Uso de anestésicos tópicos para procedimientos timpánicos: revisión de la literatura / Use of topical anesthetics for tympanic procedures: a literature review

Los procedimientos intratimpánicos se realizan frecuentemente de manera ambulatoria en los policlínicos de otorrinolaringología. Dada la inervación de la membrana timpánica, estos procedimientos generan disconfort y dolor, por lo que la aplicación previa de anestésicos tópicos sobre la membrana timpánica y el conducto auditivo externo es habitual. Pese a su uso, no hay evidencia clara sobre la efectividad de estos y el correcto modo de aplicación. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre la aplicación y uso de anestésicos tópicos previo a procedimientos intratimpánicos, donde pudimos concluir que actualmente no hay un estándar de oro para prevenir el dolor en los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos intratimpánicos, ya que en la mayoría de los estudios no se logró diferencia significativa entre el uso de anestésicos tópicos v/s placebo, al comparar dolor a los 5 y 45 minutos post procedimiento.

A literature review was performed to assess the use and efficacy of topical anesthetics in intratympanic procedures. The analysis led to the conclusion that a gold standard for pain prevention procedures is still lacking, as the majority of studies revised did not show statically significant differences between the use of topic anesthetics and placebo when compared pain at 5 and 45 minutes after procedures.

Early presentation of post-intubation tracheoesophageal fistula with severe tracheal stenosis in COVID-19 patient.

The current global COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, acquired tracheoesophageal fistulas are mainly iatrogenic lesions produced by prolonged tracheal intubation. We present a case of tracheoesophageal fistula with severe tracheal stenosis following tracheal intubation in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Supervivencia de cirugía de rescate en carcinoma escamoso de orofaringe / Survival outcomes of salvage surgery in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

La recurrencia de carcinoma de células escamosas orofaríngeo (CCEOF) se asocia a mal pronóstico, particularmente en recurrencias en etapa avanzada. La cirugía en el contexto de rescate es más complicada por el tratamiento oncológico del tumor primario, por lo tanto, tiene un mayor riesgo de complicaciones y estadía hospitalaria. Sin embargo, la cirugía de rescate es la mejor oportunidad del paciente como tratamiento curativo y para supervivencia a largo plazo. La población de pacientes que reciben tratamiento para CCEOF ha cambiado en la última década, se ha reconocido que la incidencia de virus papiloma humano (VPH) asociado a CCEOF ha generado el gran aumento de CCEOF y el cambio asociado en las características de la población de pacientes, ahora los pacientes son más jóvenes y tienen menos comorbilidades. Con el aumento exponencial en la incidencia de CCEOF, la necesidad de cirugía de rescate en CCEOF podría verse en aumento. En vista del aumento de la incidencia de casos con carcinoma escamoso de orofaringe y su importante relación con el VPH, esta revisión se enfoca en la supervivencia tras cirugía de rescate con intención curativa y evaluar si con los avances en su tratamiento ha mejorado su pronóstico.

Recurrence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is associated with poor prognosis, particularly in advanced stage recurrences. Salvage surgery is complicated by previous oncological treatment of the primary tumor, therefore, it has a higher risk of complications and hospital stay. However, salvage surgery is the patient's best opportunity as a curative treatment and for long-term survival. The population of patients receiving treatment for OPSCC has changed in the last decade, it has been recognized that the incidence of human papilloma virus (HPV) associated OPSCC has generated an increase of OPSCC and changes in the epidemiology of the patient population, with younger patients and with less comorbidities. With the exponential increase in the incidence of OPSCC, the need for salvage surgery in OPSCC could increase in the future. In view of the increase in the incidence of cases with squamous oropharyngeal carcinoma and its relationship with HPV, this review focuses on survival after salvage surgery with curative intent and assessing whether the progress in its treatment has improved its prognosis.

Hipertrofia de cornetes inferiores: revisión sobre técnicas quirúrgicas actuales / Inferior turbinate hypertrophy: review of current surgical techniques

La obstrucción nasal es un motivo de consulta habitual en otorrinolaringología, siendo una de las causas más frecuentes la hipertrofia de cornete inferior, la que se puede manejar con cirugía cuando falla el tratamiento médico. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado múltiples técnicas quirúrgicas y tecnología asociada, sin embargo, no hay un consenso establecido sobre cuál es la mejor opción para el manejo de esta patología. Se realizó revisión bibliográfica, se enuncian los métodos quirúrgicos disponibles, teniendo en cuenta beneficios, complicaciones probables y resultados de cada uno. La cirugía de cornete inferior tiene resultados favorables en pacientes con cornetes hipertróficos que no responden a manejo médico. Hasta la fecha la turbinoplastía con microdebridador ha mostrado superioridad en cuanto a resultados a largo plazo y menor tasa de complicaciones. La evidencia disponible hasta la fecha carece de homogeneidad en cuanto a métodos de selección de pacientes, medición de resultados y tiempo de seguimiento, por lo que se necesitan a futuro estudios prospectivos controlados para reevaluar los métodos descritos.

Nasal obstruction is a common complaint, one of the most frequent causes being inferior turbinate hypertrophy, which can be managed with surgery when medical treatment fails. In the last decades, multiple surgical techniques and associated technology have been developed, however, there is no established consensus on what is the best option for the management of this pathology. Literature review, the available surgical methods are stated, taking into account benefits, probable complications and results of each technique. The surgery of inferior turbinate has favorable results in patients with hypertrophic turbinates that do not respond to medical management. To date, microdebrider turbinoplasty has shown superiority in terms of long-term results and lower complication rates. The evidence available to date lacks homogeneity in terms of patient selection methods, measurement of results and follow-up time, so prospective controlled studies are needed in the future to reassess the described methods.

Pediatric airway reconstruction: results after implementation of an airway team in Brazil / Reconstrução de vias aéreas pediátricas: resultados após a implantação de uma equipe de vias aéreas no Brasil

Abstract Introduction Since development of pediatric intensive care units, children have increasingly and appropriately been treated for complex surgical conditions such as laryngotracheal stenosis. Building coordinated airway teams to achieve acceptable results is still a challenge. Objective To describe patient demographics and surgical outcomes during the first 8 years of a pediatric airway reconstruction team. Methods Retrospective chart review of children submitted to open airway reconstruction in a tertiary university healthcare facility during the first eight years of an airway team formation. Results In the past 8 years 43 children underwent 52 open airway reconstructions. The median age at surgery was 4.1 years of age. Over half of the children (55.8%) had at least one comorbidity and over 80% presented Grade III and Grade IV subglottic stenosis. Other airway anomalies occurred in 34.8% of the cases. Surgeries performed were: partial and extended cricotracheal resections in 50% and laryngotracheoplasty with anterior and/or posterior grafts in 50%. Postoperative dilatation was needed in 34.15% of the patients. Total decannulation rate in this population during the 8-year period was 86% with 72% being decannulated after the first procedure. Average follow-up was 13.6 months. Initial grade of stenosis was predictive of success for the first surgery (p = 0.0085), 7 children were submitted to salvage surgeries. Children with comorbidities had 2.5 greater odds (95% CI 1.2-4.9, p = 0.0067) of unsuccessful surgery. Age at first surgery and presence of other airway anomalies were not significantly associated with success. Conclusions The overall success rate was 86%. Failures were associated with higher grades of stenosis and presence of comorbidities, but not with patient age or concomitant airway anomalies.

Resumo Introdução: Com o desenvolvimento de unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica, o tratamento de crianças para situações cirúrgicas complexas, como a estenose laringotraqueal, tem sido cada vez mais adequado. Montar equipes coordenadas de via aérea para alcançar resultados aceitáveis ainda é um desafio. Objetivo: Descrever os dados demográficos e os resultados cirúrgicos dos pacientes durante os primeiros oito anos de uma equipe de reconstrução de via aérea pediátrica. Método: Revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de crianças submetidas à reconstrução aberta de via aérea em uma unidade de saúde universitária de nível terciário durante os primeiros oito anos de desenvolvimento de uma equipe de vias aéreas. Resultados: Nos últimos 8 anos, 43 crianças foram submetidas a 52 reconstruções abertas de vias aéreas. A mediana de idade na cirurgia foi de 4,1 anos. Mais da metade das crianças (55,8%) apresentavam pelo menos uma comorbidade e mais de 80% apresentavam estenose subglótica Grau III e Grau IV. Outras anomalias das vias aéreas ocorreram em 34,8% dos casos. As cirurgias feitas foram: ressecções cricotraqueais parciais e estendidas em 50% e laringotraqueoplastia com enxertos anterior e/ou posterior em 50%. A dilatação pós-operatória foi necessária em 34,15% dos pacientes. A taxa de decanulação total nesta população durante o período de 8 anos foi de 86%, com 72% dos pacientes decanulados após o primeiro procedimento. O seguimento médio foi de 13,6 meses. O grau inicial de estenose foi preditivo de sucesso para a primeira cirurgia (p = 0,0085), 7 crianças foram submetidas a cirurgias de resgate. Crianças com comorbidades apresentaram uma probabilidade 2,5 vezes maior (IC95% 1,2-4,9, p = 0,0067) de cirurgias sem sucesso. A idade na primeira cirurgia e a presença de outras anomalias das vias aéreas não foram significantemente associadas ao sucesso. Conclusões: A taxa global de sucesso foi de 86%. As falhas foram associadas a graus maiores de estenose e a presença de comorbidades, mas não com a idade do paciente ou anomalias concomitantes das vias aéreas.

Lateral-Expansion Pharyngoplasty: Combined Technique for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a multifactorial disease characterized by episodes of partial or complete collapse during sleep of different regions of the upper airway. Surgery for OSAS evolved with the introduction of different techniques, considering new surgical concept of reconstruction of the upper airway. Objective To retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of a new approach aimed at reducing pharyngeal collapse by combining two surgical techniques: lateral and expansion pharyngoplasty. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 38 patients with OSAS undergoing lateral/expansion pharyngoplasty from January 2012 to December 2016. The following data were collected: patient age, gender, and pre- and postoperative body mass index (BMI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores, snoring visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, and polysomnography (PSG) results. Results The PSG results showed a significant reduction in the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) from 22.4 ± 27.3 events/h preoperatively to 13.6 ± 17.9 events/h postoperatively (p = 0.009), with postoperative AHI reduction greater than 50% in 63.2% of the patients. There was also a significant reduction in the microarousal index (19.5 ± 22.6 vs 11.0 ± 13.4 events/h; p = 0.001) and in the minimum oxygen saturation (82.6 ± 10.3 vs 86.9 ± 11.1; p = 0.007). Conclusions Lateral-expansion pharyngoplasty represents a new surgical strategy for the treatment of OSAS in patients with palatal collapse by combining two different techniques: lateral and expansion pharyngoplasty. The two techniques, performed as a one-stage procedure, led to improvements in excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, and PSG respiratory parameters by acting on lateral and retropalatal collapse, produc- ing favorable results with good applicability in otolaryngology clinical practice.

Pediatric airway reconstruction: results after implementation of an airway team in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Since development of pediatric intensive care units, children have increasingly and appropriately been treated for complex surgical conditions such as laryngotracheal stenosis. Building coordinated airway teams to achieve acceptable results is still a challenge. OBJECTIVE: To describe patient demographics and surgical outcomes during the first 8years of a pediatric airway reconstruction team. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of children submitted to open airway reconstruction in a tertiary university healthcare facility during the first eight years of an airway team formation. RESULTS: In the past 8 years 43 children underwent 52 open airway reconstructions. The median age at surgery was 4.1 years of age. Over half of the children (55.8%) had at least one comorbidity and over 80% presented Grade III and Grade IV subglottic stenosis. Other airway anomalies occurred in 34.8% of the cases. Surgeries performed were: partial and extended cricotracheal resections in 50% and laryngotracheoplasty with anterior and/or posterior grafts in 50%. Postoperative dilatation was needed in 34.15% of the patients. Total decannulation rate in this population during the 8-year period was 86% with 72% being decannulated after the first procedure. Average follow-up was 13.6 months. Initial grade of stenosis was predictive of success for the first surgery (p=0.0085), 7 children were submitted to salvage surgeries. Children with comorbidities had 2.5 greater odds (95% CI 1.2-4.9, p=0.0067) of unsuccessful surgery. Age at first surgery and presence of other airway anomalies were not significantly associated with success. CONCLUSIONS: The overall success rate was 86%. Failures were associated with higher grades of stenosis and presence of comorbidities, but not with patient age or concomitant airway anomalies.

A novel combined transoral and transcervical surgical approach for recurrent metastatic medullary thyroid cancer to the parapharyngeal space.

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) represents less than 1% of all thyroid cancers. Complete surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment for locoregional disease. Unfortunately, patients with recurrence may present with metastasis to challenging anatomic locations. We describe the first case of a recurrent MTC metastatic to the parapharyngeal space (PPS) that was managed using a combined transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and transcervical (TC) approach. We review the presentation, natural history, diagnosis and management of recurrent MTC, and describe a novel combined TORS-TC surgical approach for the treatment of PPS metastasis. A 66-year-old male with history of MTC treated with total thyroidectomy in 2000 and a liver resection in 2011 for metastatic MTC was referred to our Head and Neck Surgery Clinic in October 2016 due to increased calcitonin and CEA levels. Exam was significant for mild right tonsillar/pharyngeal bulging and induration. Imaging with PET-CT and MRI showed an enlarging ovoid mass centered within the right PPS without the presence of another systemic metastasis. FNA was consistent with MTC. The patient was taken to the operating room for a combined TORS-TC approach. Final pathology was consistent with metastatic MTC. Until recently, PPS tumors have been managed using highly morbid and cosmetically disfiguring open surgical approach. TORS provides a safe and effective alternative.

ICAR: endoscopic skull-base surgery.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic skull-base surgery (ESBS) is employed in the management of diverse skull-base pathologies. Paralleling the increased utilization of ESBS, the literature in this field has expanded rapidly. However, the rarity of these diseases, the inherent challenges of surgical studies, and the continued learning curve in ESBS have resulted in significant variability in the quality of the literature. To consolidate and critically appraise the available literature, experts in skull-base surgery have produced the International Consensus Statement on Endoscopic Skull-Base Surgery (ICAR:ESBS). METHODS: Using previously described methodology, topics spanning the breadth of ESBS were identified and assigned a literature review, evidence-based review or evidence-based review with recommendations format. Subsequently, each topic was written and then reviewed by skull-base surgeons in both neurosurgery and otolaryngology. Following this iterative review process, the ICAR:ESBS document was synthesized and reviewed by all authors for consensus. RESULTS: The ICAR:ESBS document addresses the role of ESBS in primary cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, intradural tumors, benign skull-base and orbital pathology, sinonasal malignancies, and clival lesions. Additionally, specific challenges in ESBS including endoscopic reconstruction and complication management were evaluated. CONCLUSION: A critical review of the literature in ESBS demonstrates at least the equivalency of ESBS with alternative approaches in pathologies such as CSF rhinorrhea and pituitary adenoma as well as improved reconstructive techniques in reducing CSF leaks. Evidence-based recommendations are limited in other pathologies and these significant knowledge gaps call upon the skull-base community to embrace these opportunities and collaboratively address these shortcomings.

Effect of pretreatment with magnesium sulphate on the duration of intense and deep neuromuscular blockade with rocuronium: A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Magnesium sulphate is an important adjuvant drug in multimodal anaesthesia. In combination with rocuronium it can enhance neuromuscular blockade (NMB). Limited data exist concerning the effect of magnesium sulphate on the duration of deep or intense NMB and the period of no response. OBJECTIVE(S): To determine the role of magnesium sulphate on the duration of rocuronium-induced deep and intense NMB, and the period of no response to nerve stimulation. DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial. SETTING: A public tertiary care hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from February 2017 to March 2018. PATIENTS: All patients between 18 and 65 years of age scheduled to undergo elective otorhinolaryngological surgery, with a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg m and an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification of I or II. INTERVENTION(S): Before induction of anaesthesia 60 patients were pretreated with an intravenous infusion of either 100 ml 0.9% saline (saline group), or 60 mg kg magnesium sulphate (magnesium group). After loss of consciousness, a bolus of rocuronium (0.6 mg kg) was administered. Neuromuscular function was measured by TOF-Watch SX monitor. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary and secondary outcomes were the duration of the period of no response to nerve stimulation and intense and deep NMB, respectively. An additional outcome was the NMB onset time. RESULTS: Median [IQR] durations of deep NMB were 20.3 [12.0 to 35.4] and 18.3 [11.2 to 26.3] min in the magnesium and saline groups, respectively (P = 0.18). Median durations of intense NMB were 21.7 [0.0 to 32.2] min and 0.0 [0.0 to 6.2] min (P = 0.001) in the magnesium and saline groups, respectively. Median durations of the period of no response were 40.8 [51.4 to 36.0] min and 28.0 [21.9 to 31.6] min (P = 0.0001) in the magnesium and saline groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: Magnesium sulphate increased both the duration of intense NMB and the period of no response. The duration of deep NMB was similar in the magnesium sulphate group and saline group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02989272.

International consensus statement on endoscopic skull-base surgery: executive summary.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic skull-base surgery (ESBS) is a rapidly growing discipline that often combines the expertise of otolaryngology-head and neck surgeons and neurosurgeons to provide care for these challenging conditions. As the field has grown, so too has the literature evaluating this surgical approach and the challenges and complications associated with these interventions. An international, multidisciplinary effort to critically evaluate and grade the current literature on ESBS has resulted in the International Consensus Statement on Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery (ICAR:SB). This Executive Summary highlights the key findings of the ICAR:SB document. METHODS: Following the prior methodology of the ICAR statements, the ICAR:SB document consists of 98 topics in ESBS that underwent a systematic review. When sufficient evidence exists, an evidence-based review with recommendation (EBRR) or evidence-based review (EBR) was created and then underwent an iterative review process until consensus was achieved. This Executive Summary recapitulates these findings. RESULTS: This summary complies the EBR and EBRR from the ICAR:SB document in the management of numerous skull-base pathologies including cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, intradural tumors, sinonasal malignancies, and clival tumors, as well as the key issues of reconstruction after and the complications associated with ESBS. CONCLUSION: The ICAR:SB Executive Summary recaps the evidenced-based recommendations concerning the advantages, limitations and challenges of ESBS in the management of diverse skull-base pathologies. Although multifactorial in nature, the overall level of evidence in ESBS is modest. This represents an opportunity to address these knowledge gaps moving forward.

Cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal en pediatría: experiencia Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery: experience in Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile

RESUMEN Introducción: La cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal (CENS) es una técnica ampliamente usada actualmente en otorrinolaringología. Se deben considerar las diferencias en la población pediátrica en comparación a los adultos. Objetivo: Describir y analizar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, y resultados del tratamiento con CENS en pediatría. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, incluyendo los pacientes pediátricos con patología otorrinolaringológica que haya requerido CENS entre los años 2012 y 2017. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, complicaciones quirúrgicas y recurrencia. Resultados: La serie está constituida por 19 pacientes, con una edad promedio de intervención de 10 años; 9 hombres y 10 mujeres. El diagnóstico fue en su mayoría pólipo antrocoanal (PAC) (52%), seguida de rinosinusitis crónica (27%). En el periodo de seguimiento, se observó recurrencia en 4 pacientes, los cuales tenían diagnóstico de PAC y atresia de coanas, en un periodo promedio de seguimiento de 36 meses. No hubo complicaciones quirúrgicas. Conclusión: El estudio de los pacientes pediátricos, mediante anamnesis, examen físico e imágenes, es fundamental para definir la indicación de CENS en pediatría. En aquellos casos adecuadamente seleccionados, la CENS es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is a technique widely used in otorhinolaryngology. The differences in pediatric population should be considered, compared to adults. Aim: To describe and analyze the clinical characteristics, epidemiology and surgical results of ESS in pediatric population. Material and method: Retrospective and descriptive study of all pediatric patients who underwent ESS for the treatment of any otorhinolaryngological pathology, between 2012 and 2017. Variables analyzed include demographics, signs and symptoms, surgical complications and recurrence rate. Results: The series includes 19 patients, with a mean age of 10 years at the moment of surgery; 10 men and 9 women. Antrochoanal polyp (AP) was the main diagnosis, followed by chronic rhinosinusitis. On follow-up, 4 patients presented with a recurrence at a mean period of 36 months. No surgical complications were observed. Conclusion: The study of pediatric patients includes anamnesis, physical examination and images in order to define the indication of SES. In those cases, properly selected, CENS results a safe and effective procedure.

Prognostic Factors and Management of Patients with Choanal Atresia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze prognostic factors in the management of patients with choanal atresia. STUDY DESIGN: This is a review of 114 patients operated on for choanal atresia in a tertiary care center between November 1986 and November 2016, including clinical characteristics, surgical management, and postoperative course with final nasal patency. The data were collected in a database that was updated over time. RESULTS: Among the 114 patients, 78 were female, 77 presented with unilateral choanal atresia, and 37 presented with bilateral unilateral choanal atresia, corresponding to 151 nasal fossae. Forty-seven patients had associated abnormalities (41.2%), including CHARGE, diagnosed in 20 children (17.5%). At the end of follow-up, 91 patients (79.8%) had normal choanal patency. The identified risk factors of surgical failure were age <6 months (P = .004), weight <5 kg (P = .007), and bilateral choanal atresia (P < .001). The type of atresia, presence of associated abnormalities, surgical approach, stenting, and use of mitomycin were not significantly linked with the surgical results. CONCLUSIONS: This series highlights the importance of the timing of surgery, which is guided by the clinical ability of the infant to tolerate the procedure. Endoscopic approaches are widely performed, but a transpalatal approach, necessary in some cases of bilateral choanal atresia, does not alter the results. Unilateral choanal atresia surgery should be delayed after age 6 months and/or weight >5 kg when possible.

The Role of Modified Expansion Sphincter Pharyngoplasty in Multilevel Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Surgery

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep disorder caused by an excessive narrowing of the pharyngeal airway that also collapses during inspiration, with an important role played by the lateral pharyngeal wall in the development of the obstruction. Objective To describe our surgical experience with modified expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty (MESP) in the management of lateral collapse in upper airway multilevel surgery. Methods A total of 20 patients with moderate to severe OSAS were recruited in the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department of the University of Palermo, Italy. All of the enrolled patients refused the ventilatory therapy. The subjects were evaluated for snoring, and daytime sleepiness had a clinical evaluation including collection of anthropometric data and ENT examination and rhinofibroscopy with Müller maneuver. The patients undergoing upper airway multilevel surgery and we selected for MESP the patients with an oropharyngeal transverse pattern of collapse at Müller maneuver. Results In the postoperative assessment, all of the patients reported a reduction in snoring scores and daytime sleepiness. We observed a reduction in the mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 57.5% of the sample, which decreased from a mean value of 41.7 ( ± 21.5) to 17.4 ( ± 8.9) (p< 0.05), with a success rate, according to the Sher criteria, of 65%. We observed very few postoperative complications. Conclusion Modified expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty in multilevel surgical therapy preceded by a careful selection of patients has proven to be effective in treating patients with moderate to severe syndromes.

Digital design of functional surgery for odontogenic cyst intruding into maxillary sinus / Desenho digital de cirurgia funcional para cisto odontogênico intrusivo em seio maxilar

Abstract Introduction Traditional Caldwell-Luc approach needs modifications for odontogenic cysts intruding into the maxillary sinus, to preserve sinus mucosa and bony contour. Recently, digital technology has been widely applied to the field of maxillofacial surgery, guiding the surgical plan and improving its accuracy. Objective This study attempted to present and evaluate the functional surgery of odontogenic cysts intruding into the maxillary sinus using a computer-assisted pre-surgical design. Methods Consecutive patients with odontogenic cysts intruding into the posterior part of the maxillary sinus were enrolled. Method I "Bony wall reimplantation method" was performed for large lesions exceeding the zygomatic alveolar crest but without apparent bone destruction of the anterior wall of the sinus, while Method II "bone removal method" was more convenient for small lesions near to the zygomatic alveolar crest. The gap was filled with a pedicled buccal fat pad after lesion removal and all cases were without inferior meatal antrostomy. Results A total of 45 cases were included in the study. 22 were operated using method I while 23 were operated with method II. Operations were completed in 20 min. Pain disappeared in 3.62 days on average, and swelling 6.47 days. Nasal bleeding occurred in 8 patients lasting 1-3 days. Suppurative inflammation was observed in 1 patient, and infection occurred after bone reposition. Other repositioned free bony wall was without resorption in CT images. Conclusions Sinus mucosa and bony wall should be conserved. Preoperative digital design can guide osteotomy effectively during the surgery. Bone reposition is not suitable for suppurative inflammation. The pedicled buccal fat pad is enough for drainage and inferior meatal antrostomy is not necessary.

Resumo Introdução A abordagem tradicional de Caldwell-Luc precisa de modificações para os cistos odontogênicos que se introduzem no seio maxilar, para preservar a mucosa sinusal e o contorno ósseo. Recentemente, a tecnologia digital tem sido amplamente aplicada ao campo da cirurgia maxilofacial, orienta o plano cirúrgico e melhora sua precisão. Objetivo Esse estudo teve como objetivo apresentar e avaliar a cirurgia funcional de cistos odontogênicos intrusivos no seio maxilar utilizando um desenho pré-cirúrgico assistido por computador. Método Foram recrutados pacientes consecutivos com cistos odontogênicos intrusivos na parte posterior do seio maxilar. O método I, "método de reimplante de parede óssea", foi feito em lesões grandes que excediam a crista zigomático-alveolar, mas sem destruição óssea aparente da parede anterior do seio, enquanto o método II, "método de remoção óssea", foi mais conveniente para pequenas lesões próximas à crista zigomático-alveolar. O espaço foi preenchido com um retalho pediculado do corpo adiposo bucal após a remoção da lesão e todos os casos foram feitos sem antrostomia meatal inferior. Resultados Um total de 45 casos foram incluídos no estudo. Vinte e dois foram submetidos à cirurgia utilizando-se o método I, enquanto que 23 foram submetidos ao método II. As operações foram concluídas em 20 minutos. A dor desapareceu em média após 3,62 dias, e o edema, depois de 6,47 dias. Hemorragia nasal ocorreu em 8 pacientes com duração de 1 a 3 dias. Processo supurativa foi observado em 1 paciente ocorrendo após a reposição óssea. Outros retalhos reposicionados livres da parede óssea não mostraram reabsorção em imagens de TC. Conclusões A mucosa sinusal e a parede óssea devem ser preservadas; o desenho digital pré-operatório pode orientar a osteotomia de forma eficaz durante a cirurgia; a reposição óssea não é adequada em processos supurativos. O retalho pediculado de corpo adiposo bucal é suficiente para a drenagem e antrostomia meatal inferior não é necessária.

Giant fronto-ethmoidal osteoma - selection of an optimal surgical procedure / Osteoma fronto-etmoidal gigante - escolha do procedimento cirúrgico ideal

Abstract Introduction Osteomas of the paranasal sinuses are benign bone tumours that produce clinical signs depending on their size and location. In most reported cases large tumours are excised by an external approach or in conjunction with an endoscopic technique. Endoscopic treatment of such tumours is a huge challenge for the operator. Objective Determine the optimal surgical approach by analysing giant osteomas of the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses in the literature. Methods Group of 37 osteomas obtained from the literature review. A group of osteomas removed only by endoscopy was compared with a group in which an external approach (lateral rhynotomy or craniotomy) or combined external and endoscopic approach was applied. Results The authors, based on the statistical analysis of the literature data, have found that the average size of osteomas excised endoscopically and those removed by external approaches does not differ statistically, when the osteomas are located in the ethmoidal cells (p = 0.2691) and the frontal sinuses (p = 0.5891). Conclusion The choice of surgical method appears to be independent of the osteoma size and the decision is likely to be taken based on the experience of the surgeon, available equipment and knowledge of different surgical techniques.

Resumo Introdução Osteomas dos seios paranasais são tumores ósseos benignos cujas manifestações clínicas ocorrem em função de seu tamanho e localização. Na maioria dos casos relatados os tumores grandes são excisados por uma abordagem externa ou associada a uma técnica endoscópica. O tratamento endoscópico destes tumores ainda é um grande desafio para o cirurgião. Objetivo Determinar a abordagem cirúrgica ideal ao analisar osteomas gigantes dos seios frontal e etmoidal na literatura. Método Um total de 38 osteomas foram avaliados a partir da revisão da literatura. Um grupo de osteomas removidos apenas por cirurgia endoscópica foi comparado com um grupo para o qual foi utilizado uma abordagem externa (rinotomia lateral ou craniotomia) ou uma abordagem combinada, externa e endoscópica. Resultados Os autores, com base na análise estatística dos dados da literatura, observaram que o tamanho médio dos osteomas excisados endoscopicamente e daqueles que foram removidos através de uma abordagem externa não diferiram estatisticamente, tanto para osteomas localizados no seio etmoidal (p = 0.2691) quanto para os localizados no seio frontal (p = 0.5891). Conclusão A escolha do método cirúrgico parece ser independente do tamanho do osteoma e a decisão provavelmente será tomada com base na experiência prévia do cirurgião, nos equipamentos disponíveis e conhecimento de diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas.

Swallowing evaluation after surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: uvulopalatopharyngoplasty vs. expansion pharyngoplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of pharyngeal surgery on swallowing pattern in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and to compare two surgical techniques: uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and expansion pharyngoplasty (EP), through videofluoroscopy. METHODS: Longitudinal prospective cohort, in a tertiary referral center. 17 adult patients were enrolled this study, divided into two groups: patients who underwent UPPP (n = 10) or EP (n = 7). Swallowing videofluoroscopy (for both liquid and pasty consistences) was assessed at three different periods: before surgery, and at 14 and 28 days following surgery. Comparisons were performed between pre- and post-operative (PO) swallowing conditions in the same patient, and between surgical techniques. RESULTS: Asymptomatic OSAS patients already presented altered swallowing pattern before surgery. Both surgical procedures led to an increased hyoid movement time and an increased frequency of laryngeal penetration in early PO during liquid ingestion. For pasty consistency, both techniques reduced velum movement time and increased pharyngeal transit time and the rate of stasis in hypopharynx. All these parameters reached or tended to reach the pre-operative indices at day PO 28. CONCLUSIONS: OSAS patients show sub-clinical changes in swallowing pattern before surgery. Both surgical techniques are related to transitory changes in swallowing biomechanics. Complete or partial reversal to pre-operative swallowing parameters occurs 1 month after both surgery techniques.