation and characterization.

An optimize adaptable method for determining the monosaccharide composition of pectic polysaccharides.

Pectic polysaccharides are considered the highly complex natural plant polysaccharides which plays a vital role in plant tissue structure and human health. Detailed characterization of the monosaccharide composition can provide insights into the pectic polysaccharide structure. Nevertheless, when analyzing the monosaccharides of pectic polysaccharide, it is crucial to address the issue of incomplete hydrolysis that can occur due to the formation of acid-induced precipitates. Based on above, the main purpose of this article is to provide an optimized method for monosaccharide analysis of pectic polysaccharides through acid hydrolysis optimization using high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) The results indicate that reducing the sample concentration to 0.5 mg/mL effectively reduces the acid gelling phenomenon and promotes the complete hydrolysis of pectin polysaccharides. The optimized parameters for acid hydrolysis involve 110 °C for 6 h in 2 M TFA. Furthermore, the consistency of this method is assessed, along with its ability to analyze pectin polysaccharides from various fruits. This hydrolysis approach holds promise for enabling accurate quantification of monosaccharide composition in pectic polysaccharides.

Fragmentation Patterns of Phenolic C-Glycosides in Mass Spectrometry Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many phenolic C-glycosides possess nutritional benefits and pharmacological efficacies. However, the MS/MS fragmentation pattern of phenolic C-glycosides analysis is understudied. This paper aims to determine the MS/MS fragmentation patterns of phenolic C-glycosides. METHOD: Ten compounds with different sugar moieties, aglycones, and substitutes were analyzed to determine the impact of these structural features on MS/MS fragmentation using UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that water loss followed by RDA reaction and alpha cleavage in the C-C bonded sugar moieties are the major fragmentation pathways. Additionally, the sugar cleavage was not affected by the skeleton and the substitute of the aglycones. These results suggested that the fragmentation patterns of phenolic C-glycosides differ from those in the O-glycosides, where the O-C glycosidic bond is the most cleavage-liable bond in MS/MS analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These MS/MS fragmentation patterns can be used for the identification of C-glycosides from dietary components and herbal medicine as well as developing robust methods using MRM methods to quantify C-glycosides.

Recent Advances in Polysaccharides from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai.: Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Health Benefits, and Applications.

This article systematically reviews the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, structure-activity relationship, and health benefits of C. speciosa polysaccharides, and their potential application in food, medicine, functional products, and feed, in order to provide a useful reference for future research. Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai. has attracted the attention of health consumers and medical researchers as a traditional Chinese medicine with edible, medicinal, and nutritional benefits. According to this study, C. speciosa polysaccharides have significant health benefits, such as anti-diaetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects. Researchers determined the molecular weight, structural characteristics, and monosaccharide composition and ratio of C. speciosa polysaccharides by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. This study will lay a solid foundation for further optimization of the extraction process of C. speciosa polysaccharides and the development of their products. As an active ingredient with high value, C. speciosa polysaccharides are worthy of further study and full development. C. speciosa polysaccharides should be further explored in the future, to innovate their extraction methods, enrich their types and biological activities, and lay a solid foundation for further research and development of products containing polysaccharides that are beneficial to the human body.

Au nanozyme-based colorimetric sensor array integrates machine learning to identify and discriminate monosaccharides.

As different monosaccharides exhibit different redox characteristics, this paper presented a novel colorimetric sensor array based on the glucose oxidase-like (GOx-like) activity of Au nanoparticles (NPs) for monosaccharides identification. AuNPs can use O2, ABTS+•, or [Ag(NH3)2]+ as an electron acceptor to catalyze the oxidation of monosaccharides in different velocity, resulting in cross-responsive signals. The current sensor array can distinguish between different monosaccharides or their mixtures through linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Moreover, the glucose and fructose concentrations can be estimated simultaneously using a neural network regression model based on the sensor array. This method shows potential for monosaccharide detection in industrial, medical, and biological applications.

Monosaccharide composition analysis by 2D quantitative gsHSQCi.

The physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides depend on their structures. Monosaccharide composition analysis is indispensable for the structural characterization of polysaccharides and is helpful in the quality control of polysaccharide preparation. Here, using a model mixture and tamarind seed polysaccharide as examples, we demonstrated that a quantitative 2D NMR method, gsHSQCi (three gradient-selective Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence spectra acquired with incremented repetition times, i = 1, 2, 3) can directly quantify a variety of monosaccharides in solution with adequate precision and accuracy, requiring no derivatization, postprocessing steps and column separation. Both anomeric and non-anomeric signals of monosaccharides can be utilized for content determination. More accurate quantification of fructose in a mixture containing nine monosaccharides is obtained, which is difficult to achieve by quantitative 1D 1HNMR and the common PMP-HPLC method (high-performance liquid chromatography through pre-column derivatization with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone) due to the peak overlapping and the poor derivatization efficiency, respectively. The results also revealed that Na[Fe(EDTA)] can serve as a proper relaxation-enhancing agent for saccharide samples to save experimental time. We expect that this approach can be applied as an alternative to analyzing the monosaccharide composition and be helpful in interpreting the structure of polysaccharides.

Glyco-DNA: Enzymatic Synthesis of Base-Modified and Hypermodified DNA Displaying up to Four Different Monosaccharide Units in the Major Groove.

A portfolio of six modified 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) derivatives derived from 5-substituted pyrimidine or 7-substituted 7-deazapurine bearing different carbohydrate units (d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, l-fucose, sialic acid and N-Ac-d-galactosamine) tethered through propargyl-glycoside linker was designed and synthesized via the Sonogashira reactions of halogenated dNTPs with the corresponding propargyl-glycosides. The nucleotides were found to be good substrates for DNA polymerases in enzymatic primer extension and PCR synthesis of modified and hypermodified DNA displaying up to four different sugars. Proof of concept binding study of sugar-modified oligonucleotides with concanavalin A showed positive effect of avidity and sugar units count.

Multilayer Annotation Strategy AnnoSePS: Disentangling the Intricate Structure of Selenium-Containing Polysaccharides Based on Preferential Fragmentation Patterns.

Precision mapping of selenium at structural and position levels poses significant challenges in selenium-containing polysaccharide identification. Due to the absence of reference spectra, database-centric approaches are still limited in the discovery of selenium binding sites and distinction among different isomeric structures. A multilayer annotation strategy, AnnoSePS, is proposed for achieving the identification of seleno-substituent and the unbiased profiling of polysaccharides. Applying Snoop-triggered multiple reaction monitoring (Snoop-MRM) identified multidimensional monosaccharides in selenium-containing polysaccharides. Galactose, galacturonic acid, and glucose were the predominant monosaccharides with a molar ratio of 25.19, 19.45, and 11.72, respectively. Selenium present in seleno-rhamnose was found to substitute the hydroxyl group located at C-1 positions through the formation of a Se-H bond. Ions C6H9O3Se-, C6H7O3Se-, C5H5O3Se-, C4H5O2Se-, C3H5O2Se-, C2H3O2Se-, and CHOSe- were defined as the characteristic fragments of seleno-rhamnose. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm is applied to group spectra from each run based on the characteristic information. Preferential fragmentation patterns in mass spectrometry are revealed by training a probabilistic model. A list of candidate oligosaccharides is generated by step-by-step browsing through the transition pairs for all reference spectra and applying the transitions (addition, insertion, removal, and substitution) to reference structures. Combining time course analyses revealed the linkage composition of selenium-containing oligosaccharides. Glycosidic linkages were annotated based on a synthesis-driven approach. T-Galactose (16.67 ± 5.23%) and T-Galacturonic acid (11.54 ± 4.66%) were the predominant linkage residues. As the database-independent mapping strategy, AnnoSePS makes it possible to comprehensively interrogate spectral data and dissect the fine structure of selenium-containing polysaccharides.

The Pre- and Post-Column Derivatization on Monosaccharide Composition Analysis, a Review.

Polysaccharides, as common metabolic products in organisms, play a crucial role in the growth and development of living organisms. For humans, polysaccharides represent a class of compounds with diverse applications, particularly in the medical field. Therefore, the exploration of the monosaccharide composition and structural characteristics of polysaccharides holds significant importance in understanding their biological functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of extraction methods and hydrolysis strategies for polysaccharides. It systematically analyzes strategies and technologies for determining polysaccharide composition and discusses common derivatization reagents employed in further polysaccharide studies. Derivatization is considered a fundamental strategy for determining monosaccharides, as it not only enhances the detectability of analytes but also increases detection sensitivity, especially in liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and gas chromatography (GC) techniques. The review meticulously examines pre-column and post-column derivatization techniques for monosaccharide analysis, categorizing them based on diverse detection methodologies. It delves into the principles and distinctive features of various derivatization reagents, offering a comparative analysis of their strengths and limitations. Ultimately, the aim is to provide guidance for selecting the most suitable derivatization approach, taking into account the structural nuances, biological functions, and reaction dynamics of polysaccharides.

Impact of molecular weight and gastrointestinal digestion on the immunomodulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides.

In traditional Chinese medicine, Lycium barbarum is of rich medicinal value, and its polysaccharides are particularly interesting due to their significant pharmacological effects and potential health benefits. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) by examining their interaction with the TLR4/MD-2 complex and the impacts of gastrointestinal digestion on these interactions. We discovered that the affinity binding of LBPs for TLR4/MD-2 and their cytokine induction capability are influenced by molecular weight, with medium-sized LBPs (100-300 kDa) exhibiting stronger binding affinity and induction capability. Conversely, LBPs smaller than 10 kDa showed reduced activity. Additionally, the content of arabinose and galactose within the LBPs fractions was found to correlate positively with both receptor affinity and cytokine secretion. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion resulted in the degradation of LBPs into smaller fragments that are rich in glucose. Although these fragments exhibited decreased binding affinity to the TLR4/MD-2 complex, they maintained their activity to promote cytokine production. Our findings highlight the significance of molecular weight and specific monosaccharide composition in the immunomodulatory function of LBPs and emphasize the influence of gastrointestinal digestion on the effects of LBPs. This research contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides and their practical application.

Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, bioactivity and potential applications of polysaccharides from Semen Coicis: A review.

Semen Coicis (S. Coicis) has been regarded as a valuable source of traditional herbal medicine in China for thousands of years. S. Coicis polysaccharides (SCPs) are one of the most important bioactive ingredients of S. Coicis, which have attracted worldwide attention, because of their great marketing potential and development prospects. Hot water extraction is currently the most commonly used method to isolate SCPs. The structural characteristics of SCPs have been extensively investigated through various advanced modern analytical techniques to dissect the structure-activity relationships. SCPs are mainly composed of diverse monosaccharides, from which Rha and Ara are the most prevalent glycosyl groups. In addition, the structures of SCPs are found to be closely related to their multiple biological activities, including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory function, antitumor activity, hypoglycemic effect, intestinal microbiota regulatory activity, anti-inflammatory activity, among others. In view of this, this review aimed to provide systematic and current information on the isolation, structural characteristics, and bioactivities of SCPs to support their future applications as therapeutic agents and functional foods.

Effects of different selenium biofortification methods on Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides: Structural characteristics, antioxidant activity and binding capacity in vitro.

The effects of selenium biofortification methods involving sodium selenite and selenium yeast on the structural characteristics, antioxidant activity and binding capacity of Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides were investigated. Sodium selenite Se-enriched Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides (Se-SPEP), selenium yeast Se-enriched Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides (Se-YPEP), and Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides (PEP) had Se contents of 20.548 ± 1.561, 19.822 ± 0.613, and 0.052 ± 0.016 µg/g, respectively. Compared with PEP, Se-SPEP and Se-YPEP had lower molecular weight and contained the same monosaccharides in varying molar ratios. The results of FT-IR, PS, ZP, and SEM indicated significant alterations in structural characteristics following selenium biofortification. Se-PEPs exhibited superior activity against ABTS, DPPH, and ·OH radicals, as well as the higher binding capacity for Cd2+ and Cu2+ compared to natural polysaccharides. The binding capacity of the polysaccharides for Cd2+ and Cu2+ was higher at pH 6.8 compared to pH 2.0, while the opposite was observed for Pb2+. Furthermore, Se-PEPs exhibited a significantly higher binding capacity for Cd2+ and Cu2+ at both pH levels compared to natural polysaccharides (P < 0.05). Se-YPEP displayed higher antioxidant activity than Se-SPEP, with their binding capacities reversed. These data indicated that selenium biofortification methods have different positive impacts on the structure and activity of polysaccharides compared to natural polysaccharides, making Se-PEPs promising dietary supplements for safeguarding the body against the risks posed by food-derived heavy metals.

Pressurized microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment with various salts for efficient production of monosaccharides from rice straw.

This study proposed a two-stage pressurized microwave hydrothermal treatment with a catalyst, followed by enzymatic saccharification, as a pretreatment method for efficiently converting cellulose and hemicellulose from rice straw into glucose and xylose. The use of various inorganic salts and dilute sulfuric acid as catalysts enhances sugar production. Using 1 wt% sulfuric acid as a catalyst at 150 °C for 5 min for the first-stage and then 180 °C for 5 min for the second-stage yielded the highest sugar production from rice straw compared with other inorganic salts tested. The filtrate and enzymatic saccharification solution contained a total sugar of 0.434 g/g-untreated rice straw (i.e. 0.302 g-glucose/g-untreated rice straw and 0.132 g-xylose/g-untreated rice straw). When inorganic salts such as NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and FeCl3 were used as catalysts, the highest sugar yield of 0.414 g/g-untreated rice straw (i.e. 0.310 g-glucose/g-untreated rice straw and 0.104 g-xylose/g-untreated rice straw) was obtained when using 1 wt% FeCl3 at 170 °C for 5 min in the first-stage and 190 °C for 5 min in the second-stage, with a value close to that of 1 wt% sulfuric acid. These findings suggest that two-stage treatment with a catalyst is a suitable pretreatment method for the production of glucose and xylose from rice straw owing to the different hydrolysis temperatures of cellulose and hemicellulose.

Antimicrobial activity and structure-activity relationships of molecules containing mono- or di- or oligosaccharides: An update.

Bacterial infections are the second leading cause of death worldwide, and the evolution and widespread distribution of antibiotic-resistance elements in bacterial pathogens exacerbate the threat crisis. Carbohydrates participate in bacterial infection, drug resistance and the process of host immune regulation. Numerous antimicrobials derived from carbohydrates or contained carbohydrate scaffolds that are conducive to an increase in pathogenic bacteria targeting, the physicochemical properties and druggability profiles. In the paper, according to the type and number of sugar residues contained in antimicrobial molecules collected from the literatures ranging from 2014 to 2024, the antimicrobial activities, action mechanisms and structure-activity relationships were delineated and summarized, for purpose to provide the guiding template to select the type and size of sugars in the design of oligosaccharide-based antimicrobials to fight the looming antibiotic resistance crisis.

Structural characterization and immune modulation activities of Chinese Angelica polysaccharide (CAP) and selenizing CAP (sCAP) on dendritic cells.

sCAP was obtained by the nitrate­sodium selenite method. SEM, molecular weight evaluation, monosaccharide composition, FT-IR and NMR of sCAP were carried out. Compared with CAP, sCAP had a relatively smooth and lamellar sheet morphology with edge folds on the surface, presented molecular weights in range of 0.90-97.08 KDa, and was mainly composed of GalA, Ara and Gal. sCAP had both α and ß configurations of the pyranose ring, the characteristic vibrational peak of Se-O-C and the signal of galacturonic acid residue. The phagocytic activity of immature BMDCs, the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHCII on BMDCs were detected by flow cytometry, the ability of sCAP-treated BMDCs to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes, presentation of antigens, cytokines in the supernatants and the protein in MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway were detected. The results showed that the phagocytic activity of immature BMDCs was significantly enhanced when sCAP was at 3.92-1.96 µg·mL-1. The levels of IL-6, TGF-ß1, INF-γ, and TNF-α were significantly elevated, IL-1ß and MIP-1α were significantly reduced. These results indicate that sCAP could be as a new immunopotentiator by increasing MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides a reference for the research and development of new dosage forms of polysaccharide.

The relationship between polysaccharide structure and its antioxidant activity needs to be systematically elucidated.

Polysaccharides have a wide range of applications due to their excellent antioxidant activity. However, the low purity and unclear structure of polysaccharides have led some researchers to be skeptical about the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. The current reports on the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides are sporadic, so there is an urgent need to systematically summarize the antioxidant effects of polysaccharides with clear structures and the relationships between the structures to provide a scientific basis for the development and application of polysaccharides. This paper will systematically elucidate the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides, including the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage, degree of branching, advanced conformation and chemical modification. For the first time, the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides is related to their chemical structure through histogram and radar map, and further studies using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. We critically discussed how the source, chemical structure and chemically modified groups of polysaccharides significantly contribute to their antioxidant activity and summarized the current research status and shortcomings of the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides. This review provides a theoretical basis and new perspective for further research on the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides and the development of natural antioxidants.

Selective impact of three homogenous polysaccharides with different structural characteristics from Grifola frondosa on human gut microbial composition and the structure-activity relationship.

Natural polysaccharides interact with gut microbes to enhance human well-being. Grifola frondosa is a polysaccharides-rich edible and medicinal mushroom. The prebiotic potential of G. frondosa polysaccharides has been explored in recent years, however, the relationship between their various structural features and prebiotic activities is poorly understood. In this study, three homogenous polysaccharides GFP10, GFP21 and GFP22 having different molecular weights (Mw), monosaccharide compositions and glycosidic linkages were purified from G. frondosa, and their effects on intestinal microbial composition were compared. GFP10 was a fucomannogalactan with an Mw of 23.0 kDa, and it selectively inhibited Enterobacter, while GFP21 was a fucomannogalactoglucan with an Mw of 18.6 kDa, and it stimulated Catenibacterium. GFP22 was a 4.9 kDa mannoglucan that selectively inhibited Klebsiella and boosted Bifidobacterium, Catenibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium, and prominently promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The selective modulation of gut microbiota by polysaccharides was structure-dependent. A relatively lower Mw and a high proportion of glycosidic linkages like T-Glcp, 1,3-Glcp, 1,3,6-Glcp and 1,4-Glcp might be more easily utilized to produce SCFAs and beneficial for the proliferation of Catenibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium. This research provided a valuable resource for further exploring the structure-activity relationship and prebiotic activity of G. frondosa polysaccharides.

Functional properties, structural characteristics, and anti-complementary activities of two degraded polysaccharides from strawberry fruits.

Two low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (DPSP50 and DPSP70) were obtained using hydrogen peroxide-vitamin C (H2O2-Vc) treatment at 50 °C and 70 °C, respectively. Both DPSP50 and DPSP70 comprised the same six monosaccharides in different ratios, and their molecular weights (Mws) were 640 kDa and 346 kDa, respectively. Functional properties analyses demonstrated that DPSP50 and DPSP70 each had an excellent water holding capacity, oil absorption capacity, and emulsion properties, as well as shear-thinning characteristics and viscoelastic properties. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic assays confirmed the existence of α-, ß-pyranose rings and the same six sugar residues in DPSP50 and DPSP70. The results of Congo red test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that DPSP50 and DPSP70 did not contain triple-helix conformations, but were amorphous aggregates with flake-like shape and rough surface. Additionally, both DPSP50 and DPSP70 showed strong anti-complementary activities through the classical pathway and the alternative pathway. The results support the potential utility of these degraded polysaccharides from strawberry fruits in functional foods and medicines.