Co-occurrence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and pasteurellosis in goats of sub-Saharan region: systematic review.

The reported incidences of co-participation of Mycoplasma capricolum capripneumoniae (Mccp) and Pasteurella multocida in increased severity and pathogenesis of goats with Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in sub-Saharan Africa elicited the study's purpose. Using the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline, two search engines, namely Google Scholar and PubMed, were queried to systematically review all the available literature on the current epidemiological status of CCPP and Pneumonic Pasteurellosis co-concurrently detected in goats and assess the available treatment and control measures and their challenges in the Sub-Saharan region. The search was limited to papers published between 1998 and 2024, whereby only peer-reviewed English articles were included in the study. Review papers, papers displaying abstracts only, duplicated information, papers beyond the sub-Saharan Africa region and papers published in other languages were excluded from the study. Only articles with full text and focused on goats were included for further screening process and review. A total of 3311 articles were retrieved from both databases, whereas only 58 articles met the inclusion criteria and hence were included in the data analysis. Only eight countries namely, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, Sudan, Eritrea, Zambia and Tanzania reported the occurrence of CCPP and or Pasteurellosis: Ethiopia 23/58(39%), Tanzania 18/58 (31%), 1/58(2%) Nigeria, 1/58(2%) Zambia, 1/58(2%) Eritrea, Uganda 2/58 (3%), 2/58(3%) Sudan and Kenya 10/58(16%). Only 5/58 (9%) reported the occurrence of pneumonic pasteurellosis in Nigeria and Ethiopia. Only Tanzania (75%) and Ethiopia (33%) reported Mccp and Pasteurella multocida co-isolation and/ or detection in CCPP cases. Information on the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Mccp and Pasteurella multocida from Sub-Saharan Africa was unavailable. One vaccine against CCPP, namely F-38 inactivated, and one vaccine against pneumonic pasteurellosis were identified to be developed and used in Sub-Saharan Africa. Developing bivalent candidate vaccines for both etiological agents is highly recommended.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in selected districts of South Wollo Zone Northeast Ethiopia.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a severe and devastating respiratory disease of goats, which is characterized by severe serofibrinous pleuropneumonia accompanied by high morbidity and mortality. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to January 2023 to determine the seroprevalence of CCPP and identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of CCPP in goats in five selected districts of the South Wollo Zone of the Eastern Amhara region. A total of 384 sera samples were collected from goats and examined for antibodies specific to Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp) using Competitive Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (cELISA) test. Out of the total examined sera, 26 samples were positive for CCPP, giving an overall seroprevalence of 6.7% (95% CI = 6.64-9.77). A seroprevalence of 5.05%, 4.65%, 2.78%, 12.90%, and 10.77% were recorded in Ambasel, Tehuledere, Kalu, Dessie Zuria and Kutaber districts, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference among these five districts (p > 0.05). The seroprevalence of CCPP varies significantly between age groups and agroecology (p < 0.05). However, the seroprevalence did not vary with sex, body condition score (BCS), and flock size (p > 0.05). Old-aged goats (OR = 4.10) and goats found in the lowlands (OR = 5.09) were at higher risk of infection with CCPP than young-aged goats and goats found in the highlands, respectively. In conclusion, the present seroprevalence investigation indicated the occurrence of CCPP in those selected study districts of the South Wollo Zone. Therefore, appropriate control measures, including avoiding the mixing of flocks and vaccination should be designed and implemented especially in the lowland areas and older goats to reduce the further spread and magnitude of the disease.

A molecular epidemiological investigation of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats and captive Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella marica) in Oman.

BACKGROUND: Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a fatal WOAH-listed, respiratory disease in small ruminants with goats as primary hosts that is caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp). Twelve CCPP outbreaks were investigated in 11 goat herds and a herd of captive Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella marica) in four Omani governorates by clinical pathological and molecular analysis to compare disease manifestation and Mccp genetic profiles in goats and wild ungulates. RESULTS: The CCPP forms in diseased and necropsied goats varied from peracute (5.8%), acute (79.2%) and chronic (4.5%) while all of the five necropsied gazelles showed the acute form based on the clinical picture, gross and histopathological evaluation. Colonies of Mccp were recovered from cultured pleural fluid, but not from lung tissue samples of one gazelle and nine goats and all the isolates were confirmed by Mccp-specific real time PCR. Whole genome-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis was performed on the ten isolates sequenced in this study and twenty sequences retrieved from the Genbank database. The Mccp strains from Oman clustered all in phylogroup A together with strains from East Africa and one strain from Qatar. A low variability of around 125 SNPs was seen in the investigated Omani isolates from both goats and gazelles indicating mutual transmission of the pathogen between wildlife and goats. CONCLUSION: Recent outbreaks of CCPP in Northern Oman are caused by Mccp strains of the East African Phylogroup A which can infect goats and captive gazelles likewise. Therefore, wild and captive ungulates should be considered as reservoirs and included in CCPP surveillance measures.

Multi-locus sequence analysis reveals great genetic diversity among Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae strains in Asia.

Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) strains from Asia revealed unforeseen diversity and a central position for genotyping groups representing strains from Central/East Asia, suggesting a possible origin of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in this continent. A better assessment of the emergence, diversity and distribution of Mccp in Asia and Africa calls for renewed efforts to dramatically enlarge the sample of strains. Availability and affordability in the field, added to superior typeability (directly from poor samples) and high stability, discriminatory power and concordance with epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses, make MLSA an excellent tool for such investigations.

Detection of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae and Mannheimia haemolytica as causative agents of pleuropneumonia in goats / Detección de Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae y Mannheimia haemolytica como agentes causales de pleuro-neumonia en cabras

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was detection of two major causative agents of pleuropneumonia, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) and Mannheimia haemolytica, in goats. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first investigation of Mccp in Iran. Methods: 50 grossly suspected lungs to pleuropneumonia and 10 healthy samples were collected from Shiraz abattoir. Results: Histopathological evaluation of tissue samples showed various diagnosed pneumonias including 40% bronchointerstitial pneumonia (20 samples), 34% interstitial pneumonia (17 samples), 10% fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia (5 samples), 12% purulent bronchopneumonia (6 samples) and 4% chronic pneumonia (2 samples). In molecular study, all 50 suspected samples and 10 healthy ones by PCR showed no Mccp positive sample, but the detection rate of M. haemolytica in suspected samples was 14% and in healthy lungs was zero. Conclusions: It may be concluded that goats referred to Shiraz abattoir is free of Mccp. Further sampling and molecular testing at the level of suspected herds to CCPP can be useful.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue la detección de dos agentes causantes principales de pleuroneumonía, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae (Mccp) y Mannheimia haemolytica, en cabras. Hasta donde sabemos, este estudio es la primera investigación de Mccp en Irán. Métodos: 50 pulmones muy sospechosos de pleuroneumonía y 10 muestras sanas se obtuvieron del matadero de Shiraz. Resultados: La evaluación histopatológica de muestras de tejido mostró varias neumonías diagnosticadas, incluyendo 40% de neumonía broncointersticial (20 muestras), 34% de neumonía intersticial (17 muestras), 10% de bronconeumonía fibrinopurulenta (5 muestras), 12% de bronconeumonía purulenta (6 muestras) y 4% neumonía crónica (2 muestras). En un estudio molecular, las 50 muestras sospechosas y 10 sanas por PCR no mostraron una muestra positiva de Mccp, pero la tasa de detección de M. haemolytica en muestras sospechosas fue del 14% y en pulmones sanos fue cero. Conclusiones: se puede concluir que las cabras referidas al matadero Shiraz están libres de Mccp. La realización de muestreo adicional y pruebas moleculares a nivel de rebaños sospechosos para CCPP puede ser útil.

Interleukin-17 mediates lung injury by promoting neutrophil accumulation during the development of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a highly contagious infectious disease of goats caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp). CCPP outbreaks usually result in high morbidity and mortality of the affected goats, making this disease a major cause of economic losses to goat producers globally. However, the pathogenesis of CCPP remains unclear. Here, we show that IL-17-driven neutrophil accumulation is involved in the lung damage in CCPP goats. During CCPP development, intense inflammatory infiltrates could be observed in the injured lungs. Specifically, neutrophils were observed to be present within the alveoli. Increased IL-17 release drove the excessive influx of neutrophils into the lung, as IL-17 effectively stimulated the production of neutrophil chemoattractants from lung epithelial cells following Mccp infection. Our data highlight a critical role of IL-17-driven neutrophil accumulation in the pathogenesis of CCPP and suggest that IL-17 may potentially be a useful immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of CCPP.

Structure of a tRNA-specific deaminase with compromised deamination activity.

Nucleotide 34 in tRNA is extensively modified to ensure translational fidelity and efficacy in cells. The deamination of adenosine at this site catalyzed by the enzyme TadA gives rise to inosine (I), which serves as a typical example of the wobble hypothesis due to its diverse basepairing capability. However, recent studies have shown that tRNAArgACG in Mycoplasma capricolum contains unmodified adenosine, in order to decode the CGG codon. The structural basis behind the poorly performing enzyme M. capricolum TadA (McTadA) is largely unclear. Here we present the structures of the WT and a mutant form of McTadA determined at high resolutions. Through structural comparison between McTadA and other active TadA enzymes as well as modeling efforts, we found that McTadA presents multiple structural conflicts with RNA substrates and thus offered support to previous studies from a structural perspective. These clashes would potentially lead to reduced substrate binding affinity of McTadA, consistent with our in vitro deamination activity and binding assays. To rescue the deamination activity of McTadA, we carried out two rounds of protein engineering through structure-guided design. The unsuccessful attempts of the activity restoration could be attributed to the altered dimer interface and stereo hindrance from the non-catalytic subunit of McTadA, which could be the inevitable outcome of the natural evolution. Our study provides structural insight into an alternative decoding and evolutionary strategy by a compromised TadA enzyme at a molecular level.

Risk factors associated with Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae and morbillivirus infection in small ruminants in Tanzania.

Mortality of domestic small ruminants caused by contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is frequently reported in Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between June, 2016 and July, 2017 to identify risk factors for small ruminants exposure to Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (M. capripneumoniae), the causative agent of CCPP, and small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV), the causative agent of PPR. Antibody detection was done using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (cELISA); similarly, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered in flocks where serum samples were collected. Individual seropositivity for M. capripneumoniae was 6.5% (n = 676) and 4.2% (n = 285) in goats and sheep respectively, whereas SRMV was 28.6% in goats (n = 676) and 31.9% in sheep (n = 285). Multivariable analysis indicated that mixing of flocks was a risk factor for exposure to M. capripneumoniae (χ2 = 3.9, df = 1, p = 0.05) and SRMV (χ2 = 6.3, df = 1, p = 0.01) in goats. Age was a protective factor for SRMV seropositivity in both goats (χ2 = 7.4, df = 1, p = 0.006) and sheep (χ2 = 10.2, df = 1, p = 0.006). SRMV seropositivity in goats was also influenced by grazing in contact with wild animals (χ2 = 5.9, df = 1, p = 0.02) and taking animals to the animal markets (χ2 = 8.2, df = 1, p = 0.004). M. capripneumoniae and SRMV are influenced by several risk factors and their control needs concerted efforts between stakeholders, which may include community involvement in mandatory vaccination and animals' movement control.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia - a comprehensive review.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a serious disease of goats, occasionally sheep and wild ruminants, caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp). The disease is characterized by severe serofibrinous pleuropneumonia, very high morbidity (∼100%), and mortality (80-100%). CCPP affects goats in more than 40 countries of the world thereby posing a serious threat to goat farming around the globe. The characteristic clinical signs of CCPP are severe respiratory distress associated with sero-mucoid nasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea, pyrexia, pleurodynia, and general malaise. In later stages, severe lobar fibrinous pleuropneumonia, profuse fluid accumulation in pleural cavity, severe congestion of lungs and adhesion formation is observed. Mycoplasmal antigen interactions with host immune system and its role in CCPP pathogenesis are not clearly understood. CCPP is not a zoonotic disease. Diagnosis has overcome cumbersome and lengthy conventional tests involving culture, isolation, and identification by advanced serological (LAT, cELISA) or gene-based amplification of DNA (PCR, RFLP, and hybridization) and sequencing. The latex agglutination test (LAT) is rapid, simple, and better test for field and real-time diagnosis applicable to whole blood or serum and is more sensitive than the CFT and easier than the cELISA. Moreover, the studies on antibiotic sensitivity and exploration of novel antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, macrolides) can help in better therapeutic management besides preventing menace of antibiotic resistance. Re-visiting conventional prophylactic measures focussing on developing novel strain-based or recombinant vaccines using specific antigens (capsular or cellular) should be the most important strategy for controlling the disease worldwide.

Reproduction of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia reveals the ability of convalescent sera to reduce hydrogen peroxide production in vitro.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae is a severe disease widespread in Africa and Asia. Limited knowledge is available on the pathogenesis of this organism, mainly due to the lack of a robust in vivo challenge model and the means to do site-directed mutagenesis. This work describes the establishment of a novel caprine challenge model for CCPP that resulted in 100% morbidity using a combination of repeated intranasal spray infection followed by a single transtracheal infection employing the recent Kenyan outbreak strain ILRI181. Diseased animals displayed CCPP-related pathology and the bacteria could subsequently be isolated from pleural exudates and lung tissues in concentrations of up to 109 bacteria per mL as well as in the trachea using immunohistochemistry. Reannotation of the genome sequence of ILRI181 and F38T revealed the existence of genes encoding the complete glycerol uptake and metabolic pathways involved in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the phylogenetically related pathogen M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Furthermore, the expression of L-α-glycerophosphate oxidase (GlpO) in vivo was confirmed. In addition, the function of the glycerol metabolism was verified by measurement of production of H2O2 in medium containing physiological serum concentrations of glycerol. Peroxide production could be inhibited with serum from convalescent animals. These results will pave the way for a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions during CCPP and subsequent vaccine development.

Direct Transfer of a Mycoplasma mycoides Genome to Yeast Is Enhanced by Removal of the Mycoides Glycerol Uptake Factor Gene glpF.

We previously discovered that intact bacterial chromosomes can be directly transferred to a yeast host cell where they can propagate as centromeric plasmids by fusing bacterial cells with S accharomyces cerevisiae spheroplasts. Inside the host any desired number of genetic changes can be introduced into the yeast centromeric plasmid to produce designer genomes that can be brought to life using a genome transplantation protocol. Earlier research demonstrated that the removal of restriction-systems from donor bacteria, such as Mycoplasma mycoides, Mycoplasma capricolum, or Haemophilus influenzae increased successful genome transfers. These findings suggested that other genetic factors might also impact the bacteria-to-yeast genome transfer process. In this study, we demonstrated that the removal of a particular genetic factor, the glycerol uptake facilitator protein gene glpF from M. mycoides, significantly increased direct genome transfer by up to 21-fold. Additionally, we showed that intact bacterial cells were endocytosed by yeast spheroplasts producing organelle-like structures within these yeast cells. These might lead to the possibility of creating novel synthetic organelles.

Epidemiological investigations of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in selected districts of Borana zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia.

From November 2016 to April 2017, a cross-sectional study to determine the sero-prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and to investigate its epidemiology was conducted in selected districts of Borana zone in Ethiopia. In addition, the study aimed at identifying Mccp antigens using species specific primer of PCR. A multistage random sampling was implemented to select districts, pastoral associations (villages), and households. A total of 890 serum samples of small ruminants that had not been vaccinated (goats n = 789 and sheep n = 101) were collected and screened for the presence of antibodies against Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lung tissues and pleural fluid samples were collected from 3 sero-positive and clinically suspected goats for isolation of Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae. Serology showed that overall 31.2% (246/789) of goats and 12.9% (13/101) of sheep were positive with statistically significant differences between districts (p = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that goats from Moyale and Yabello districts had higher odds of being positive than goats from Elwoya district with odd ratios of 2.05 and 1.61, respectively. Age of goats was also significantly associated with sero-positivity (OR = 1.47; CI 95% 1.2-1.8). Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae was identified in 6 (75%) of the tissue samples using species-specific primer of PCR. Besides improving the understanding of the epidemiology of CCPP in the selected districts and demonstrating its wide distribution, the study highly also provides evidence of the possible role of sheep in the maintenance of the disease.

Unexpected field observations and transmission dynamics of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in a sand gazelle herd.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, has long been considered a goat-specific disease. Since 2007 there has been growing evidence that this disease can affect wild ungulates either kept in captivity or in the wild. In 2013, a large collection of sand gazelles (Gazella marica) held in the United Arab Emirates suffered heavy losses due to a CCPP epizootic confirmed by PCR and isolation. Animals displayed typical lesions, with unilateral pneumonia and profuse pleurisy. An initial antibiotic treatment consisting of tylosin administered in drinking water did not improve the animals' condition and vaccination failed to stop the spread to contiguous pens. A treatment with tetracycline mixed in feed pellets finally succeeded to stop the evolution of the disease. A subsequent vaccine trial, performed on naïve animals, showed that only a reference CCPP vaccine produced according to OIE standards induced a sero-conversion by CCPP competition ELISA, while the commercially available vaccines did not. A SEIRD compartment transmission model was developed to better understand the dynamics of the disease. The parameters were initially set as per expert opinion and then adjusted to fit the observed mortality data. The basic reproductive number R0 was estimated to be between 2.3-2.7, while the final mortality rate reached up to 70% in some pens. Transmission of infectious droplets from an external source, through a distance of at least the 50 m separating the pens from the perimeter fence, remains the most plausible explanation for the contamination of this stock of gazelles.

Improving Quality Control of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Vaccine with Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Vaccines to protect livestock against contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) consist of inactivated, adjuvanted antigens. Quality control of these vaccines is challenging as total protein quantification provides no indication of protein identity or purity, and culture is not an option. Here, a tandem mass spectrometry approach is used to identify the mycoplasma antigen contained in reference samples and in commercial CCPP vaccines. By the same approach, the relative amounts of mycoplasma antigen and residual proteins originating from the production medium are determined. Mass spectrometry allows easy and rapid identification of the peptides present in the vaccine samples. Alongside the most probable mycoplasma species effectively present in the vaccines, a very high proportion of peptides from medium constituents are detected in the commercial vaccines tested.

23S rRNA and L22 ribosomal protein are involved in the acquisition of macrolide and lincosamide resistance in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum.

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) is one of the causative agents of contagious agalactia, and antimicrobial therapy is the most commonly applied measure to treat outbreaks of this disease. Macrolides and lincosamides bind specifically to nucleotides at domains II and V of the 23S rRNA. Furthermore, rplD and rplV genes encode ribosomal proteins L4 and L22, which are also implicated in the macrolide binding site. The aim of this work was to study the relationship between mutations in these genes and the acquisition of macrolide and lincosamide resistance in Mcc. For this purpose, in vitro selected resistant mutants and field isolates were studied. This study demonstrates the appearance of DNA point mutations at the 23S rRNA encoding genes (A2058G, A2059G and A2062C) and rplV gene (Ala89Asp) in association to high minimum inhibitory concentration values. Hence, it proves the importance of alterations in 23S rRNA domain V and ribosomal protein L22 as molecular mechanisms responsible for the acquisition of macrolide and lincosamide resistance in both field isolates and in vitro selected mutants. Moreover, these mutations enable us to provide an interpretative breakpoint of antimicrobial resistance for Mcc at MIC 0.8 µg/ml.

Ultrasonographic findings in goats with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae.

BACKGROUND: In goats, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a cause of major economic losses in Africa, Asia and in the Middle East. There is no information emphasising the importance of diagnostic ultrasound in goats with CCPP caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp). This study was designed to describe the ultrasonographic findings in goats with CCPP caused by Mccp and to correlate ultrasonographic with post-mortem findings. To this end, 55 goats with CCPP were examined. Twenty-five healthy adult goats were used as a control group. RESULTS: Major clinical findings included harried, painful respiration, dyspnoea and mouth breathing. On ultrasonography, a liver-like echotexture was imaged in 13 goats. Upon post-mortem examination, all 13 goats exhibited unilateral pulmonary consolidation. Seven goats had a unilateral hypoechoic pleural effusion. At necropsy, the related lung was consolidated and the pleural fluid appeared turbid and greenish. Pleural abscessiation detected in five goats was confirmed post-mortem. Twenty-eight goats had a bright, fibrinous matrix extending over the chest wall containing numerous anechoic fluid pockets with medial displacement and compression of lung tissue. Echogenic tags imaged floating in the fluid were found upon post-mortem examination to be fibrin. In two goats, a consolidated right parenchyma was imaged together with hypoechoic pericardial effusions with echogenic tags covering the epicardium. At necropsy, the right lung was consolidated in three goats and fibrin threads were found covering the epicardium and pericardium. CONCLUSIONS: In goats with CCPP, the extension and the severity of the pulmonary changes could not be verified with clinical certainty in most cases, whereas this was possible most of the time with sonography, thus making the prognosis easier. Ultrasonographic examination of the pleurae and the lungs helped in the detection of various lesions.

Resistance mechanisms against quinolones in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum.

Quinolones interact with bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, the subunits of which are encoded by gyrA/gyrB and parC/parE, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in these genes and quinolone susceptibility of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc). Using in vitro selected resistant mutants and field isolates from goats, predicted amino acid changes in gyrA, gyrB and parC were associated with higher minimum inhibitory concentration values for quinolones. Alterations in parC predicted amino acid sequences were most frequently associated with quinolone resistance in Mcc.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and multilocus sequence typing of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum.

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum is one of the causative agents of contagious agalactia (CA). Nevertheless, there is still a lack of information about its antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the antimicrobial and genetic variability of different Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum field isolates. For this purpose, the growth inhibition effect of 18 antimicrobials and a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme based on five housekeeping genes (fusA, glpQ, gyrB, lepA and rpoB) were performed on 32 selected field isolates from Italy and Spain.The results showed a wide range of growth inhibitory effects for almost all the antimicrobials studied. Macrolides presented lower efficacy inhibiting Mcc growth than in previous works performed on other CA-causative mycoplasmas. Erythromycin was not able to inhibit the growth of any of the studied strains, contrary to doxycycline, which inhibited the growth of all of them from low concentrations. On the other hand, the study of the concatenated genes revealed a high genetic variability among the different Mcc isolates. Hence, these genetic variations were greater than the ones reported in prior works on other mycoplasma species.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia: The first isolation and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Classical contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is one of the most fatal contagious disease of goats listed by World Organization for Animal Health that leads to major economic losses. It is caused by infection with Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae. In order to isolate the causative agents of CCPP for the first time in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, fifteen flocks from Eastern region (Al Ahsa, Dammam and Hafr Albaten) and ten flocks from Riyadh and Al-Kharj regions were selected for this study. A total of 700 samples (400 nasal swabs, 300 pleural fluid samples and lung samples (from necropsied animals)) were collected from goats showing typical signs of CCPP. The clinical signs of diseased cases revealed serous to mucoid nasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea, frothy salivation, and fever (40-42°C). Necropsied animals showed fibrinous pleuropneumonia and increased pleural fluid. Of 400 nasal swabs, 190 pleural fluid, and 110 lung samples, 26 (6.5%), 31 (16.3%) and 19 (17.3%) Mycoplasma isolates were recovered, respectively. Biochemically, all isolates were sensitive to digitonin and fermented glucose. Sixty seven of Mycoplasma isolates were belonged to Mycoplasma mycoides cluster based on detection of 16S rRNA. Polymerase chain reaction screening of Mycoplasma isolates using specific primer for M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae confirmed 55 isolates to be M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae.