Comparison of four rheological models for estimating viscosity and rheological parameters of microwave treated Basil seed gum.

Dispersion of Basil seed gum has high viscosity and exhibits shear-thinning behavior. This study aimed to analyze the influence of microwave treatment (MT) at various time intervals (0, 1, 2, and 3 min) on the viscosity and rheological behavior of Basil seed gum dispersion (0.5%, w/v). The finding of this study revealed that the apparent viscosity of Basil seed gum dispersion (non-treated dispersion) reduced from 0.330 Pa.s to 0.068 Pa.s as the shear rate (SR) increased from 12.2 s-1 to 171.2 s-1. Additionally, the apparent viscosity of the Basil seed gum dispersion reduced from 0.173 Pa.s to 0.100 Pa.s as the MT time increased from 0 to 3 min (SR = 61 s-1). The rheological properties of gum dispersion were successfully modeled using Power law (PL), Bingham, Herschel-Bulkley (HB), and Casson models, and the PL model was the best one for describing the behavior of Basil seed gum dispersion. The PL model showed an excellent performance with the maximum r-value (mean r-value = 0.942) and the minimum sum of squared error (SSE) values (mean SSE value = 5.265) and root mean square error (RMSE) values (mean RMSE value = 0.624) for all gum dispersion. MT had a considerable effect on the changes in the consistency coefficient (k-value) and flow behavior index (n-value) of Basil seed gum dispersion (p < 0.05). The k-value of Basil seed gum dispersion decreased significantly from 3.149 Pa.sn to 1.153 Pa.sn (p < 0.05) with increasing MT time from 0 to 3 min. The n-value of Basil seed gum dispersion increased significantly from 0.25 to 0.42 (p < 0.05) as the MT time increased. The Bingham plastic viscosity of Basil seed gum dispersion increased significantly from 0.029 Pa.s to 0.039 Pa.s (p < 0.05) while the duration of MT increased. The Casson yield stress of Basil seed gum dispersion notably reduced from 5.010 Pa to 2.165 Pa (p < 0.05) with increasing MT time from 0 to 3 min.

Biochar/Delonix regia seed gum/chitosan composite as efficient adsorbent for the elimination of phenol from aqueous medium.

In this study, biochar (BC) from Delonix regia pods peel and gum from Delonix regia seed (SG) were prepared, and also biochar/chitosan composite (BCS) and biochar/Delonix regia seed gum/chitosan composite (BCGS) were fabricated for the efficient adsorption of phenol. Various characterization tools such as SEM, TEM, ATR-FTIR, TGA, zeta potential, and textural investigation were studied to examine the features of the synthetized adsorbents, confirming their positive construction. It was fully studied how necessary factors, comprising pH, dose of adsorbent, contact shaking time, initial phenol concentration, and temperature influenced adsorption behavior. An obvious rise of the adsorption capacity from 60.16 to 165.20 mg/g was achieved by the modification of biochar with Delonix regia seed gum and chitosan under ideal circumstances of 2 h contact duration, pH 7, 15 °C, and a dose of 2.0 g/L. The phenol adsorption was well applied by Langmuir, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Sips isotherms, in addition to nonlinear pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, the physisorption, endothermic, and spontaneous process was illustrated by thermodynamic investigation. Additionally, the fabricated adsorbents could be effectively used and regenerated without main losses of only 7.5, 4.6, and 4.0 % for BC, BCS, and BCGS, respectively in the removal percentage after seven cycles of application.

Enhancing rheology and reducing lipid digestion of oil-in-water emulsions using controlled aggregation and heteroaggregation of soybean protein isolate-peach gum microspheres.

There is a growing interest in developing highly viscous lipid foods using plant protein and polysaccharide gum-based emulsion technology. However, gaps remain in understanding the rheological, microstructural, and digestive properties of plant proteins like soybean protein isolate (SPI) in combination with various gums. This study investigates how combining SPI and peach gum (PG) affects rheology and lipolysis of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing 20 wt% soybean oil. Emulsions with varying SPI and PG compositions including SPI-PG single and SPI/PG mixed droplet systems were prepared. Heating induced alterations in viscosity (e.g., SPI-PG from 14.88 to 90.27 Pa·s and SPI/PG from 9.66 to 85.32 Pa·s) and microstructure revealing aggregate formation at oil-water interface. The viscosity decreased significantly from the oral to intestinal phase (SPI-PG: 28.10 to 0.19 Pa·s, SPI/PG: 21.27 to 0.10 Pa·s). These changes affected lipid digestion, notably in SPI-PG and SPI/PG emulsions where a compact interface hindered lipolysis during digestion. Interestingly, free fatty acid (FFA) release during small intestinal phase followed a different order: SPI (82.51 %) > SPI-PG (70.77 %) > SPI/PG (63.60 %) > PG (56.09 %). This study provides insights into creating highly viscous O/W spreads with improved rheology, stability, and delayed lipid digestion, offering potential benefits in food product formulation.

Highly swellable, cytocompatible and biodegradeable guar gum-based hydrogel system for controlled release of bioactive components of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.): Synthesis and evaluation.

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (liquorice) has been widely used for therapeutic purposes to treat digestive disorders, immunomodulatory disorders, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, viral infections, and cancer. Liquorice contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Several factors compromise their therapeutic efficacy, such as poor pharmacokinetic profiles and physicochemical properties. Therefore, to improve its overall effectiveness, liquorice solid dispersion (LSD) was incorporated into biopolymer-based guar gum-grafted-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (Guar gum-g-AMPS) hydrogels designed for controlled delivery via the oral route and characterized. The qualitative analysis of LSD revealed 51 compounds. Hydrogel structural properties were assessed for their effect on swelling and release. The highest swelling ratio (6413 %) and drug release (84.12 %) occurred at pH 1.2 compared to pH 7.4 (swelling ratio of 2721 % and drug release of 79.36 %) in 48 h. The hydrogels exhibited high porosity (84.23 %) and biodegradation (9.30 % in 7 days). In vitro hemolysis tests have demonstrated the compatibility of the hydrogel with blood. CCK-8 assay confirmed the biocompatibility of the synthesized hydrogel using osteoblasts and RIN-m5f cells. LSD exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity when loaded into hydrogels after being subjected to protein denaturation experiments. Moreover, LSD-loaded hydrogels have good antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

Development and characterization of polyethylene oxide and guar gum-based hydrogel; a detailed in-vitro analysis of degradation and drug release kinetics.

Herein, we synthesized hydrogel films from crosslinked polyethylene oxide (PEO) and guar gum (GG) which can offer hydrophilicity, antibacterial efficacy, and neovascularization. This study focuses on synthesis and material/biological characterization of rosemary (RM) and citric acid (CA) loaded PEO/GG hydrogel films. Scanning Electron Microscopy images confirmed the porous structure of the developed hydrogel film matrix (PEO/GG) and the dispersion of RM and CA within it. This porous structure promotes moisture adsorption, cell attachment, proliferation, and tissue layer formation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) further validated the crosslinking of the PEO/GG matrix, as confirmed by the appearance of C-O-C linkage in the FTIR spectrum. PEO/GG and PEO/GG/RM/CA revealed similar degradation and release kinetics in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, Simulated Body Fluid, and Phosphate Buffer Saline (degradation of ∼55 % and release of ∼60 % RM in 168 h.). The developed hydrogel film exhibited a zone of inhibition against Escherichia. coli (2 mm) and Staphylococcus. aureus (9 mm), which can be attributed to the presence of RM in the hydrogel film. Furthermore, incorporating CA in the hydrogel film promoted neovascularization, as confirmed by the Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay. The developed RM and CA-loaded PEO/GG-based hydrogel films offered suitable in-vitro properties that may aid in potential wound healing applications.

Synergistic effect of gellan gum and guar gum on improving the foaming properties of soy protein isolate-based complexes: Interaction mechanism and interfacial behavior.

Interactions among multi-component play a critical role in modulating the foaming properties of aerated foods. This study evaluated the mechanisms of synergistic improvement of gellan gum (GEG) and guar gum (GUG) on the foaming properties of soy protein isolate (SPI)-based complex. The results showed that the GEG/GUG ratio was closely related to the intermolecular interactions of SPI-based ternary complex and the dynamical changing of its foaming properties. The SPI/GEG/GUG ternary complex with a GEG/GUG ratio of 2/3 exhibited the highest foamability (195 %) and comparable foam stability (99.17 %), which were 32.95 % and 2.99 % higher than that of SPI/GEG binary complex. At this ratio, GUG promoted the interactions between SPI and GEG, and bound to complex's surface through hydrogen bonding, resulting in the increase of particle size and surface charge, and the decrease of surface hydrophobicity. Although this reduced the diffusion of complex onto the air/water interface, it increased permeation rate and molecular rearrangement behavior, which were the potential mechanisms to improve the foaming properties. Additionally, the synergistic effect of GEG and GUG also enhanced the elastic strength and solid characteristics of foam systems. This study provided a theoretical guidance for the targeted modulation of foaming properties of multi-component aerated foods.

Influence of 3-chloropropyl) triethoxysilane and pH on the properties of modified guar gum film.

Guar gum (GG) as a polymer biopolymer is widely used in the field of bio-based packaging. However, its poor mechanical properties, barrier properties and high viscosity greatly hinder its use as an effective packaging material. Therefore, this study introduced CPTES to improve the mechanical (16.58-27.39 MPa) and tensile properties (26.80 %-30.67 %). The FTIR and XRD results indicated a strong interaction between the biofilm fractions modified by CPTES, CPTES bound to the hydroxyl groups on GG and formed a dense polysiloxane network through adsorption and grafting. OM and AFM reflect a denser and flatter film structure on the surface of the G30 film, which has the best film formation. Based on this, the pH of the solution was further adjusted to reach an alkaline environment, disrupting the intermolecular binding through electrostatic repulsion. The rheological behavior indicates that the viscosity and viscoelasticity of film solution gradually decrease with the increase in pH. OM and AFM results show that the G30/8 film has the best compact properties, while the nonporous compact film structure further improves the mechanical, barrierand and thermodynamic properties of the film. Accordingly, the findings of this study had a certain value for regulating the low viscoelasticity of GG emulsion and enhancing the stability of film formation.

Optimized production and characterization of endo-ß-mannanase by Aspergillus niger for generation of prebiotic mannooligosaccharides from guar gum.

Optimized production of Aspergillus niger ATCC 26011 endo-ß-mannanase (ManAn) on copra meal resulted in 2.46-fold increase (10,028 U/gds). Purified ManAn (47 kDa) showed high affinity towards guar gum (GG) as compared to konjac gum and locust bean gum with Km 2.67, 3.25 and 4.07 mg/mL, respectively. ManAn efficiently hydrolyzed GG and liberated mannooligosaccharides (MOS). Changes occurring in the rheological and compositional aspects of GG studied using Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed increased thermal stability and crystallinity of the partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG). Parametric optimization of the time and temperature dependent hydrolysis of GG (1% w/v) with 100 U/mL of ManAn at 60 °C and pH: 5.0 resulted in 12.126 mg/mL of mannotetraose (M4) in 5 min. Enhanced growth of probiotics Lactobacilli and production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) that inhibited enteropathogens, confirmed the prebiotic potential of PHGG and M4.

Optimization of antimicrobial nanocomposite films based on carboxymethyl cellulose incorporating chitosan nanofibers and Guggul gum polysaccharide.

The present study utilized response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the impact of varying concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC: 0.75-1.75 wt%), Commiphora mukul polysaccharide (CMP: 0-1 wt%), and Chitosan Nanofiber (CHNF: 0-1 wt%) on the physical and antimicrobial characteristics of nanocomposite films based on CMC. The optimization process aimed to enhance ultimate tensile strength (UTS), strain at break (SAB), and antibacterial activity, while minimizing water vapor permeability (WVP), solubility, swelling, moisture content, opacity, and total color difference (ΔE). The results revealed that both CMP and CHNF had a positive influence on reducing moisture content, WVP, and increasing UTS. However, higher concentrations of CMP and CHNF had a divergent effect on SAB, ΔE, and swelling. The incorporation of CMP led to increased opacity and solubility, while the inclusion of CHNF resulted in decreased opacity and solubility. Notably, only CHNF addition significantly improved the antibacterial properties of the films. By applying the optimization procedure utilizing RSM, the formulation containing CMC (1.5 wt%), CMP (0.25 wt%), and CHNF (0.75 wt%) demonstrated superior physical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties in the biodegradable film matrix. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing these components to enhance the performance of CMC-based nanocomposite films.

The study of galactomannans with different molecular weights and their ability to form microparticles suitable for pulmonary delivery.

The influence of locust bean gum (LBG) galactomannans (GMs) molecular weight (Mw) to assemble microparticulate systems was evaluated, and carriers for deep lung delivery were developed. A commercial batch of LBG with a mannose/galactose (M/G) ratio of 2.4 (batch 1) was used to study the influence of different microwave partial acid hydrolysis conditions on carbohydrate composition, glycosidic linkages, and aqueous solutions viscosity. The microwave treatment did not affect the composition, presenting 4-Man (36-42 %), 4,6-Man (27-35 %), and T-Gal (24-25 %) as the main glycosidic linkages. Depolymerization led to a viscosity reduction (≤0.005 Pa·s) with no major impact on polysaccharide debranching. The structural composition of the LBG galactomannans were further elucidated with sequence-specific proteins using carbohydrate microarray technologies. A second batch of LBG (M/G 3.3) was used to study the impact of GMs with different Mw on microparticle assembling, characteristics, and insulin release kinetics. The low-Mw GMs microparticles led to a faster release (20 min) than the higher-Mw (40 min) ones, impacting the release kinetics. All microparticles exhibited a safety profile to cells of the respiratory tract. However, only the higher-Mw GMs allowed the assembly of microparticles with sizes suitable for this type of administration.

Fermenter scale production of recombinant beta-mannanase by E. coli BL21 cells under microaerobic environment.

Aim of the study was to optimize and produce beta-mannanase at fermenter scale by using cheaper minimal media. Increased production of beta-mannanase from Microbacterium camelliasinensis CIAB417 was achieved by heterologous expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The scale-up production of beta-mannanase was optimized from shake flask to 5-L fermenter. The cost-effective minimal media (M9+e) without any vitamins was found to be most effective and optimized for culturing the cells. The same media displayed no significant fluctuation in the pH while culturing the cells for the production of beta-mannanase both at shake flask and fermenter level. Additionally, E. coli cells were able to produce similar amount of dry cell weight and recombinant beta-mannanase both in the presence of micro and macro-oxygen environment. The optimized media was demonstrated to show no significant drop in pH throughout the recombinant protein production process. In one litre medium, 2.0314 g dry weight of E. coli cells yielded 1.8 g of purified recombinant beta-mannanase. The purified enzyme was lyophilized and demonstrated to hydrolyse locust bean gum to release mannooligosaccharides.

Preparation and properties of a metal-organic frameworks polymer material based on Sa-son seed gum capable of simultaneously absorbing liquid water and water vapor.

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology has attracted significant attention as an effective strategy to tackle the global shortage of freshwater resources. Work has focused on the use of hydrogel-based composite adsorbents in water harvesting and water conservation. The approaches adopted to make use of hygroscopic inorganic salts which subject to a "salting out" effect. In this study, we report the first use of modified UIO-66-NH2 as a functional steric cross-linker and Sa-son seed gum was used as polymeric substrate to construct super hygroscopic hydrogels by free radical copolymerization. The maximum water uptake on SMAGs (572 cm3·g-1) outperforms pure UIO-66-NH2 (317 cm3·g-1). Simultaneously, our first attempt to use it for anti-evaporation applications in an arid environment (Lanzhou, China) simulating sandy areas. The evaporation rate of the anti-evaporation material treated with 0.20 % super moisture-absorbent gels (SMAGs) decreased by 6.1 % over 64 h period under natural condition in Lanzhou, China. The prepared material can not only absorb liquid water but also water vapor, which can provide a new way for water collection and conservation technology. The design strategy of this material has wide applications ranging from atmospheric water harvesting materials to anti-evaporation technology.

Self-Healing Guar Gum-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogel Promotes Infected Wound Healing through Photothermal Antibacterial Therapy.

Preventing bacterial infections is a crucial aspect of wound healing. There is an urgent need for multifunctional biomaterials without antibiotics to promote wound healing. In this study, we fabricated a guar gum (GG)-based nanocomposite hydrogel, termed GBTF, which exhibited photothermal antibacterial therapy for infected wound healing. The GBTF hydrogel formed a cross-linked network through dynamic borate/diol interactions between GG and borax, thereby exhibiting simultaneously self-healing, adaptable, and injectable properties. Additionally, tannic acid (TA)/Fe3+ nanocomplexes (NCs) were incorporated into the hydrogel to confer photothermal antibacterial properties. Under the irradiation of an 808 nm near-infrared laser, the TA/Fe3+ NCs in the hydrogel could rapidly generate heat, leading to the disruption of bacterial cell membranes and subsequent bacterial eradication. Furthermore, the hydrogels exhibited good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility, making them a precandidate for preclinical and clinical applications. Finally, they could significantly promote bacteria-infected wound healing by reducing bacterial viability, accelerating collagen deposition, and promoting epithelial remodeling. Therefore, the multifunctional GBTF hydrogel, which was composed entirely of natural substances including guar gum, borax, and polyphenol/ferric ion NCs, showed great potential for regenerating infected skin wounds in clinical applications.

Shellac and locust bean gum coacervated curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticle ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model.

Curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate have the disadvantage of low aqueous solubility and first-pass metabolism, resulting in limited bioavailability. This work aimed to enhance oral bioavailability by forming gastric pH-stable shellac nanoparticles containing curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate using locust bean gum by anti-solvent precipitation (CESL-NP). The nanoparticles were characterized by their particle size, morphology, zeta potential, gastric pH stability, release profile, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency. The findings showed that a network of hydrolyzed shellac, locust bean gum, curcumin, and epigallocatechin gallate successfully entrapped individual particles inside a complex system. The morphological investigation of the CESL-NP formulation using FESEM, TEM, and AFM revealed the presence of spherical particles. FTIR, DSC, and XRD analysis revealed that curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate were amorphous due to their bond interactions with the matrix. Streptozotocin-treated mice, upon treatment with CESL-NP, showed kidney and pancreatic improvements with normalized kidney hypertrophy index and histopathology, maintained biochemical parameters, increased beta cell count, and a 38.68-fold higher blood glucose level inhibition were observed when compared to free-(CUR + EGCG). This research affirms that the shellac-locust bean gum complex shows potential for the sustained oral delivery of curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate, specifically for treating diabetic nephropathy.

Characteristic cembrane-type diterpenoids with nitric oxide inhibitory activity from the gum resin of Boswellia carterii Birdw.

Five new characteristic cembrane-type diterpenoids (olibacartiols A-E, 1-5) were acquired from the gum resin of Boswellia carterii. The structures of these diterpenoids were characterized by detailed spectroscopic analysis, and compounds 1-3 were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated using LPS-induced BV2 cell model and compounds 2-5 showed moderate NO inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 8.84 ± 1.02, 9.82 ± 1.95, 9.75 ± 2.24, and 7.39 ± 1.24 µM, respectively.

Ultra-stretchable, adhesive, fatigue resistance, and anti-freezing conductive hydrogel based on gelatin/guar gum and liquid metal for dual-sensory flexible sensor and all-in-one supercapacitors.

Benefiting from the tissue-like mechanical properties, conductive hydrogels have emerged as a promising candidate for manufacturing wearable electronics. However, the high water content within hydrogels will inevitably freeze at subzero temperature, causing a degradation or loss of functionality, which severely prevent their practical application in wearable electronics. Herein, an anti-freezing hydrogel integrating high conductivity, superior stretchability, and robust adhesion was fabricated by dissolving choline chloride and gallium in gelatin/guar gum network using borax as the cross-linker. Based on the synergistic effect of dynamic borate ester bonds and hydrogen bonds, the hydrogel exhibited rapid self-healing property and excellent fatigue resistance. Profiting from these fascinating characteristics, the hydrogel was assembled as strain sensor to precisely detect various human activities with high strain sensitivity and fast response time. Meanwhile, the hydrogel was demonstrated high sensitivity and rapid response to temperature, which can be used as thermal sensor to monitor temperature. Moreover, the conductive hydrogel was encapsulated into supercapacitors with high areal capacitance and favorable cycle stability. Importantly, the flexible sensor and supercapacitors still maintain stable sensing performance and good electrochemical performance even at subzero temperature. Therefore, our work broaden hydrogels application in intelligent wearable devices and energy storage in extreme environments.

Synthesis and characterization of amino-functionalized guar gum based polyurea: Preparation of iodine complexes, structural investigation and release studies.

Biobased materials are expanding dramatically in various industrial applications due to their unique intrinsic properties. In this study, various chemical functionalization procedures were used to synthesize guar gum, a naturally occurring polysaccharide-based polyurea, and its iodine complexes. Firstly, guar gum was subjected to tosylation reaction using p-toluene sulphonyl chloride to introduce tosyl moieties in the polymer chain with the degree of substitution (DS) ranging between 0.16 and 1.54. Sample having the highest degree of tosyl moiety was further reacted with tris(2-aminoethyl) amine to produce 6-deoxy-6-tris(2-aminoethyl) amine derivative via nucleophilic substitution reaction to impart amino functional groups. The degree of substitution in 6-deoxy-6-tris(2-aminoethyl) amine derivative was found to be 0.59. 6-deoxy-6-tris(2-aminoethyl) amine derivative was reacted with different diisocyanates (Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HMDI)) to produce guar gum based polyurea. Iodine complexes of the resulting polyurea were prepared by reacting with different iodinating agents. Different chemical reactions, formation of polyurea and its iodine complexes were thoroughly analyzed by different analytical techniques such as FT-IR, NMR, elemental analysis, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and a reaction scheme has been proposed. Morphological and rheological characteristics were analyzed by SEM and viscosity measurement. Thermal analysis was carried out by TGA and DSC studies. Finally, by examining the complex's UV-Vis spectra, the iodine release characteristics from polyurea­iodine complexes were investigated.

Thermal - chemical - mechanical characterization of Anacardium occidentale tree gum.

Anacardium occidentale (cashew) tree gum is being used in several sectors, including the pharmaceutical sector. This gum has been explored more in the medical field by many previous researchers, but there is a big research gap regarding its thermal and mechanical properties. Therefore, this research is intended to reveal the thermal, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of Anacardium occidentale tree gum. The results obtained in this regard are then compared with certain properties of artificial resins. Thermal analysis is carried out using a thermogravimetric analyzer, and differential scanning calorimeter, elemental analysis is carried out using a scanning electron microscope and a micro-X-ray fluorescence analyzer; and mechanical tests are carried out using a nano-indentation tester and a universal testing machine. The pH of 4.76 shows that the gum is acidic in nature, and the peaks obtained from thermal analysis demonstrate that it doesn't have a melting point. The microhardness value, tensile strength, flexural strength, and compressive strength of cashew gum are 218.39 MPa, 1.667 MPa, 3.64 MPa, and 2.667 MPa, respectively. The obtained results show that, Anacardium occidentale tree gum has comparable thermal properties to those of artificial resins and other natural gums.

Development and evaluation of guar gum-coated nano-nutriosomes for cyanidin-3-O-glucoside encapsulation.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a type of water-soluble flavonoid compound that is abundantly found in fruits and vegetables. C3G possesses numerous biological activities, however, it is prone to breakdown under environmental conditions. To overcome these issues, we developed nano-nutriosome (NS) carriers created by vortex-mixing and probe-sonication techniques for C3G encapsulation in which the phospholipid and Nutriose® FB06 were chosen as carrier material, and guar gum (GG) as a coating material to formulate a unilamellar and multicompartment structure. This study aimed to develop and evaluate C3G-loaded nano-nutriosomes coated by GG (GG-C3G-NS) for improving physicochemical stability, antioxidant activity, cellular uptake, and controlled release properties. The C3G-NS and GG-C3G-NS are nanosized (143.47 to 154.13 nm), with high encapsulation efficiency (>93.31 %). The NS carriers successfully encapsulated C3G which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. C3G showed more stability in storage, thermal, pH, ionic, and oxidative conditions. Furthermore, the NS exhibited a better-controlled release of C3G in different food stimulant conditions and in vitro release study. Additionally, NS systems enhanced cellular uptake and showed no cytotoxicity. Overall, GG-NS could be a promising nanocarrier for improving the stability, controlled release, and antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds.

A multifunctional Ag NPs/guar gum hydrogel as versatile platform for catalysts, antibacterial agents, and construction of oil-water separation interfaces.

The frequently encountered wastewater contaminations, including soluble aromatic compound and dye pollutants, pathogenic bacteria, and insoluble oils, have resulted in significant environmental and human health issues. It poses a challenge to utilize identical materials for the treatment of complex wastewater. Herein, in this research, multifunctional Ag NPs/guar gum hybrid hydrogels were fabricated using a facile in situ reduction and self-crosslinking method for efficient remediation of complex wastewater. The Ag NPs/guar gum hybrid hydrogel showed remarkable remodeling, adhesive, and self-healing characteristics, which was favorable for its versatile applications. The combination of Ag NPs with the guar gum skeleton endowed the hybrid hydrogel with exceptional catalytic activity for reducing aromatic compounds and dye pollutants, as well as remarkable antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the Ag NPs/guar gum hybrid hydrogel could be employed to coat a variety of substrates, including cotton fabrics and stainless steel meshes. The hydrogel coated cotton fabrics and meshes presented superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity, excellent antifouling capacity, and outstanding recyclability, which could be successfully applied for efficient separation of oil-water mixtures. The findings of this work provide a feasible and cost-effective approach for the remediation of intricate wastewater.