Olive leaf extract-assisted green synthesis of cd nano complex: A combined experimental and theoretical study.

Research in the synthesis of Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes using olive leaf extracts as a green reducing agent is an exciting area of study. In this research, a Schiff base ligand is created by combining 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde and amino-N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-benzenesulfonamide. The synthetic Schiff base is then utilized for the production of a Cd(II) nano complex for the first time with olive leaf extracts serving as the green reducing agent. The extract is obtained by harvesting, drying, and grinding the olive leaves. Various analytical techniques, including 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and conductivity studies, are employed to analyze the Schiff base and its Cd(II) complex. Quantum chemical calculations are also conducted to explore the different conformers of the Cd(II) complex and their stabilities, shedding light on the synthesis pathways of the Schiff base ligand and Cd(II) complex. Extensive DFT-based geometry optimizations and frequency calculations are carried out for 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde,amino-N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-benzenesulfonamide, the Schiff base ligand, and the corresponding Cd(II) complex. Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm the presence of the azomethine (-HC = N-) group in the Schiff base and validate the formation of the Cd(II) complex in a 2:1 metal-to-ligand ratio through physicochemical characterization methods, highlighting the nanoscale structure of the complex. Combining thorough physicochemical investigations with molecular modeling simulations and the sustainable synthesis of metal complexes, valuable insights into their properties and potential applications in catalysis and drug delivery are obtained.

Accumulation of heavy metals from single and combined olive mill wastewater and pomace in soil and bioaccumulation in tissues of two earthworm species: Endogeic (Aporrectodea trapezoides) and Epigeic (Eisenia fetida).

Soil and earthworms are threatened by anthropogenic contamination resulting from olive mill waste dumping on the soil due to their pollutant properties. While several studies have explored the effects of olive mill waste on soil properties and the accumulation of heavy metals in soil, there is currently a gap in the literature regarding the potential bioaccumulation of heavy metals from olive mill waste in earthworms. In this study, soil with earthworms from two ecological categories (endogeic: Aporrectodea trapezoides and epigeic: Eisenia fetida) was treated with increasing doses of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and olive mill pomace (OMP), applied individually or combined, in an indoor experiment in plastic containers, under laboratory conditions. The results revealed the presence of significant concentrations of heavy metals in the two types of wastes ranging as follows: Fe˃ Zn˃ Cu˃ Cd˃ Cr for OMWW, and Fe˃ Zn˃ Cu˃ Cr for OMP (with Cd below the detection limit). The study demonstrated distinct effects of OMWW and OMP, both individually and in combination, on soil heavy metal content, ranging as follows: soil OMWW > soil Combination > soil OMP for Cd; soil Combination > soil OMWW > soil OMP for Cr and Fe; and soil Combination > soil OMP > soil OMWW for Cu and Zn. Additionally, our investigation showed that both earthworm species exhibited significant uptake of these metals into their tissues, particularly the endogeic species. Interestingly, the most significant difference between species was in the accumulation of Cu, with the epigeic species accumulating significantly lower amounts.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of two olive (Olea europaea) varieties Arbequina and Barnea under water deficit conditions.

One strategy to improve olive (Olea europaea ) tree drought tolerance is through the symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which helps alleviate water deficit through a combination of morphophysiological effects. Cuttings of olive varieties Arbequina (A) and Barnea (B) were grown with (+AMF) or without (-AMF) inoculum in the olive grove rhizosphere soil. One year after establishment, pots were exposed to four different water regimes: (1) control (100% of crop evapotranspiration); (2) short-period drought (20days); (3) long-period drought (25days); and (4) rewatering (R). To evaluate the influence of AMF on tolerance to water stress, stem water potential, stomatal conductance and the biomarkers for water deficit malondialdehyde, proline, soluble sugars, phenols, and flavonoids were evaluated at the end of the irrigation regimes. Stem water potential showed higher values in A(+) and B(+) in all water conditions, and the opposite was true for stomatal conductance. For proline and soluble sugars, the stem water potential trend is repeated with some exceptions. AMF inoculum spore communities from A(+ and -) and B(+ and -) were characterised at the morphospecies level in terms of richness and abundance. Certain morphospecies were identified as potential drought indicators. These results highlight that the benefits of symbiotic relationships between olive and native AMF can help to mitigate the effects of abiotic stress in soils affected by drought.

One-pot, microwave (MW)-assisted production of furfural from almond-, oil-, and wine-derived co-products through biorefinery-based approaches.

This work outlines the first microwave (MW)-assisted protocol for the production of biofuel precursor furfural (FF) from the raw agricultural waste almond hull (AH), olive stone (OS), and the winemaking-derived grape stalk (GS), grape marc (GM) and exhausted grape marc (EGM) through a one-pot synthesis process. To enhance the overall yield, a catalytic process was firstly developed from xylose, major constituent of hemicellulose present in lignocellulosic biomass. This method afforded FF with 100 % selectivity, yielding over 85 % in isolated product when using H2SO4, as opposed to a 37 % yield with AlCl3·6H2O, at 150 °C in only 10 min. For both catalysts, the developed methodology was further validated, proving adaptable and efficient in producing the targeted FF from the aforementioned lignocellulosic raw materials. More specifically, the employment of AlCl3·6H2O resulted in the highest selectivity (up to 89 % from GM) and FF yield (42 % and 39 % molar from OS and AH, respectively), maintaining notable selectivity for the latter (61 and 48 % from AH and OS). At this regard, and considering the environmental factor of sustainability, it is important to point out the role of AlCl3·6H2O in contrast to H2SO4, thus mitigating detrimental substances. This study provides an important management of agricultural waste through sustainable practises for the development of potential bio-based chemicals, aligning with Green Chemistry and process intensification principles.

Evaluation of ecological and health risks of trace elements in soils of olive orchards and apportionment of their sources using the APCS-MLR receptor model.

Izmir, Turkey's third most populous city, is in an important position in terms of both agriculture and industry. The province, which contributes 9.3% to the country's industrial production, also has an important potential in terms of olive cultivation. However, until now, no research has been undertaken to analyze the content of trace elements (TEs) in the soil of olive orchards in Izmir. This study was carried out to determine the pollution level and ecological risks of TEs in the olive orchards soils of Izmir province, to reveal their potential sources and to evaluate their health risks. Among the TEs, the average content of only Ni (37.9 mg/kg) exceeded the world soil average content (29 mg/kg), while the average content of only Cd (0.176 mg/kg) exceeded the upper continental crust content (0.09 mg/kg). Enrichment factor revealed that there was significant enrichment for Cd in 73.6%, Ni in 11.6% and Cr in 5.4% of olive orchards, respectively, due to polluted irrigation water and agrochemicals. Similarly, ecological risk factor indicated that there were moderate and considerable ecological risks for Cd in 48.8% and 23.3% of olive orchards, respectively. Absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model showed that Ni and Cr in the study area are affected by agricultural sources, Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn originate from lithogenic sources, and Cd originates from mixed sources. Based on health risk evaluation methods, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects would not be expected for residents. This study provides significant knowledge for evaluating soil TE pollution in olive orchards and serves a model for source apportionment and human health risk evaluation of TEs in other agricultural regions.

Comparative study of Spanish-style and natural cv. Chalkidiki green olives throughout industrial-scale spontaneous fermentation and 12-month storage: safety, nutritional and quality aspects.

Table olives are among the most popular fermented foods and cv. Chalkidiki green table olives are particularly popular in both Greek and international markets. This work aimed at comparatively investigating the effect of processing method on the production of Spanish-style and natural cv. Chalkidiki green olives during fermentation and 12-month storage in brines with different chloride salts composition (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2) at industrial scale. All delivered products were safe with satisfactory color and texture characteristics. Employment of UPLC-HRMS revealed differences in metabolites' profile of polar extracts from olives and brines between the processing methods. Τhe application of alkali treatment drastically decreased the content of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in drupes, still an essential amount (1037-2012 and 385-885 mg/kg dry flesh, respectively) of these health-promoting phenolic compounds was retained in all products, even after storage. Noteworthy, fermentation of natural olives in brine (5 % NaCl) yielded in products with significantly lower Na levels in olive flesh (1.7 g/100 g), followed by Spanish-style olives fermented in low (4 %) and high (8 %) NaCl brines (2.7 and 5.2 g Na/100 g, respectively), supporting the efforts toward the establishment of table olives as functional food. Moreover, maslinic and oleanolic acids content was 1.5-2-fold higher in the natural table olives compared to the Spanish-style ones owing to the detrimental effect of alkali treatments. The processing method did not exert a differential effect on α-tocopherol content of olives. Sensory analysis indicated that all the final products were acceptable by consumers, with a slight preference for Spanish-style green olives fermented in brines with 50 % lower NaCl content. Present findings could be beneficial to the ongoing endeavor directed for the establishment of table olives as a source of bioactive compounds that concerns both industrial and scientific communities.

Simultaneous High-Performance Recovery and Extended Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Oleuropein and Flavonoid Glycosides of Olive (Olea europaea) Leaves: Hydrothermal versus Ethanol Organosolv Treatment.

Olive leaves (OLLs) are an exceptional bioresource of natural polyphenols with proven antioxidant activity, yet the applicability of OLL extracts is constrained by the relatively high polarity of the major polyphenols, which occur as glycosides. To overcome this limitation, OLLs were subjected to both hydrothermal and ethanol organosolv treatments, fostered by acid catalysis to solicit in parallel increased polyphenol recovery and polyphenol modification into simpler, lower-polarity substances. After an initial screening of natural organic acids, oxalic acid (OxAc) was found to be the highest-performing catalyst. The extraction behavior using OxAc-catalyzed hydrothermal and ethanol organosolv treatments was appraised using kinetics, while treatment optimization was accomplished by deploying response-surface methodology. The comparative assessment of the composition extracts produced under optimal conditions of residence time and temperature was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and revealed that OLLs treated with 50% ethanol/1.5% HCl suffered extensive oleuropein and flavone glycoside hydrolysis, affording almost 23.4 mg hydroxytyrosol and 2 mg luteolin per g dry weight. On the other hand, hydrothermal treatment with 5% OxAc provided 20.2 and 0.12 mg of hydroxytyrosol and luteolin, respectively. Apigenin was in all cases a minor extract constituent. The study presented herein demonstrated for the first time the usefulness of using a natural, food-grade organic acid to perform such a task, yet further investigation is needed to maximize the desired effect.

In vitro Effects of Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein) on Human Sperm Parameters and Oxidative Stress Induced by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Recently, biomolecules from natural products have paved the way for novel drug in the treatment of some diseases in vitro and in vivo models as diabetes, cancer and infertility. As such, we aimed to evaluate the capacity of Oleuropein (OLE), the major bio-phenol in olive leaf, to protect human sperm against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inducing sperm oxidative stress and defective sperm functions. The toxic effect of OLE on human sperm was firstly investigated by evaluating sperm parameters after incubation during 60 minutes with different concentrations. Determined non-toxic concentration was then used to evaluate the capacity of OLE to protect sperm against LPS oxidative damages and sperm parameters alterations. Thus, sperms were consecutively incubated with LPS (10 µg/mL) and OLE (40 µg/mL) during 60 minutes, then submitted to sperm parameters analysis and oxidative stress assessment by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl groups (CG) levels and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). A significant decrease of sperm parameters as well as a significant increase in MDA levels, CG levels, SOD and CAT activities was found after stimulation by LPS. However, a non-significant difference was shown comparing sperms treated by LPS and OLE with LPS-treated control sperms. Consequently, despite the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of OLE reported in diverse cells, this phenolic compound seems to be not appropriate to protect human sperm in vitro against induced LPS oxidative stress and seems to have a "double-edged sword" behavior.

The role of olive leaves and saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation in enhancing the performance and economic feasibility of fattening lambs.

Objectives were to assess the use of olive leaves (OL) to replace wheat straw, the forage source, and the supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) on nutritional intake, growth performance, blood parameters, and carcass quality in lambs. A total of twenty-one newly weaned Awassi lambs, weighing an average of 19 ± 0.6 kg, were randomly distributed to three groups. These three diets were: CON: 0% OL control diet; OL diet of 25%; and OL plus 0.4 g SC/head/d (OLSC) diet of 25% of dietary dry matter (DM). The first seven days were devoted to adaptation and the next sixty days were devoted to gathering data. Daily records of nutrient intake were made. On the 49th day of data collection, four animals were randomly selected from each group and kept in individual metabolism cages (1.0 × 0.8 m) with slatted mash for eight days (four days for data collection and four days for cage adaptation) to evaluate N balance and nutrient digestibility. All lambs were slaughtered after the study to assess the quality of the meat and the carcass features. No difference in DM consumption (P > 0.05) between the treatment groups. When OL-containing diets were compared to the CON diet, the consumption of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was lower (P ≤ 0.0002), whereas metabolizable energy and ether extract were higher (P < 0.0001). While the OL diet was intermediate, the final BW, total gain, and average daily gain for the OLSC diet tended to be higher (P < 0.087) than the CON diet. Lambs fed the OL-containing diets had a lower (P = 0.0020) cost of growth ($US/kg) than lambs in the CON group. All other nutrient digestibilities were comparable between the treatment diets, except NDF digestibility, which was greater (P = 0.045) in the OLSC group than in the CON group. The N balance variables showed a similarity between the various diets (P > 0.05). Lambs fed the OLSC diet tended to have higher weights (P ≤ 0.098) for fasting live weight, hot carcass weight, carcass cuts weights, and cold carcass weight than lambs on the CON diet. The OLSC diet resulted in higher (P < 0.025) loin weight and intermuscular fat in comparison to the CON and OL diets. No difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the dissected tissues between diets. The longissimus dorsi muscle's dimensions and physicochemical characteristics did not alter (P > 0.05) across the treatment diets. In comparison to the CON and OL diets, the OLSC diet resulted in higher serum glucose levels (P = 0.044). Nonetheless, there were similarities (P ≥ 0.05) in various serum blood parameters between the treatment diets. In conclusion, using OL or/and supplemented SC is positively associated with nutrient intake, growth performance, some carcass parameters, and loin cut tissue, and the most effective aspect is decreasing production cost ($US/kg gain), which makes it a good solution to pass inflation feedstuff prices and cover animal needs.

Soil fertility and plant nutrition in an organic olive orchard after 5 years of amendment with compost, biochar or their blend.

The agronomic use of compost and biochar as soil amendments may exhibit contrasting results in terms of soil fertility and plant nutrition. The effects of the biennial application of biochar, compost and a blend of compost:biochar (90:10; % dw:dw) on the agronomical performance of an organically managed and well established 25-year-old olive orchard was assessed 5 years after the initial application. The agronomical evaluation was based on the assessment of the soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and the assessment of the soil fertility by both crop production and nutritional status of the orchard, and the bioassay with olive plantlets. Biochar mainly benefited the physical properties (bulk density, total porosity, aeration, water retention capacity) of soil, especially in the top 0-5 cm. Compost and its blend with biochar improved microbial activity, soil nutritional status (increasing the content of soluble organic C, N, and P) and favoured the formation of aggregates in soil. The bioassay conducted with young plantlets confirmed the enhanced soil fertility status in the three amended treatments, particularly in the case of biochar and its blend with compost. However, this effect was not significantly observed in the adult plants after 5 years of application, reflecting the slow response of adult olive trees to changes in fertilization. Based on these results, alongside the desirable long-residence time of biochar in soil and the ready availability of compost, the blend of biochar with compost assayed in this study is defined as a valid strategy for preparing high quality soil organic amendments.

Identification and Evaluation of Olive Phenolics in the Context of Amine Oxidase Enzyme Inhibition and Depression: In Silico Modelling and In Vitro Validation.

The Mediterranean diet well known for its beneficial health effects, including mood enhancement, is characterised by the relatively high consumption of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), which is rich in bioactive phenolic compounds. Over 200 phenolic compounds have been associated with Olea europaea, and of these, only a relatively small fraction have been characterised. Utilising the OliveNetTM library, phenolic compounds were investigated as potential inhibitors of the epigenetic modifier lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). Furthermore, the compounds were screened for inhibition of the structurally similar monoamine oxidases (MAOs) which are directly implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Molecular docking highlighted that olive phenolics interact with the active site of LSD1 and MAOs. Protein-peptide docking was also performed to evaluate the interaction of the histone H3 peptide with LSD1, in the presence of ligands bound to the substrate-binding cavity. To validate the in silico studies, the inhibitory activity of phenolic compounds was compared to the clinically approved inhibitor tranylcypromine. Our findings indicate that olive phenolics inhibit LSD1 and the MAOs in vitro. Using a cell culture model system with corticosteroid-stimulated human BJ fibroblast cells, the results demonstrate the attenuation of dexamethasone- and hydrocortisone-induced MAO activity by phenolic compounds. The findings were further corroborated using human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neurons stimulated with all-trans retinoic acid. Overall, the results indicate the inhibition of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidases by olive phenolics. More generally, our findings further support at least a partial mechanism accounting for the antidepressant effects associated with EVOO and the Mediterranean diet.

2G-lactic acid from olive oil supply chain waste: olive leaves upcycling via Lactobacillus casei fermentation.

The transition towards a sustainable model, particularly the circular economy, emphasizes the importance of redefining waste as a valuable resource, paving the way for innovative upcycling strategies. The olive oil industry, with its significant output of agricultural waste, offers a promising avenue for high-value biomass conversion into useful products through microbial processes. This study focuses on exploring new, high-value applications for olive leaves waste, utilizing a biotechnological approach with Lactobacillus casei for the production of second-generation lactic acid. Contrary to initial expectations, the inherent high polyphenol content and low fermentable glucose levels in olive leaves posed challenges for fermentation. Addressing this, an enzymatic hydrolysis step, following a preliminary extraction process, was implemented to increase glucose availability. Subsequent small-scale fermentation tests were conducted with and without nutrient supplements, identifying the medium that yielded the highest lactic acid production for scale-up. The scaled-up batch fermentation process achieved an enhanced conversion rate (83.58%) and specific productivity (0.26 g/L·h). This research confirms the feasibility of repurposing olive waste leaves for the production of lactic acid, contributing to the advancement of a greener economy through the valorization of agricultural waste. KEY POINTS: • Olive leaves slurry as it did not allow L. casei to ferment. • High concentrations of polyphenols inhibit fermentation of L. casei. • Enzymatic hydrolysis combined to organosolv extraction is the best pretreatment for lactic acid production starting from leaves and olive pruning waste.

Study of the effects of pasteurization and selected microbial starters on functional traits of fermented table olives.

Table olives are one of the most known fruit consumed as fermented food, being a fundamental component of the Mediterranean diet. Their production and consumption continue to increase globally and represent an important economic source for the producing countries. One of the most stimulating challenges for the future is the modernization of olive fermentation process. Besides the demand for more reproducible and safer production methods that could be able to reduce product losses and potential risks, producers and consumers are increasingly attracted by the final product characteristics and properties on human health. In this study, the contribution of microbial starters to table olives was fully described in terms of specific enzymatic and microbiological profiles, nutrient components, fermentation-derived compounds, and content of bioactive compounds. The use of microbial starters from different sources was tested considering their technological features and potential ability to improve the functional traits of fermented black table olives. For each fermentation assay, the effects of controlled temperature (kept at 20 °C constantly) versus not controlled environmental conditions (oscillating between 7 and 17 °C), as well as the consequences of the pasteurization treatment were tested on the final products. Starter-driven fermentation strategies seemed to increase both total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity. Herein, among all the tested microbial starters, we provide data indicating that two bacterial strains (Leuconostoc mesenteroides KT 5-1 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BC T3-35), and two yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 10A and Debaryomyces hansenii A15-44) were the better ones related to enzyme activities, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. We also demonstrated that the fermentation of black table olives under not controlled environmental temperature conditions was more promising than the controlled level of 20 °C constantly in terms of technological and functional properties considered in this study. Moreover, we confirmed that the pasteurization process had a role in enhancing the levels of antioxidant compounds.

A history of olive and grape cultivation in Southwest Asia using charcoal and seed remains.

Evaluating archaeobotanical data from over 3.9 million seeds and 124,300 charcoal fragments across 330 archaeological site phases in Southwest Asia, we reconstruct the history of olive and grape cultivation spanning a period of 6,000 years. Combining charcoal and seed data enables investigation into both the production and consumption of olive and grape. The earliest indication for olive and grape cultivation appears in the southern Levant around ca. 5000 BC and 4th millennium BC respectively, although cultivation may have been practiced prior to these dates. Olive and grape cultivation in Southwest Asia was regionally concentrated within the Levant until 600 BC, although there were periodic pushes to the East. Several indications for climate influencing the history of olive and grape cultivation were found, as well as a correlation between periods of high population density and high proportions of olive and grape remains in archaeological sites. While temporal uncertainty prevents a detailed understanding of the causal mechanisms behind these correlations, we suggest that long distance trade in olives, grapes and their associated products was integral to the economic, social, and demographic trajectories of the region.

Genetic diversity, chemical constituents and anatomical analysis of eight popular Olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars in Al-Jouf region, Saudi Arabia.

In light of the multitude of olive trees cultivated and the lack of the genetic diversity of available genotypes to select varieties and lines that are characterized by high diversity and better performance under the corresponding conditions, A comparison analysis of the genotyping and morphological characteristics of eight olive cultivars growing in Saudi Arabia's Al-Jouf region was conducted and analyzed. Morpho-anatomical and chemical characteristics along with both inter-simple-sequence repeats (ISSRs) and start-codon-targeted (SCoT) markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity among eight olive varieties in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. Analyses of 27 morphological, chemical, and anatomical characteristics concluded the existence of genetic differences among the studied varieties. Moreover, six ISSR and eight SCoT primer combinations produced a total of 48 loci, of which 18 (10 ISSR and 8 SCoT) were polymorphic. The average polymorphism information content (PIC values of 0.48 and 0.44, respectively) and marker index (MI of 0.79 and 0.48, respectively) detected for ISSR and SCoT markers revealed the prevalence of high genetic diversity among the studied olive varieties. Based on chemical and anatomical characteristics and the selected molecular markers, the eight olive cultivars were grouped into two distinct clusters. Clusters in the adjacent joint dendrogram produced using ISSR, SCoT and combined data were similar, and grouped all individuals into two groups. However, the dendrogram generated on the basis of SCoT separated individuals into subgroups containing at least two varieties. The findings showed that both methods were effective in assessing diversity, and that SCoT markers can be used as a reliable and informative method for assessing genetic diversity and relationships among olive varieties and can serve as a complementary tool to provide a more complete understanding of the genetic diversity available in Olea europaea populations in Saudi Arabia.

Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile.

Human health is now inextricably linked to lifestyle choices, which can either protect or predispose people to serious illnesses. The Mediterranean diet, characterized by the consumption of various medicinal plants and their byproducts, plays a significant role in protecting against ailments such as oxidative stress, cancer, and diabetes. To uncover the secrets of this natural treasure, this review seeks to consolidate diverse data concerning the pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and botany of Olea europaea L. (O. europaea). Its aim is to explore the potential therapeutic applications and propose avenues for future research. Through web literature searches (using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), all information currently available on O. europaea was acquired. Worldwide, ethnomedical usage of O. europaea has been reported, indicating its effectiveness in treating a range of illnesses. Phytochemical studies have identified a range of compounds, including flavanones, iridoids, secoiridoids, flavonoids, triterpenes, biophenols, benzoic acid derivatives, among others. These components exhibit diverse pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and wound-healing properties. O. europaea serves as a valuable source of conventional medicine for treating various conditions. The findings from pharmacological and phytochemical investigations presented in this review enhance our understanding of its therapeutic potential and support its potential future use in modern medicine.

Valorization of Olive Pomace Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Application in Active Packaging Films.

Bioactive compounds that can be recovered by the solid wastes of the olive oil sector, such as polyphenols, are known for their significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with potential application in nutraceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Given that industrial demands are growing, and the polyphenol market value is ever increasing, a systematic study on the recovery of natural antioxidant compounds from olive pomace using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was conducted. Single-factor parameters, i.e., the extraction solvent, time, and solid-to-liquid ratio, were investigated evaluating the total phenolic content (TPC) recovery and the antioxidant activity of the final extract. The acetone-water system (50% v/v, 20 min, 1:20 g mL-1) exhibited the highest total phenolic content recovery (168.8 ± 5.5 mg GAE per g of dry extract). The olive pomace extract (OPE) was further assessed for its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. In DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC, OPE exhibited an antioxidant capacity of 413.6 ± 1.9, 162.72 ± 3.36 and 384.9 ± 7.86 mg TE per g of dry extract, respectively. The antibacterial study showed that OPE attained a minimum inhibitory activity (MIC) of 2.5 mg mL-1 against E. coli and 10 mg mL-1 against B. subtilis. Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol were identified as the major phenolic compounds of OPE. Furthermore, active chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol (CHT/PVA) films were prepared using different OPE loadings (0.01-0.1%, w/v). OPE-enriched films showed a dose-dependent antiradical scavenging activity reaching 85.7 ± 4.6% (ABTS) and inhibition growth up to 81% against B. subtilis compared to the control film. Increased UV light barrier ability was also observed for the films containing OPE. These results indicate that OPE is a valuable source of phenolic compounds with promising biological activities that can be exploited for developing multifunctional food packaging materials.

Improving analytical performance for pesticides and mycotoxins determination in Brazilian table olives: one extraction and one analysis.

This paper describes an extensive study in which a multiclass QuEChERS based approach was optimized for determination of 150 pesticides and 7 mycotoxins in table olives. Three versions of QuEChERS were evaluated and compared (unbuffered, citrate and acetate buffering). A combination of EMR-Lipid cartridges and liquid nitrogen or freezer freezing out were tested for clean-up of the oily olive extracts. Analysis of the extracts were performed by LC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. The best results were achieved using acetate QuEChERS with liquid nitrogen for clean-up. For validation, organic olives were ground and spiked at 4 concentrations with pesticides and mycotoxins (n = 5). The linearity of the calibration curves was assessed by analyzing calibration standards of 7 concentrations which were prepared separately in acetonitrile and in blank olive extract (n = 5). The validation study demonstrated that the calculated r2 was ≥0.99 for 144 pesticides and 6 mycotoxins, when the calibration curves were prepared in matrix extract, showing satisfactory linearity. Matrix effects were within the range of ±20% for only 46 pesticides and one mycotoxin. Then, to ensure reliable quantification, calibration standards had to be matrix-matched. In accuracy experiments 138 pesticides and 6 mycotoxins presented recoveries from 70 to 120% and RSD ≤ 20% for at least 2 of the 4 spike concentrations evaluated, being successfully validated. The integrated QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS method meet MRL for 11 of the 21 pesticides regulated for olives in Brazil and for 132 pesticides which are regulated in the EU law. Eleven commercial table olive samples were analyzed and 4 of them tested positive for pesticides. All the positive samples violate the Brazilian law and one sample violates also the European law.

Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Agroindustrial Waste and Byproducts: Results and Perspectives According to the Green Chemistry and Circular Economy.

Polyphenols are natural secondary metabolites found in plants endowed with multiple biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and anticancer). In view of these properties, they find many applications and are used as active ingredients in nutraceutical, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic formulations. In accordance with green chemistry and circular economy strategies, they can also be recovered from agroindustrial waste and reused in various sectors, promoting sustainable processes. This review described structural characteristics, methods for extraction, biological properties, and applications of polyphenolic extracts obtained from two selected plant materials of the Mediterranean area as olive (Olea europaea L.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) based on recent literature, highlighting future research perspectives.

Nutritional upgrade of olive mill stone waste, walnut shell and their mixtures by applying solid state fermentation initiated by Pleurotus ostreatus.

Present study concerns the transformation of the agro-industrial by-products olive mill stone waste (OMSW) and walnut shell (WS) to a protein-enriched animal feedstuff utilizing the solid state fermentation (SSF) technique. For this purpose, various mixtures of these by-products were exploited as substrates of the SSF process which was initiated by the P. ostreatus fungus. The respective results indicated that the substrate consisted of 80% WS and 20% OMSW afforded the product with the highest increase in protein content, which accounted the 7.57% of its mass (69.35% increase). In addition, a 26.13% reduction of lignin content was observed, while the most profound effect was observed for their 1,3-1,6 ß-glucans profile, which was increased by 3-folds reaching the 6.94% of substrate's mass. These results are indicative of the OMSW and WS mixtures potential to act as efficient substrate for the development of novel proteinaceous animal feed supplements using the SSF procedure. Study herein contributes to the reintegration of the agro-industrial by-products aiming to confront the problem of proteinaceous animal feed scarcity and reduce in parallel the environmental footprint of the agro-industrial processes within the context of circular economy.