Autoexpressão: efeitos da escuta no cuidado em saúde mental na atenção básica em saúde / Self expression: effects of listening in mental health at basic health care / Autoexpresión: efectos de escuchar en el cuidado de salud mental en la Atención Básica de Salud

Esta pesquisa busca compreender a relação do expressar-se com o cuidado em saúde mental dos usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) de um município no Rio Grande do Sul. Como pesquisa qualitativa, os dados foram coletados em entrevistas semiestruturadas. A amostra inicial foi de dez participantes que compareceram a cinco atendimentos psicológicos feitos semanalmente pela estagiária de psicologia, sendo que sete deles permaneceram até o fim devido às faltas aos atendimentos associadas ao tempo reduzido para a realização da coleta de dados. Os resultados indicaram o acompanhamento psicológico como um espaço de escuta associado à livre expressão, proporcionando significados aos usuários, como: percepção de mudanças em seus sentimentos, pensamentos e comportamento, além das dificuldades e melhorias durante o processo. Estes dados trazem um novo significado atribuído pelos usuários sobre a realização dos atendimentos psicológicos, o autoconhecimento, descentralizando a ideia de busca pelo cuidado apenas quando há adoecimento. (AU)

This research aims to understand the relation between self-expression and the mental health care of users from a Basic Health Unit (BHU) located in a city of Rio Grande do Sul. As a qualitative research, the data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The initial sample consisted of ten users that had participated in five psychological consultations done by the psychology intern. However, due to the reduced time for data collection, associated to the absences of some participants, the final number of seven users was reached. The results indicated the psychological follow-up as a listening place, associated with freedom of speech, providing meanings such as: perception of changes in their feelings, thoughts and behavior. Besides that, the difficulties and improvements during the process were also related. These data show the new meanings reported by users aboutgoing to psychological follow-up, like the self-knowledge, decentralizing the idea of seeking mental care only when there is illness. (AU)

Esta investigación busca comprender la relación entre la expresión de sí mismo y la atención a la salud mental de usuarios de una Unidad Básica de Salud (UBS) de un municipio de Rio Grande do Sul. Como investigación cualitativa, los datos fueron colectadosen entrevistas semiestructuradas. La muestra inicial fue compuesta por diez participantes que asistieron a cinco sesiones de terapia hechas por estudiantes de psicología semanalmente, siete de los cuales permanecieron hasta el final por faltas a citas asociadas a la reducción del tiempo de recogida de datos. Los resultados indicaron apoyo psicológico como momento de escucha asociado a la libre expresión, ofreciendo habilidades a los usuarios como: percepción de cambios en sus sentimientos, pensamientos y comportamiento, además de dificultades y mejoras durante el proceso. Estos datos dan nuevo significado atribuido por los usuarios a la prestación de atención psicológica, el autoconocimiento, desconcentrando la idea de buscar atención sólo cuando hay una enfermedad. (AU)

Making visible the cost of informal caregivers' time in Latin America: a case study for major cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases in eight countries.

BACKGROUND: Informal care is a key element of health care and well-being for society, yet it is scarcely visible and rarely studied in health economic evaluations. This study aims to estimate the time use and cost associated with informal care for cardiovascular diseases, pneumonia and ten different cancers in eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru). METHODS: We carried out an exhaustive literature review on informal caregivers' time use, focusing on the selected diseases. We developed a survey for professional caregivers and conducted expert interviews to validate this data in the local context. We used an indirect estimate through the interpolation of the available data, for those cases in which we do not found reliable information. We used the proxy good method to estimate the monetary value of the use of time of informal care. National household surveys databases were processed to obtain the average wage per hour of a proxy of informal caregiver. Estimates were expressed in 2020 US dollars. RESULTS: The study estimated approximately 1,900 million hours of informal care annually and $ 4,300 million per year in average informal care time cost for these fifteen diseases and eight countries analyzed. Cardiovascular diseases accounted for an informal care burden that ranged from 374 to 555 h per year, while cancers varied from 512 to 1,825 h per year. The informal care time cost share on GDP varied from 0.26% (Mexico) to 1.38% (Brazil), with an average of 0.82% in the studied American countries. Informal care time cost represents between 16 and 44% of the total economic cost (direct medical and informal care cost) associated with health conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that there is a significant informal care economic burden -frequently overlooked- in different chronic and acute diseases in Latin American countries; and highlights the relevance of including the economic value of informal care in economic evaluations of healthcare.

Tendencias en las consultas a los servicios de emergencias durante la pandemia por covid-19 / Trends in emergency department admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen Objetivo: En Costa Rica se observó una disminución en las atenciones en los Servicios de Emergencias al inicio de la pandemia por lo que el objetivo de este estudio es la descripción de este fenómeno, su duración, así como implicaciones en nuestro país. Métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo observacional retrospectivo de las atenciones en los Servicios de Emergencias de los Hospitales pertenecientes a la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social durante el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre del 2020. Resultados: Se incluyeron 25 Servicios de Emergencias. Las atenciones durante el periodo de estudio fueron de 1.549.024 millones de visitas y la cantidad de revaloraciones a 4,038,029. El rango de atenciones en los diferentes SEM tuvo un rango de 19070 mil a 122251 mil durante el periodo del estudio. Se observó que 850 707 (54,9%) eran del sexo femenino. La mayor cantidad de pacientes atendidos en los SEM tenían edades entre los 20 a 44 años con 693 379 (44.7%) atenciones, seguido del grupo entre los 45 a 64 años con 328 979 (21.2%). Lo que respecta a la clasificación de la agudeza de los pacientes por medio del sistema de triaje canadiense, un 40% (620 449) fueron catalogados como categoría 3, un 39.8%(616 855) categoría 4, 14%(218 124), 5.3%(82 360) categoría 2 y por último 0.6%(9206) pacientes como categoría 1. Respeto a pacientes con el diagnóstico asociado a SARS CoV-2 se observó que 88 793 en los Servicios de Emergencias tuvieron dichos diagnósticos durante el periodo del estudio. Conclusiones: La tendencia a la baja en las consultas al Servicio de Emergencias en Costa Rica, reproduce las tendencias reportadas en la bibliografía a nivel mundial. La explicación para este fenómeno es multifactorial. Existen una gran cantidad de cambios "estructurales" tanto en los servicios de emergencias como en hospitalización y el sistema de salud en general, que con mucha probabilidad deberán cambiarse de manera definitiva y prioritaria. No solo para la atención de esta pandemia sino con miras a que dichos sistemas se encuentren mejor preparados para próximos eventos infecciosos de cualquier tipo.

Abstract Aim: In Costa Rica, a decrease in the admissions in the emergency departments were observed at the beginning of the pandemic and the objective of this study was to describe this phenomenon, its duration, as well as its implications in our country. Methods: It is a retrospective descriptive observational study of the admissions in the Emergency Departments of the Hospitals belonging to the Costa Rican Social Security from January 1 to December 31, 2020. Results: 25 emergency departments were included. Admissions during the study period was 1,549,024 million visits and the number of re-evaluations to 4,038,029. The range of visits in the different emergency departments were from 19,070,000 to 122,251,000 during the study period. It was observed that 850 707 (54.9%) were female. The lar- gest number of patients treated in the emergency departments were aged between 20 to 44 years with 693,379 (44.7%) visits, followed by the group between 45 to 64 years with 328,979 (21.2%). The acuity of the patients using the Canadian triage system were classified 40% (620,449) as category 3, 39.8% (616,855) as category 4, 14% (218,124), 5.3% (82,360) as category 2 and finally 0.6% (9,206) patients as category 1. In regards of patients with the diagnosis associated with SARS CoV-2, it was observed that 88,793 were seen in the emergency departments with such diagnoses during the study period. Conclusions: The downward trend in consultations to the emergency departments in Costa Rica reproduces the trends reported in the literature worldwide. The explanation for this phenomenon is multifactorial. There are many "structural" changes both in the emergency departments and in hospitalization and the Health System in general, which will most likely have to be changed definitively and as a priority. Not only for the attention of this Pandemic but with a view to future infectious events of any kind.

Patient Experiences of Integrated Care in Medicare Accountable Care Organizations and Medicare Advantage Versus Traditional Fee-for-Service.

BACKGROUND: Health insurance design can influence the extent to which clinical care is well-coordinated. Through alternative payment models, Medicare Advantage (MA) and Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) have the potential to improve integration relative to traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare. OBJECTIVE: To characterize patient experiences of integrated care within Medicare and identify whether MA or ACO beneficiaries perceive greater integration than FFS beneficiaries. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the 2015 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. SUBJECTS: Nationally representative sample of 11,978 Medicare beneficiaries. MEASURES: Main outcomes included 8 previously derived domains of patient-perceived integrated care (PPIC), measured on a scale of 1-4. RESULTS: The final sample was 55% female with a mean (SD) age of 71.1 (11.3). In unadjusted analyses, we observed considerable variation across PPIC domains in the full sample, but little variation across subsamples defined by coverage type within a given PPIC domain. In linear models adjusting for a rich set of patient characteristics, we observe no significant benefits of ACOs nor MA relative to FFS, a finding which is robust to alternative specifications and adjustment for multiple comparisons. We similarly observed no benefits in subgroup analyses restricted to states with relatively high market penetration of ACOs or MA. CONCLUSIONS: Despite characteristics of ACOs and MA that theoretically promote integrated care, we find that PPIC is largely similar across coverage types in Medicare.

Impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en la práctica de la electrofisiología cardíaca en Latinoamérica: una encuesta de la Sociedad Latinoamericana del Ritmo Cardíaco / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of cardiac electrophysiology in Latin America: a survey of the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society / Impacto da pandemia COVID-19 na prática da eletrofisiologia cardíaca na América Latina: uma pesquisa da Sociedade Latino-Americana de Ritmo Cardíaco

Al comienzo de la pandemia COVID-19 se implementaron pautas clínicas restrictivas de la asistencia que incluyeron los Servicios de Electrofisiología (SEF). Objetivo: analizar la actividad asistencial y conocer la situación de los SEF en Latinoamérica a dos meses de iniciadas las restricciones. Método: estudio observacional descriptivo-analítico y transversal, utilizando una encuesta a médicos electrofisiólogos en marzo/2020. Se comparó la actividad clínica e invasiva que se realizaba antes y durante la pandemia. Resultados: se incluyeron 147 encuestas, de 74 ciudades y 18 países de Latinoamérica. Los actos clínicos semanales se redujeron de 75 (45/127) a 20 (10/40) (p<0,001), bajaron 71%. Los procedimientos invasivos mensuales se redujeron de 26 (13/39) a 4 (2/9) (p<0,001), bajaron 77%. El 49% encuestado trabajaban en ≥3 centros asistenciales y 89% compartía laboratorio con un servicio de hemodinamia. La ocupación de camas en los hospitales era baja 37%, intermedia 28% y alta 35%. El 30% refirió algún médico de su equipo fue puesto en cuarentena por infección/contacto. El 53% refirió no se hacía ninguna prueba de tamizaje a los pacientes previa a los procedimientos y 77% al personal. La mayoría percibía dificultades como importantes o muy importantes, pero 63% estaba considerando la reapertura al funcionamiento normal. Conclusiones: hubo una reducción importante de la actividad clínica e invasiva. La mayoría no tenía alta ocupación de camas. Los encuestados trabajaban en varios centros y en salas de hemodinamia. Aún no se habían implementado totalmente las medidas de prevención. Existía la percepción de que en poco tiempo se retomaría la normalidad

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictive clinical guidelines were implemented, including Electrophysiology Services (EFS). Objectives: analyze the healthcare activity and to know the situation of the EFS in Latin America two months after the restrictions began. Method: descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional observational study, using a survey of electrophysiologists in March / 2020. The clinical and invasive activity carried out before and during the pandemic was compared. Results: 147 surveys were included, from 74 cities in 18 Latin American countries. Weekly clinical events were reduced from 75 (45/127) to 20 (10/40) (p <0.001), they fell 71%. Monthly invasive procedures were reduced from 26 (13/39) to 4 (2/9) (p <0.001), down 77%. Forty-nine percent surveyed worked in ≥3 healthcare centers and 89% shared a laboratory with a hemodynamic service. Hospital bed occupancy was low 37%, intermediate 28% and high 35%. Thirty percent referred a doctor from their team was quarantined for infection / contact. Fifty-three percent reported that no screening test was done on the patients prior to the procedures and 77% on the staff. Most perceived difficulties as important or very important, but 63% were considering reopening to normal functioning. Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in clinical and invasive activity. Most did not have high bed occupancy. Respondents worked in various centers and in hemodynamic rooms. Prevention measures had not yet been fully implemented yet. There was a perception that in a short time normality would return.

No início da pandemia de COVID-19 foram implementadas diretrizes clínicas, incluindo os Serviços de Eletrofisiologia (SEF). Objetivo: analisar a atividade assistencial e conhecer a situação do SEF na América Latina dois meses após o início das restrições. Método: estudo descritivo-analítico e observacional transversal, por meio de questionário com eletrofisiologistas em março / 2020. Foi comparada a atividade clínica e invasiva realizada antes e durante a pandemia. Resultados: foram incluídos 147 inquéritos, de 74 cidades e 18 países latino-americanos. O número de procedimentos semanais foi reduzido de 75 (45/127) para 20 (10/40) (p <0,001), com redução de 71%. Os procedimentos invasivos mensais foram reduzidos de 26 (13/39) para 4 (2/9) (p <0,001), com redução de 77%. Dos eletrofisiologistas que responderam ao questionário, 49% trabalhavam em 3 ou mais centros, e 89% compartilhavam o laboratório com serviço de hemodinâmica. A ocupação de leitos hospitalares foi baixa em 37%, intermediária em 28% e alta em 35%. Dos que responderam al questionário, 30% relataram que um médico de sua equipe foi colocado em quarentena por infecção ou contato. Foi relatado que, dentre os que responderam, 53% não realizava teste de triagem nos pacientes antes dos procedimentos, e em 77% na equipe. A maioria percebeu as dificuldades como importantes ou muito importantes, mas 63% consideravam a reabertura ao funcionamento. Conclusões: houve redução significativa da atividade clínica e invasiva. A maioria não tinha grande ocupação de leitos. Os entrevistados trabalhavam em vários centros e em salas de hemodinâmica. As medidas de prevenção ainda não haviam sido totalmente implementadas, porém havia a percepção de que em pouco tempo a normalidade voltaria

Burden and Gender inequalities around Informal Care.

OBJECTIVES: This work comes from the interest and need to understand the problems arising from the activity of caring for dependent people, in the world and particularly in the European region. Altogether, it seeks to understand the consequences of informal care on the caregiver adding to the debate a gender perspective. Through a multidisciplinary bibliographic review, the current care crisis becomes clear. The demographic and socio-cultural changes in recent years are causing dependency to increase dramatically, while putting at risk the availability of informal caregivers. Several studies have shown that women are the ones on whom the burden of care mainly falls. Therefore, under the gender perspective, it becomes clear that the consequences of caregiver burden increase gender inequalities worldwide. The study analyzes the current situation and underlines the need to promote alternatives and opportunities so that care is shared and does not fall only on the female gender. Solutions need to be included in public and community health interventions and policies, and to this respect, nurses play an important role in changing the care paradigm.

Conditional cash transfers, spillovers, and informal health care: Evidence from Peru.

Conditional cash transfer programs have become instrumental in encouraging the use of formal health services in developing countries, but little is known about their effect on the use of low-quality informal care. Using a large survey of Peruvian rural households and a regression discontinuity design, we find a sizeable reduction in the use of informal health care providers not only by targeted but also by nontargeted members of households that qualify for the program. This indicates the existence of spillover effects within the household. We also provide evidence that beyond the direct increase in income, the availability of better information about institutional services is a potential mechanism that drives these effects.

Haemophilia care in Latin America: Assessment and perspectives.

INTRODUCTION: The study is the first application of the Principles of Haemophilia Care for Europe (PHCE) in other regions of the world, specifically in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To identify strengths in the care of haemophilia, and the aspects that should be improved. METHODS: The information was obtained through a questionnaire designed according to the PHCE and answered by specialists in mid-2016. The countries included were as follows: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Dominican Republic and Venezuela. RESULTS: In most countries, there is a central organization for haemophilia care supported by local groups. The existence of a national registry of people with haemophilia (PWH) was verified in eight countries. Centres of integrated care are located in large cities. In the majority of countries, there was no evidence of the participation of multiple actors in the decision-making. The supply of factor concentrates presents constraints, although it is reported as adequate in half of the countries. In most countries, home treatment is available under special conditions. In most countries, there are restrictions on the use of prophylaxis. The coordination of specialized and emergency services depends on each centre. Unrestricted treatment of inhibitors is performed in most countries. In all countries, there are human resources training programmes; however, clinical and health services researches are not widely developed. CONCLUSION: The study identifies the initial situation of principles of care, as well as the alternatives that must be implemented to achieve improvements in the quality of life of PWH in the region.

Big Data Analytic, Big Step for Patient Management and Care in Puerto Rico.

This letter provides an overview of the application of big data in health care system to improve quality of care, including predictive modelling for risk and resource use, precision medicine and clinical decision support, quality of care and performance measurement, public health and research applications, among others. The author delineates the tremendous potential for big data analytics and discuss how it can be successfully implemented in clinical practice, as an important component of a learning health-care system.

Parto vertical intercultural, satisfacción de la atención en usuarias del Programa SIS en el Centro de Salud de Tambo, enero, junio 2018 / Vertical intercultural delivery, satisfaction with care in users of the SIS Program at the Tambo Health Center, January, June 2018

Existe gran demanda por el parto vertical intercultural, la oferta esta instaurada hacia mujeres andinas y amazónicas porque el ente rector ha oficializado su atención, sin embargo es muy poco lo que se conoce respecto a la satisfacción de las usuarias de estos servicios, por lo que el presente estudio se propuso como objetivo, "Determinar el nivel de satisfacción en la atención del parto vertical intercultural en usuarias del Programa SIS, atendidas en el Centro de Salud de Tambo, 2018", bajo un método estudio no experimental, de diseño descriptivo, técnica encuesta, se obtuvo los siguientes resultados: Respecto a la "recepción con amabilidad y respeto" 77 % reporta satisfacción "bueno", 20% indica satisfacción "regular, un 30% que opinaron "regular" satisfacción referido al "trato profesional" , respecto al "Ambiente de sala de parto, amplio, fuera de ruido" 70% reporta satisfacción "bueno", 20% indica satisfacción "regular", en relación a si "preguntan conocimientos y prácticas acerca del parto de parte de la parturienta, familiares" 40 % reporta satisfacción "bueno", 20% indica satisfacción "regular". Respecto si "Motivan la participación de la pareja madre, hermana para apoyar a la hora del parto" 46% refiere satisfacción "buena", un 27% "regular y un 4% deficiente. Al "Uso de infusiones con hierbas que dan calor a la mujer en el parto" 67% refiere "buena" y 27% "regular". Al "Uso de fuerza con manos en soga, pies en suelo, apoyo de fuerza por un familiar desde la espalda", 33% reporto "buena y 46% "regular". En conclusión el grado de satisfacción en general es 70% "bueno" respecto a la Atención del Parto Vertical Intercultural en usuarias del Programa del Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) en el Centro de Salud de Tambo.

Os desafios de se trabalhar em equipe na estratégia saúde da família / The challenges of teamwork in the family health strategy

Objective: To grasp the perceptions and experiences of professionals in the primary health care as teamwork in the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in a medium-sized municipality in the southern of Brazil. Method: Qualitative research carried out, between April and July 2016, with 13 health professionals (nurses, doctors, dentists, community health agents, nursing technicians and oral health aide) workers in FHS. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, transcribed and submitted to content analysis. Results: From the analysis emerged three thematic categories: Teamwork from the perspective of the FHS health professionals; Strategies for maintaining teamwork out of daily routine; and Challenges of the insertion of Oral Health in the FHS. Conclusions and implications for a practice: Participants demonstrated that they understood the importance of teamwork and interpersonal relationships, and recognize the inherent challenges of this process. They revealed weaknesses in the relationships among dentistry and other members of the FHS, marked by a sense of exclusion and disinterest in participating.

Objetivo: Aprehender las percepciones y vivencias de los profesionales a respecto al trabajo en equipo en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) en un municipio de mediano porte en el sur de Brasil. Método: Investigación descriptiva de naturaleza cualitativa, realizada entre abril y julio de 2016 con 13 profesionales (enfermeros, médicos, dentistas, agentes comunitarios de salud, técnicos de enfermería y auxiliar de salud bucal) actuantes en equipos de la ESF de un municipio en el sur de Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados por intermedio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, posteriormente transcritas y sometidas al Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: Del análisis surgieron tres categorías temáticas: El trabajo en equipo en la perspectiva de los profesionales de la ESF; Estrategias para el mantenimiento del trabajo en equipo sin cotidianidad; y Percalços de la inserción de la Salud Bucal en la ESF. Conclusiones e implicaciones para una práctica: Los participantes demostraron percibir la importancia del trabajo en equipo y de la relación interpersonal, y reconocer los desafíos inherentes de este proceso. Se revelaron fragilidades en las relaciones entre los profesionales del área de odontología y los demás miembros de la ESF, marcado por sentimiento de exclusión y desinterés en participar.

Objetivo: Apreender as percepções e vivências dos profissionais quanto ao trabalho em equipe na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) em um município de médio porte no Sul do Brasil. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada entre abril e julho de 2016 com 13 profissionais (enfermeiros, médicos, dentistas, agentes comunitários de saúde, técnicos de enfermagem e auxiliar de saúde bucal) atuantes em equipes da ESF. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, posteriormente transcritas e submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Da análise emergiram três categorias temáticas: O trabalho em equipe na perspectiva dos profissionais da ESF; Estratégias para a manutenção do trabalho em equipe no cotidiano; e Percalços da inserção da Saúde Bucal na ESF. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: Os participantes demostraram perceber a importância do trabalho em equipe e do relacionamento interpessoal, e reconhecer os desafios inerentes deste processo. Revelaram fragilidades nas relações entre os profissionais da área de odontologia e os demais membros da ESF, marcado por sentimento de exclusão e desinteresse em participar.

Sentimentos e dificuldades vivenciadas por pacientes oncológicos ao longo dos itinerários diagnóstico e terapêutico / Feelings and difficulties experienced by cancer patients along the diagnostic and therapeutic itineraries

Objective: To understand the feelings and difficulties experienced by cancer patients in relation to the diagnostic and therapeutic itineraries. Methods: An exploratory study of a qualitative nature, developed with 13 people with cancer, through an interview. In the period from June to September of 2017 data were collected and later submitted to content analysis. Results: The results included the unpleasant feelings that patients with cancer experience, and the recognition of factors that influence the re-signification of this phase. In addition, we observed the difficulties that perpass the routine of treatment and that compromise the basic needs of these individuals. Final considerations: It was understood that during the experience of the diagnostic and therapeutic itinerary, people with cancer experience negative feelings and many difficulties. However, some factors make possible the resignification of the disease and need to be considered by health professionals and managers to minimize the impact of the disease during this journey.

Objetivo: Comprender los sentimientos y dificultades vivenciadas por pacientes oncológicos frente a los itinerarios diagnóstico y terapéutico. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio, de naturaleza cualitativa, desarrollado junto a 13 personas con cáncer, por medio de una entrevista. En el período de junio a septiembre de 2017 fueron recolectados los datos y posteriormente sometidos a análisis de contenido. Resultados: Con los resultados se comprendieron los sentimientos desagradables que los pacientes con cáncer vivencian, y el reconocimiento de factores que influencian la resignificación de esta fase. Además se observaron las dificultades que atravesan la rutina de tratamiento y que comprometen las necesidades básicas de esos individuos. Consideraciones finales: Se comprendió que durante la vivencia del itinerario diagnóstico y terapéutico las personas con cáncer experimentan sentimientos negativos y muchas dificultades. Sin embargo algunos factores posibilitan la resignificación de la enfermedad y necesitan ser considerados por los profesionales de salud y gestores, para minimizar el impacto de la enfermedad durante esa jornada.

Objetivo: Compreender os sentimentos e dificuldades vivenciadas por pacientes oncológicos frente aos itinerários diagnóstico e terapêutico. Métodos: Estudo exploratório, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvido junto a 13 pessoas com câncer, por meio de entrevista. No período de junho a setembro de 2017 foram coletados os dados e posteriormente submetidos a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Com os resultados compreendeu-se os sentimentos desagradáveis que os pacientes com câncer vivenciam, e o reconhecimento de fatores que influenciam a ressignificação dessa fase. Além disso observou-se as dificuldades que perpassam a rotina de tratamento e que comprometem as necessidades básicas desses indivíduos. Considerações finais: Compreendeu-se que durante a vivência do itinerário diagnóstico e terapêutico as pessoas com câncer experimentam sentimentos negativos e muitas dificuldades. Entretanto, alguns fatores possibilitam a ressignificação do adoecimento e necessitam ser considerados pelos profissionais de saúde e gestores para minimizar o impacto da doença durante essa jornada.

Knowledge about tuberculosis transmission and prevention and perceptions of health service utilization among index cases and contacts in Brazil: Understanding losses in the latent tuberculosis cascade of care.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis contacts are candidates for active and latent tuberculosis infection screening and eventual treatment. However, many losses occur in the different steps of the contacts' cascade of care. Reasons for this are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To describe the different steps where losses in the contact cascade occur and to explore knowledge and attitudes regarding tuberculosis transmission/prevention and perceptions about tuberculosis services in order to understand the reasons for losses from the tuberculosis service users' perspective. DESIGN: We collected routine data from the index case and contact registry books and from patients' records to build the cascade of care of contacts in 12 health facilities in three Brazilian cities with high tuberculosis incidence rates. During a knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey, trained interviewers administered a semi-structured questionnaire to 138 index cases and 98 contacts. RESULTS: Most of the losses in the cascade occurred in the first two steps (contact identification, 43% and tuberculin skin testing placement, 91% of the identified contacts). Among KAP-interviewed contacts, 67% knew how tuberculosis is transmitted, 87% knew its key symptoms and 81% declared they would take preventive therapy if prescribed. Among KAP-interviewed index cases, 67% knew they could spread tuberculosis, 70% feared for the health of their families and 88% would like their family to be evaluated in the same services. CONCLUSION: Only a small proportion of contacts are evaluated for active and latent tuberculosis, despite their-and their index cases'-reasonable knowledge, positive attitudes towards prevention and satisfaction with tuberculosis services. In these services, education of service users would not be a sufficient solution. Healthcare workers' and managers' perspective, not explored in this study, may bring more light to this subject.

Grau de dependência dos pacientes em relação à equipe de enfermagem: uma ferramenta de gestão / Patients dependency degree in relation to the nursing team: a management tool

Objetivo: Medir o grau de dependência dos pacientes em relação à equipe de enfermagem utilizando o Sistema de Classificação de Pacientes (SCP) proposto por Perroca. Métodos: Estudo descritivo exploratório que aplicou instrumento desenvolvido por Perroca durante 43 dias, nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2014, em uma unidade de internação clínica-cirúrgica de um hospital universitário da região sul do Brasil. Resultados: Foram realizadas 641 avaliações, as quais evidenciaram que, em 329 (51,3%) das observações, os pacientes necessitaram de cuidados semi-intensivos, seguidos de 205 (32%) de cuidados intermediários, 92 (14,4%) de cuidados intensivos e 15 (2,3%) de cuidados mínimos. Conclusão: Os resultados permitiram identificar a dependência dos pacientes em relação ao cuidado de enfermagem e evidenciaram maior concentração de avaliações em cuidados semi-intensivos. Tal fato leva-nos a refletir sobre as mudanças no perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes internados na instituição.

Diagnósticos de enfermagem identificados em pacientes onco-hematólogicos: mapeamento cruzado / Nursing diagnoses identified in onco-hematologic patients: a cross-mapping study

Objetivo: Comparar termos livres dos registros de enfermagem com uma classificação de diagnósticos de enfermagem. Estudo de mapeamento cruzado, retrospectivo, dos registros de Enfermagem de 24 prontuários de pacientes hospitalizados numa clínica onco-hematológica de um hospital universitário do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Encontraram-se 507 termos correspondentes aos 30 Diagnósticos de Enfermagem, validados com frequência de 194 repetições entre os 24 prontuários, com uma média de 8,1 Diagnósticos de Enfermagem por paciente. Houve predomínio dos diagnósticos de Proteção ineficaz, Risco de infecção, Mucosa oral prejudicada, Hipertermia, Risco de sangramento, Fadiga, Dor aguda e Nutrição desequilibrada: menos do que as necessidades diárias. Recomenda-se a construção de protocolos clínicos a partir dos termos e dos Diagnósticos de Enfermagem encontrados neste estudo, visando à sistematização da assistência de enfermagem e do processo de enfermagem ao cliente onco-hematológico. .

Care utilization in a pediatric diabetes clinic: cancellations, parental attendance, and mental health appointments.

OBJECTIVE: To examine care utilization, family attendance, and hemoglobin A1c levels in a multidisciplinary pediatric diabetes clinic. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective electronic record review of deidentified data included patients (99% with type 1 diabetes) with established diabetes care, aged <30 years (mean age, 15 ± 5.2 years), and duration of diabetes >1 year (mean 8.5 ± 5.1 years) at first visit during a 2-year period. Outcomes included care utilization, family attendance, and glycemic control, as indicated by hemoglobin A1c level. Analyses included t tests, ANOVA, χ2 tests, ORs and 95% CIs, and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 1771 patients, with a mean of 5.8 ± 2.8 visits per patient. Roughly 15% of the scheduled appointments resulted in a cancellation or no-show; 61% of patients missed ≥1 visit. Patients with ≥2 missed appointments had higher A1c values and were older than those with <2 missed visits. Almost one-half of visits were attended by mothers alone; fathers attended 22% of visits. Patients whose fathers attended ≥1 visit had lower A1c values than patients whose fathers never attended. Eighteen percent of patients had onsite mental health visits. Patients with ≥1 mental health visit had higher mean A1c values, shorter duration of diabetes, and were younger compared with those with no mental health visits. CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest the need to encourage attendance at diabetes visits and to include fathers to improve A1c values. The high rate of missed visits, especially in patients with poor glycemic control, identifies wasted provider effort when late cancellations/no-shows result in vacant clinic time. It is important to explore reasons for missed visits and to identify approaches to maximizing attendance, such as extended evening/weekend clinic hours and virtual visits.

Potential benefits of treatment summaries for survivors' health and information needs: results from a LIVESTRONG survey.

PURPOSE: Treatment summaries (TSs), a critical component of survivorship care plans, have been identified as a tool to improve outcomes for the 14 million cancer survivors in the United States. METHODS: In 2010, the LIVESTRONG Foundation fielded the LIVESTRONG Survey for People Affected by Cancer. The survey was designed to assess the physical, emotional, and practical concerns after cancer as well as receipt of treatment summaries. Participants were recruited online and through national partners. RESULTS: Over a 9-month period, > 12,000 people completed the survey, including 3,682 post-treatment cancer survivors (PTCSs). PTCSs who received a TS reported that they were closer to time since diagnosis or end of treatment (P < .01), more likely to have received chemotherapy (P < .01), more likely to have received the majority of their health care from a medical oncologist (P < .05), experiencing significantly fewer post-treatment emotional concerns (P < .05), and significantly less likely to say that they had learned to live with their concerns (P < .05). PTCSs who received a TS more often reported that their needs had been met, including receiving information about possible late effects, care they received during treatment, and care they received after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Receipt of a TS was associated with a variety of positive outcomes; however, only approximately one third of PTCSs received one. Future studies focused on patient perspectives on care planning tools can help to improve optimal survivorship care delivery. Possible solutions for improving access to a TS are included.

Possible pharmacological interactions in hypertensive and/or diabetic elderly in family health units at Blumenau (SC)

The aim of this study was to examine the possible adverse drug-drug interactions in the elderly population (>60 years) diagnosed either with diabetes, arterial hypertension or both, at a Family Health Unit (FHU) clinic in Blumenau, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. For this purpose 318 subjects were interviewed using a pretested form with social and demographic aspects regarding their disease and its complications. All drugs used by this population were grouped, and the drug-drug interactions were detected by using the "Drug Interaction Checker" software, and classified for frequency and severity. The average age of patients was 70.6 years, with a higher number of female patients (216; 67.9%). Most subjects were being treated for both diseases (149; 46.86%). Out of a total of 1,541 medications prescribed, the most prevalent were: hydrochlorothiazide (131; 8.4%) and enalapril maleate (130; 8.4%). A total of 295 possible drug-drug interactions were detected in 152 patients (1.9 interactions per subject), 275 (93.2%) moderate and 20 (6.8%) severe or highly severe. The possible interaction prevalence was 0.93 (0.55 to 1.40 depending on health unit). The most frequent possible interaction was that between acetylsalicylic acid and enalapril maleate (37; 12.5%). Patients had an average consumption of 6.6 drugs and 9.8% of subjects reported physical discomfort when using medicines. Elderly patients use many medications that could cause adverse reactions and possible drug-drug interactions, where this issue warrants closer attention of prescribers and health providers.

Buscou-se identificar possíveis interações medicamentosas em pessoas idosas com diabetes melito (DM) e/ou hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) sendo atendidas em unidades de Saúde da Família, em Blumenau (SC). Entrevistaram-se 318 pessoas com 60 e mais anos, portadoras de DM e/ou HAS, mediante questionário estruturado pré-testado, com variáveis sócio-demográficas da doença e do tratamento. As interações medicamentosas foram verificadas através do aplicativo "Drug Interaction Checker" e classificadas quanto a freqüência e severidade. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (216; 67,9%), com média de idade de 70,6 anos (DP = 6,9), recebendo tratamento por ambas as doenças (149; 46,86%). Dentre 1.541 medicamentos prescritos, os mais prevalentes foram: hidroclorotiazida (131; 8,4%) e maleato de enalapril (130; 8,4%). Foram detectadas 295 possíveis interações medicamentosas em 152 idosos (média 1,9 interações), das quais (275; 93,2%) foram moderadas e (20; 6,8%) severas ou muito severas. A prevalência de possíveis interações foi de 0,93 (0,55 a 1,40, dependendo da unidade de saúde). A possível interação mais freqüente foi entre ácido acetilsalicílico e maleato de enalapril (37; 12,5%). Cada paciente fazia uso de 6,6 medicamentos em média e 9,8% relataram algum desconforto físico com o uso de medicamentos. Idosos utilizam grande quantidade de medicamentos que resultam em reações adversas e possíveis interações medicamentosas, merecendo maior atenção dos prescritores e gestores.

Adherence to drug treatment in hypertensive patients on the Family Health Program

The aim of the present study was to analyze adherence to drug treatment in hypertensive patients enrolled on the Family Health Program in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State. This transversal study was conducted between August and December 2006, in which 109 patients were interviewed using the Morisky and Green Test to measure adherence level to pharmacotherapy. Variables that may be related to adherence level were also investigated, such as demographic characteristics, health care team and health service related factors, and pharmacotherapy related factors. The test scores were analyzed by two criteria: patients were categorized as "more adherent" if they had a score from 3 to 4 (criterion 1) or a score of 4 (criterion 2); patients with other scores were categorized as less adherent. Of all patients, 79.8% and 43.1% were classified as "more adherent" according to criterion 1 and criterion 2, respectively. With regard to the possible causes of non-adherence to treatment, statistically significant (p<0.05) associations were identified between "trust in the doctor" or "number of antihypertensive drugs used" and the level of adherence, according to criterion 2. These results indicated adequate adherence levels to drug treatment by the patients, and highlighted the importance of professional/patient interaction, trust in the doctor and the attitude by health professionals toward users.

Este estudo teve como objetivo estudar a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hipertensos seguidos no Programa de Saúde da Família em Ribeirão Preto, SP. Realizou-se um estudo transversal entre agosto e dezembro de 2006, em que foram entrevistados 109 pacientes, utilizando-se o Teste de Morisky e Green para mensurar o grau de adesão ao tratamento. Variáveis que podem se relacionar com o grau de adesão também foram estudadas, tais como: características demográficas, fatores relacionados à equipe e ao serviço de saúde e à terapia medicamentosa. Os resultados do teste foram avaliados por dois critérios: os pacientes foram classificados como "mais aderentes" se apresentassem pontuação de 3 a 4 (critério 1) ou de 4 (critério 2); pacientes com outras pontuações foram classificados como "menos aderentes". Dos pacientes, 79,8% e 43,1% foram "mais aderentes" de acordo com os critérios 1 e 2, respectivamente. Em relação às possíveis causas da não adesão, observaram-se associações significativas (p<0,05) entre as variáveis "confiança no médico" ou "quantidade de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos que utiliza" e "grau de adesão", pelo critério 2. Os resultados do presente trabalho indicam que os pacientes apresentam graus satisfatórios de adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso, a importância da interação profissional/paciente, a confiança no médico e a atitude dos profissionais de saúde em relação ao usuário.

Manejo del paciente con fisura labio-palatina en Arica: experiencia de 15 años / Management of cleft lip palate in Arica: 15 years experience

Introducción: Frente al alto número de pacientes con fisura labial y/o palatina ya existente en la ciudad de Arica y al incremento constante de nuevos casos, en 1987 decidimos abordar el problema desde un punto de vista multidisciplinario e interdisciplinario, integrando además la valiosa ayuda de los padres de los niños fisurados. Objetivo: Mostrar nuestra experiencia y sus resultados parciales en el manejo multidisciplinario del paciente fisurado en la ciudad de Arica entre los años 1987y 2002. Material y método: Mediante la creación y puesta en práctica del "Programa de Atención del Paciente Fisurado", en el Hospital Juan Noé de Arica entre los años 1987y 2002, se atienden 59 pacientes que siguen el programa. Resultados: A modo de resultado preliminar se entrega la experiencia de 59 casos que siguieron el protocolo del programa. Conclusión: El trabajo con el paciente fisurado, es un trabajo de largo aliento. Como factores de importancia se destacan el largo tiempo de seguimiento, el factor crecimiento y la observación atenta de la evolución en cada caso en particular. Resulta imprescindible el trabajo en equipo multidisciplinario, evaluando en conjunto cada caso, elaborando un claro y estructurado plan de acción con cada paciente, así como evaluar en forma periódica y en conjunto los resultados parciales.

Introduction: Due to the high prevalence of patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the city of Arica Chile and the constant increase of new cases, in 1987 we decided to face the problem from a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary point of view, incorporating the valuable help from the parents of the affected children. Aim: To show our experience in the multidisciplinary manage of cleft lip-palate in the city of Arica during the years 1987 to 2002 Material and method: By the creation and set up of the "Cleft Lip-Palate patient attention program", in the Juan Noé Hospital of Arica during the years 1987 to 2002, we follow 59 patients attending the program. Results: Some preliminary results are displayed, according to the experience of 59 cases of patients attending the program. Conclusion: Complete management of the cleflip patient is a longjob. As important factors outstand age, growth and careful observation ofevolution in every single case. Multidisciplinary team work is a must, evaluating each case together, developing a clear structured plan of action for each patient, as well as periodically evaluating partial results.