Factors associated with burnout in military police officers in a city in Paraná.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the association between burnout and sociodemographic, work factors, lifestyle habits and health conditions of military police officers in a municipality in the state of Paraná, Brazil. METHOD: cross-sectional research with 131 military police officers. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software and the R program. Chi-square, Fisher's exact and Poisson Generalized Linear Model tests were used. RESULTS: most participants (65.6%) had a high level of burnout. In relation to protective factors, those who carried out leisure activities had a 33.6% chance of not developing burnout. Conjugality was also a protective factor. Not practicing physical activity and leisure activities are factors that can contribute to the occurrence of burnout. CONCLUSIONS: important factors and high rates of burnout were observed in the police officers investigated. It is necessary to implement public health policies to reduce burnout with attention focused on this professional category.

Fear of COVID-19 associated with burnout syndrome in dentists of the Health Directorate of the National Police of Peru: a cross-sectional study at national level under multivariable regression model.

BACKGROUND: During the pandemic, many police dentists had the crucial responsibility of ensuring law and order while providing dental care by taking government-approved health measures to stop the spread of the coronavirus. The aim of this study was to assess the association between the fear of COVID-19 and Burnout syndrome in Peruvian dentists belonging to the Health Department of the National Police of Peru (PNP), taking into account possible confounding variables. METHODS: This cross-sectional and analytical study included 182 PNP dentists. The Fear COVID-19 Scale assessed fear of COVID-19 and the Maslach Burnout Inventory Test assessed burnout syndrome. The association between the fear of COVID-19 and Burnout syndrome (self-fulfilment) was analyzed using Spearman's Rho. A multivariable Poisson regression model with a robust variance estimation method was employed to evaluate the impact of fear of COVID-19 on the various dimensions of Burnout syndrome, considering possible confounding variables. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Under bivariate analysis, fear of COVID-19 was significantly linked with low direct intensity toward emotional exhaustion (Rho = 0.325, p < 0.001), very low direct intensity toward depersonalization (Rho = 0.180, p = 0.015), and very low inverse intensity toward self-fulfilment (Rho =-0.186, p = 0.012). Under multivariable analysis, it was observed that dentists who exhibited fear of COVID-19 were 3.4 and 3.7 times more likely to experience emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, respectively (APR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.74-6.63 and APR = 3.68, 95% CI: 1.31-10.37), as compared to those who did not display fear of COVID-19. Moreover, none of the potential confounding factors were found to have a significant impact on emotional exhaustion (p > 0.05), depersonalization (p > 0.05), and self-fulfilment (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fear of COVID-19 was significantly associated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and inversely associated with self-fulfilment. PNP dentists who exhibited fear of COVID-19 were at greater risk for emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. In developing Burnout syndrome, no significant impact was observed from factors such as age, gender, marital status, children, hierarchy, years of service, work area, private practice, work over 40 h per week, type of service, work performed, sport practice and daily exercise time.

Burnout Syndrome and Related Factors in Mexican Police Workforces.

Burnout (BO) is a response to prolonged exposure to work-related stressors characterized by emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and reduced personal accomplishment (PA). The police working environment includes continued critical life-threatening situations, violence, and injuries, among other related factors putting them at high risk of distress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between Burnout Syndrome and sociodemographic, occupational, and health factors in Mexican police officers. We applied the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) to 351 active members of the Mexican police workforce. In addition, a specific questionnaire identified the presence of chronic degenerative diseases, hypertension, diabetes, digestive diseases, self-perception of food quality, and hours of sleep. Furthermore, 23.36% of police workforces presented high levels of burnout; 44.16% of police were highly emotionally exhausted, 49.29% had lost empathy with people, and 41.03% presented low personal achievement. Moreover, the worst levels of the syndrome were present in people with a poor self-perceived health status, poor perception of diet quality, without regular mealtimes, bad sleep habits, and elevated Body Mass Index. Data suggest that in Mexican police officers, BO is dimensionally different from all other groups previously studied (DP > EE > PA).

Comparative analysis of the health status of military police officers and firefighters: a cross-sectional study in the State of Paraná, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the health-condition of military police officers and firefighters. To identify risk factors for not being medically ready for duty. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Data were extracted from medical records during annual periodic health assessments of police officers and firefighters serving with the military police in Paraná, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 6621 police officers (5927 men and 694 women) and 1347 firefighters (1257 men and 90 women) who underwent health assessments between July 2018 and June 2019 were analysed. Pregnant women were excluded. OUTCOME MEASURES: Data included variables such as sex, age, anthropometric measurements, lifestyle, comorbidities and laboratory tests. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of not being medically ready for active duty. RESULTS: Overall, police officers had worse health status than firefighters and greater prevalence of overweight and obesity, regardless of sex. Musculoskeletal diseases were the most commonly reported disease by police officers and firefighters of both sexes. Among men, hypertension was the second most prevalent disease, followed by psychiatric diseases and dyslipidaemia. Among women, psychiatric diseases were the second most prevalent. Male police officers ≥40 years old presented the highest probability of not being considered ready for duty (40.1%). The probability of male police officers between the ages of 31 and 40 not being ready was similar to that for male firefighters >40 years old. There was a higher chance of not being medically ready professionals with diseases such as diabetes mellitus (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.97 to 5.03), dyslipidaemia (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.96 to 3.58), hypertension (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.85 to 4.70), high total cholesterol (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.93 to 2.42), and heart disease (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.32 to 3.45). CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of chronic diseases and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among police officers and firefighters. Healthy protective measures should be offered frequently, particularly to police officers at an earlier age.

Estado autoritário na periferia do capitalismo: notas sobre a violência policial em tempos de crise do capital / Authoritarian state on the periphery of capitalism: notes on police violence in times of crisis of capital / Estado autoritario en la periferia del capitalismo: notas sobre la violencia policial en tiempos de crisis de capital

O presente artigo é um ensaio teórico de caráter exploratório sobre a relação entre violência policial e Estado a partir das contribuições da tradição marxista, particularmente sobre a configuração do Estado capitalista na economia dependente brasileira. O objetivo foi analisar como o momento atual do sociometabolismo do capital configura a polícia e apresenta limites às transformações desta como força pública do Estado dependente. Para isso, foi discutida a categoria Estado como forma política do capital, e, em seguida, apresentadas contribuições para a reflexão da crise estrutural do capital e a reestruturação autoritária do Estado brasileiro na garantia da reprodução dos padrões de acumulação. Feita essa discussão apresenta-se contribuições para a leitura da polícia, enfocando o autoritarismo dessa instituição e discutindo os limites de sua compreensão quando não realizada no âmbito econômico-político do modo de produção baseado na exploração do trabalho e na desigualdade da repartição da riqueza social produzida.

This article is an exploratory theoretical essay on the relationship between police violence and the State based on contributions from the Marxist tradition, particularly on the configuration of the capitalist state in the Brazilian dependent economy. The objective was to analyze how the current moment of capital's social metabolism configures the police and presents limits to its transformations as a public force in the dependent State. For this, the category State was discussed as a political form of capital, and then contributions were made to reflect on the structural crisis of capital and the authoritarian restructuring of the Brazilian State in guaranteeing the reproduction of accumulation patterns. After this discussion, contributions to the reading of the police are presented, focusing on the authoritarianism of this institution and discussing the limits of its understanding when not carried out in the economic-political sphere of the production mode based on the exploitation of labor and the inequality of the distribution of social wealth produced.

Este artículo es un ensayo teórico exploratorio sobre la relación entre la violencia policial y el Estado basado en aportes de la tradición marxista, particularmente en la configuración del Estado capitalista en la economía dependiente brasileña. El objetivo fue analizar cómo el momento actual de metabolismo social del capital configura a la policía y presenta límites a sus transformaciones como fuerza pública en el Estado dependiente. Para ello, se discutió la categoría Estado como forma política de capital, y luego se hicieron aportes para reflexionar sobre la crisis estructural del capital y la reestructuración autoritaria del Estado brasileño para garantizar la reproducción de patrones de acumulación. Luego de esta discusión, se presentaron aportes a la lectura de la policía, enfocándose en el autoritarismo de esta institución y discutiendo los límites de su comprensión cuando no se lleva a cabo en el ámbito económico-político del modo de producción basado en la explotación del trabajo y la desigualdad de la distribución de la riqueza social producida.

Factors associated with health-related quality of life of military policemen in Salvador, Brazil: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Brazil is a violent society and police officers play a fundamental role in this scenario. Police work is a stressful occupation. Dealing with routine violence, police officers must have high standards of physical and mental health. Patrolling the streets involves several risks and stressful situations that may hamper military policemen's quality of life. The identification of factors associated with health-related quality of life may help in planning and providing adequate care to military policemen. This study aimed to identify factors associated with health-related quality of life of military policemen in Salvador, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional design study investigated a random sample of 329 male military police officers, engaged in patrolling the streets of Salvador, Brazil. A structured questionnaire applied to the policemen collected information about age, education, marital status, income, house ownership, car ownership, police rank, working day, alcohol consumption, smoking, frequency of vigorous physical activity, obesity (body mass index ≥ 30.0), and work ability. Health-related quality of life was evaluated through the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36). Work ability was assessed through the Work Ability Index questionnaire. Poor work ability was defined by a 7-27 points score. Multiple linear regression models were used to measure the impact of police officers characteristics on the variation in the Physical Component and Mental Component Summary scores. RESULTS: Normalised scores were below 50.0% for seven out of the eight SF-36 domains and for the two component summaries. The SF-36 Physical Component Summary was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with poor work ability, while the Mental Component Summary was associated with poor work ability, excessive alcohol consumption, and younger age (24-34 years). Multivariate analysis estimated that the Physical Component Summary was 7.386 units (%) lower among policemen with poor work ability compared to those with moderate/good/excellent work ability. The Mental Component Summary was 12.755 units lower among those with poor work ability, 5.354 units lower among those with excessive alcohol consumption, and 5.532 units higher among those with younger age. CONCLUSIONS: The military police officers investigated presented low health-related quality of life, associated with younger age, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor work ability.

Vivências de prazer-sofrimento na organização do trabalho dos policiais militares da Região Norte / Experiences of pleasure-suffering in the work organization of military police officers in the Northern Region

Este estudo analisou as vivências de prazer-sofrimento dos policiais militares de um batalhão da região Norte e como estas influem na execução de suas atividades. Os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos procederam da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. Foram realizados seis encontros em grupo com a participação de 17 policiais, sendo 14 homens e três mulheres. As temáticas investigadas foram divididas em cinco eixos: condições precárias de trabalho; perfil do policial; reconhecimento dos pares, superiores e sociedade; prazer-sofrimento no trabalho; e defesas contra o sofrimento, interpretados a partir da análise temática. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade. Percebeu-se que a organização de trabalho desempenha papel importante nas vivências de prazer-sofrimento e que cooperação, reconhecimento, precarização, burocracia e os paradoxos da atividade policial interferem diretamente nesta dinâmica. O uso de estratégias defensivas, como a ironia e o humor, é responsável pela dicotomia entre ter que suportar o real no trabalho e não verbalizar o sofrimento, evidenciando alguns dos importantes paradigmas presentes na atividade militar estudada.

This study analyzed the experiences of pleasure-suffering of a Military Police Battalion from the Northern Region and how they influence the execution of their activities. The theoretical-methodological assumptions adopted were the Psychodynamics of Work. Six group meetings were held with the participation of seventeen policemen: fourteen men and three women. The investigated thematics were divided into five axes, namely: precarious working conditions; profiles of the police officers; acknowledgment among peers, superiors and society; pleasure-suffering at work; and defenses against suffering, according to thematic analysis. This project was approved by the university's Research Ethics Committee. The work organization played an important role in the pleasure-suffering experiences, and cooperation, recognition, precariousness, bureaucracy and paradoxes of the police activity directly interfere in this dynamic. The use of defensive mechanisms such as irony and humor is responsible for the dichotomy between having to endure reality at work and as a means to not verbalize suffering, showing some of the important paradigms present in the military activity studied.

Crescimento pós-traumático em profissionais de emergências: uma revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais / Posttraumatic growth among emergency workers: a systematic review of observational studies / Crecimiento post-traumático en profesionales de servicios de urgencia: una revisión sistemática de estudios observacionales

A exposição a eventos traumáticos pode gerar Crescimento Pós-Traumático (CPT). O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática das publicações sobre prevalência de CPT e sua associação com estressores ocupacionais entre profissionais de emergências. A revisão foi baseada no método PRISMA e previamente registrada no PROSPERO. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (ScIELO). Dentre os resultados, não foi possível identificar a prevalência de CPT. Estressores operacionais foram associados ao CPT. Estressores organizacionais foram raramente investigados. Concluiu-se que o CPT é um dos focos em estudos sobre reações pós-traumáticas entre profissionais de emergências e está associado a estressores ocupacionais. Por isso, trata-se de um construto importante para compreender a saúde mental desses profissionais, dada a organização e a natureza de suas tarefas no trabalho. (AU)

Exposure to traumatic events can lead to Posttraumatic Growth (PTG). The present study aimed to was to conduct a systematic review of publications on the prevalence of PTG and its association with occupational stressors among emergency professionals. The review was based on the PRISMA method and previously registered in PROSPERO. The search was conducted in following eletronic databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Mediline), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). It was not possible to identify the prevalence of The prevalence of PTG was not identified among emergency professionals. Operational stressors were associated with to PTG. Organizational stressors were rarely investigated. We concluded that PTG is one of the focuses in studies on post-traumatic reactions among emergency professionals and it is associated with occupational stressors. Therefore, it is an important construct to understand the mental health of these professionals given the organization and the nature of their occupational tasks. (AU)

La exposición a eventos traumáticos puede generar Crecimiento Post-Traumático (CPT). El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones sobre predominio del CPT y su asociación con estresores ocupacionales entre profesionales de servicios de urgencia. La revisión fue basada en el método PRISMA y previamente registrada en el PROSPERO. La búsqueda se llevó a cabo en las bases de datos de Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). Entre los resultados, no fue posible identificar el predominio del CPT. Estresores operativos se asociaron con el CPT y estresores organizacionales fueron raramente investigados. Se concluyó que el CPT es el foco principal en los estudios sobre reacciones postraumáticas entre los profesionales de servicios de urgencia y está asociado a estresores ocupacionales. Por eso, se trata de un constructo importante para comprender la salud mental de esos profesionales dada la organización y la naturaleza de sus tareas en el trabajo. (AU)

Study of the Predictive Validity of the Burnout Granada Questionnaire in Police Officers.

Professionals with burnout have negative physical and psychological effects, with adverse consequences in their workplace. Burnout mainly affects assisting professions; amongst them, police work is one of the professions at risk of suffering from this syndrome. The aim of this research is to study the adequacy of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Granada Burnout Questionnaire instruments to measure burnout in police officers through the study of the reliability and validity (concurrent and predictive) of these instruments. A cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample was composed of 1884 police officers, mostly men (85.4%), with an average age of 35.04 (SD = 8.30). The Maslach Burnout Inventory and Granada Burnout Questionnaire were used to measure burnout. The results obtained in this study support the adequacy of both instruments for measuring burnout. The correlation coefficients between the dimensions are significant, with a medium-high magnitude. Participants with burnout had significantly higher scores in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and lower scores in personal accomplishment in both instruments. The area under the curve estimated for the Granada Burnout Questionnaire provided evidence of the predictive validity of the instrument. The police profession needs validated and sensitive tools to identify police changes in the dimensions of burnout. The Granada Burnout Questionnaire instrument correctly classifies burnout in police professionals.

Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and Its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities.

No previous studies in Mexico have been found that jointly analyze physical and leisure activities as variables related to mental health in police officers. This paper presents research on burnout in Mexican Police officers. The question it answers is: is there any association of burnout with physical and leisure activities and personal profile? A total of 276 police officers (87% men and 13% women) participated. To obtain information, the Spanish Burnout Inventory and the Operational Police Stress questionnaires were used. A cross sectional study design was utilized with tests of validity and reliability, goodness of fit, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and analysis of k-means clusters. Results showed that a high number of policemen had high prevalence of burnout and a high level of mental exhaustion, and that exercise was positively and significantly related to lower burnout risk. Men showed higher risk than women. Results should be considered to improve interventions and occupational health practices in the police force. This paper improves understanding of burnout among policemen and the importance of exercise and leisure activities to alleviate burnout.

Estamos em guerra: da retórica ao enfrentamento num cotidiano militarizado / Estamos en guerra: de la retórica al enfrentamiento en un cotidiano militarizado / We are at war: from rethorics to confrontation in a militarized society

RESUMO. A partir da problemática da violência que nos 'toma por assalto' na contemporaneidade, faremos uma reflexão sobre o contexto brasileiro tendo por instrumento teórico a analítica das relações de poder empreendida por Michel Foucault no curso Em defesa da sociedade, ministrado no Collège de France, em 1976. Buscaremos sustentar neste artigo a hipótese de que a política de segurança pública adotada pelo Estado do Rio de Janeiro não é uniforme, e as forças despendidas em nome da paz, do projeto de pacificação, distribuem-se de forma desigual entre a população. Esse pressuposto nos arremessa em uma questão que entendemos ser fundamental para a compreensão do presente, a saber, quais os mecanismos, táticas e técnicas que asseguram ao poder de Estado o uso da força e da violência contra os seus próprios cidadãos?

RESUMEN. A partir de la problemática de la violencia que nos 'toma por asalto' en la contemporaneidad, haremos una reflexión sobre el contexto brasileño, amparados en el instrumental teórico y analítico de las relaciones de poder formulado por Michel Foucault en el curso Em defesa da sociedade,ofrecido en el Collège de France, en 1976. Buscaremos mostrar la hipótesis según la cual la política de seguridad pública adoptada por el Estado de Río de Janeiro no es uniforme y que las fuerzas desplegadas en nombre de la paz, del proyecto de pacificación, se distribuyen en forma desigual entre la población. Este presupuesto nos sitúa em una cuestión que consideramos fundamental para la compresión de nuestro presente: ¿cuáles son los mecanismos, tácticas y técnicas que aseguran al poder del Estado el uso de la fuerza y de la violencia en contra de sus propios ciudadanos?

ABSTRACT. From the problematic of violence that 'assaults us' in contemporary times, we offer a reflection on the Brazilian context, taking as a theoretical instrument the analysis of power relations addressed by Michel Foucault in his lecture Em defesa da sociedade, at the Collège de France, in 1976. The present study aimed to advocate the hypothesis that the public security policies adopted by the Rio de Janeiro State are not uniform, and that the forces used in the name of peace, the pacification process, are unequally distributed across the population. This premise throws us into a question that we understand to be fundamental to the understanding of the present, namely, what are the mechanisms, tactics and techniques that ensure state power to use force and violence against its own citizens?

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome and police work stress: an integrative review. / Síndrome da disfunção da articulação temporomandibular e o estresse presente no trabalho policial: revisão integrativa.

This study aimed to investigate whether stress found in activities performed by Brazilian police workers is associated with the risk of developing a temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome (TMD), a disorder that is commonly associated with stressful conditions. An integrative literature review on stress, TMD and police work was carried out. We identified several stressors in the work of Brazilian police officers and observed that stress influences the development, aggravation and treatment of TMD symptoms. The quality of life and health of TMD carriers is compromised. The fact that studies have shown the association between stress and activities carried out by Brazilian police officers, as well as between stress and TMD, has led to the assumption of a possible relationship between stress caused by police work and the risk of these workers developing TMD. It is recommended that individuals be thoroughly examined before being treated and that such treatment be multidisciplinary. The literature on TMD in police workers is still incipient, which is why we recommend the development of further studies on the topic.

O estudo objetivou investigar se o estresse presente nas atividades dos trabalhadores da polícia brasileira pode ter relação com o desenvolvimento da síndrome da disfunção da articulação temporomandibular (DTM), uma doença comumente associada a condições estressantes. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa de literatura sobre os temas estresse, DTM e atividade policial. Foram identificadas diversas fontes estressoras no trabalho do policial brasileiro e observou-se que o estresse influencia no desenvolvimento, agravamento e tratamento dos sintomas da síndrome. Há comprometimento na qualidade de vida e saúde dos portadores de DTM. O fato de estudos terem mostrado associação entre estresse e atividades desenvolvidas pelos policiais brasileiros, bem como relação entre estresse e DTM, levou à suposição de que é possível haver relação entre o estresse gerado pelo trabalho executado por policiais e o risco de desenvolvimento da DTM por essa classe de trabalhadores. É recomendado que o indivíduo portador da síndrome seja avaliado como um todo antes da execução do tratamento e que esse tratamento seja multidisciplinar. A literatura sobre DTM em policiais ainda é incipiente, motivo pelo qual sugere-se o desenvolvimento de estudos sobre o tema.

Impulsividad y agresividad en cadetes de policía / Impulsiveness and Aggressiveness in Police Cadets

Resumen El objetivo principal fue indagar los niveles de agresividad e impulsividad en Cadetes de Policía de San Luis, Argentina. La muestra fue intencional, no probabilística, conformada por 58 alumnos (39 varones y 19 mujeres) que cursan el segundo y tercer año de un instituto de formación. Fueron administrados dos instrumentos: Cuestionario de Agresividad (AQ) (Andreu-Rodríguez, Peña-Fernández & Graña-Gómez, 2002) y la Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt (BIS-11) (Oquendo et al., 2001). Las principales conclusiones evidencian niveles elevados de agresión física e impulsividad cognitiva. Las mujeres mostraron puntuaciones elevadas en la subescala hostilidad, mientras que los hombres mayores niveles de agresión física; los alumnos del último año de formación exhibieron niveles elevados de impulsividad motora, agresión verbal e ira. Finalmente, se corroboraron asociaciones positivas entre las variables de impulsividad y agresividad.

Abstract The main objective was to inquire the levels of aggressiveness and impulsivity in Police Cadets of the San Luis, Argentina. The sample was intentional, not probabilistic, and consisted of 58 students (39 males and 19 females) attending the second and third year of a training institute. Two instruments were administered: The Aggressiveness Questionnaire (AQ) (Andreu-Rodríguez, Peña-Fernández & Graña-Gómez, 2002) and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) (Oquendo et al., 2001). The main conclusions make refer to high levels of Physical Aggression and Cognitive Impulsiveness. Women showed high scores on the Hostility sub-scale, while men had higher levels of Physical Aggression; the students of the last year of training exhibited elevated levels of Motor Impulsiveness, Verbal Aggression and Wrath. Finally, positive associations between the variables of Impulsivity and Aggressiveness to were corroborated.

Síndrome da disfunção da articulação temporomandibular e o estresse presente no trabalho policial: revisão integrativa / Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome and police work stress: an integrative review

Resumo O estudo objetivou investigar se o estresse presente nas atividades dos trabalhadores da polícia brasileira pode ter relação com o desenvolvimento da síndrome da disfunção da articulação temporomandibular (DTM), uma doença comumente associada a condições estressantes. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa de literatura sobre os temas estresse, DTM e atividade policial. Foram identificadas diversas fontes estressoras no trabalho do policial brasileiro e observou-se que o estresse influencia no desenvolvimento, agravamento e tratamento dos sintomas da síndrome. Há comprometimento na qualidade de vida e saúde dos portadores de DTM. O fato de estudos terem mostrado associação entre estresse e atividades desenvolvidas pelos policiais brasileiros, bem como relação entre estresse e DTM, levou à suposição de que é possível haver relação entre o estresse gerado pelo trabalho executado por policiais e o risco de desenvolvimento da DTM por essa classe de trabalhadores. É recomendado que o indivíduo portador da síndrome seja avaliado como um todo antes da execução do tratamento e que esse tratamento seja multidisciplinar. A literatura sobre DTM em policiais ainda é incipiente, motivo pelo qual sugere-se o desenvolvimento de estudos sobre o tema.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate whether stress found in activities performed by Brazilian police workers is associated with the risk of developing a temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome (TMD), a disorder that is commonly associated with stressful conditions. An integrative literature review on stress, TMD and police work was carried out. We identified several stressors in the work of Brazilian police officers and observed that stress influences the development, aggravation and treatment of TMD symptoms. The quality of life and health of TMD carriers is compromised. The fact that studies have shown the association between stress and activities carried out by Brazilian police officers, as well as between stress and TMD, has led to the assumption of a possible relationship between stress caused by police work and the risk of these workers developing TMD. It is recommended that individuals be thoroughly examined before being treated and that such treatment be multidisciplinary. The literature on TMD in police workers is still incipient, which is why we recommend the development of further studies on the topic.

Levels of physical activity and associated factors between military policemen and firemen.

BACKGROUND: Military Policemen and Firemen are professionals often involved in life-risking activities as well as duties demanding endurance and muscular strength. Nevertheless, their working conditions are rarely satisfactory. OBJECTIVE: To compare levels of physical activity and social, demographic and occupational factors between military policemen and firemen; factors that may impact their ability to efficiently and effectively accomplish their jobs. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in Brazil with 127 local military personnel (67 policemen and 60 firemen). A sociodemographic questionnaire was applied together with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version. RESULTS: It was observed that the firemen participating in this study are 4 times more likely to be inactive than the policemen. However, policemen showed higher sociodemographic risk factors (less schooling and the higher number of children and workplaces) to work performance when compared to military firemen. CONCLUSION: It could be inferred that in relation to the firemen, policemen suffer from less favorable sociodemographic conditions and face major risk situations more frequently once they are directly involved with the public security of the States; on the other hand, both populations should be incentivized and offered systematized physical activity programs in their workplaces.

Workplace burnout and health issues among Colombian correctional officers.

INTRODUCTION: Correctional employees typically work under adverse conditions that may enhance the occurrence of different negative psychological states. Burnout constitutes a high-risk phenomenon that may affect people's physical/mental health and welfare, especially in vulnerable occupational groups. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize the burnout profile of correctional officers, and to associate their burnout profile with health issues and lifestyle factors. METHODS: The full sample was composed of 219 Colombian correctional officers with a mean age of 30.18 years. A questionnaire composed of three sections was employed: demographic data, burnout, and health information. RESULTS: A high proportion of participants reported burnout indicators, also significantly correlated to their health indicators and lifestyle factors. Cluster analyses were used in order to characterize the burnout/age (model A) and burnout/age/psychological disturbance (model B) profiles of correctional officers. Furthermore, significant differences were found when comparing frequencies of alcohol consumption and physical exercise (lifestyle indicators) and perceived social support of officers depending on their profile. CONCLUSIONS: the discussion focused on the negative impact of burnout on health, and on the importance of strengthening occupational programs aimed at reducing the impact of hazardous working conditions that contribute to the development of burnout, and to the arise different mid and long-term health complains among correctional workers.

Síndrome de burnout e qualidade do sono de policiais militares do Piauí / Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui

Introdução: Os policiais militares fazem parte de um grupo distinto da população por estarem lidando, no seu cotidiano, com a violência e a criminalidade, tornando-se mais suscetíveis a desenvolverem a síndrome de burnout, com redução significativa da produtividade e alteração da qualidade do sono. Objetivo: Correlacionar a síndrome de burnout e a qualidade do sono dos policiais. Método: Estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, com 32 policiais militares pertencentes ao batalhão de polícia militar da cidade de Teresina, Piauí. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um formulário contendo informações sociodemográficas e dois questionários: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) e Índice da Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI). Para análise estatística, utilizou-se a correlação de Pearson. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 32 policiais militares do sexo masculino com idade média de 44,34±5,63 anos. A duração do sono demonstrou correlação moderada extremamente significativa e inversamente proporcional à dimensão exaustão emocional (p=0,0003), correlação moderada e altamente significativa entre exaustão emocional e qualidade do sono (p=0,004) e fraca correlação significativa entre despersonalização e qualidade do sono (p=0,03). Conclusão: Por meio dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que as dimensões exaustão emocional e despersonalização apresentam correlação significativa com a qualidade do sono

Background: Military police officers are a distinct population group given they deal everyday with violence and crime. For this reason they are more susceptible to develop burnout syndrome, resulting in significant decrease of productivity and changes in the quality of sleep. Objective: To analyze the correlation between burnout syndrome and sleep quality relative among military police officers. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study conducted with 32 military police officers of the military police battalion of Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. Data collection was performed through administration of a questionnaire for sociodemographic data, the Masliach Burnout Inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Pearson's correlation was used for statistical analysis. Results: The sample comprised 32 male military police officers, with average age 44.35±5.63 years old. Sleep duration exhibited highly significant, inverse and moderate correlation with emotional exhaustion (p=0.0003). Emotional exhaustion exhibited significant moderate correlation with sleep quality (p=0.004). Depersonalization exhibited significant, albeit weak correlation withsleep quality (p=0.03). Conclusion: Burnout syndrome domains emotional exhaustion and depersonalization exhibited significant correlation with sleep quality.

Effect sizes and cut-off points: a meta-analytical review of burnout in latin American countries.

Burnout is a highly prevalent globalized health issue that causes significant physical and psychological health problems. In Latin America research on this topic has increased in recent years, however there are no studies comparing results across countries, nor normative reference cut-offs. The present meta-analysis examines the intensity of burnout (emotional exhaustion, cynicism and personal accomplishment) in 58 adult nonclinical samples from 8 countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela). We found low intensity of burnout but there are significant differences between countries in emotional exhaustion explained by occupation and language. Social and human service professionals (police officers, social workers, public administration staff) are more exhausted than health professionals (physicians, nurses) or teachers. The samples with Portuguese language score higher in emotional exhaustion than Spanish, supporting the theory of cultural relativism. Demographics (sex, age) and study variables (sample size, instrument), were not found significant to predict burnout. The effect size and confidence intervals found are proposed as a useful baseline for research and medical diagnosis of burnout in Latin American countries.

Study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of mindfulness training to reduce burnout and promote quality of life in police officers: the POLICE study.

BACKGROUND: Police officers experience a high degree of chronic stress. Policing ranks among the highest professions in terms of disease and accident rates. Mental health is particularly impacted, evidenced by elevated rates of burnout, anxiety and depression, and poorer quality of life than the general public. Mindfulness training has been shown to reduce stress, anxiety, burnout and promote quality of life in a variety of settings, although its efficacy in this context has yet to be systematically evaluated. Therefore, this trial will investigate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention versus a waitlist control in improving quality of life and reducing negative mental health symptoms in police officers. METHODS: This multicenter randomized controlled trial has three assessment points: baseline, post-intervention, and six-month follow-up. Active police officers (n = 160) will be randomized to Mindfulness-Based Health Promotion (MBHP) or waitlist control group at two Brazilian major cities: Porto Alegre and São Paulo. The primary outcomes are burnout symptoms and quality of life. Consistent with the MBHP conceptual model, assessed secondary outcomes include perceived stress, anxiety and depression symptoms, and the potential mechanisms of resilience, mindfulness, decentering, self-compassion, spirituality, and religiosity. DISCUSSION: Findings from this study will inform and guide future research, practice, and policy regarding police offer health and quality of life in Brazil and globally. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03114605 . Retrospectively registered on March 21, 2017.

Assessing police officers' attitudes and legal knowledge on behaviors that impact HIV transmission among people who inject drugs.

BACKGROUND: Policing practices such as syringe confiscation and arrest can act as important social-structural drivers of HIV risk among people who inject drugs (PWID). However, police referral to treatment and other services may improve the health of PWID. Little is known about the role of modifiable attitudinal and knowledge factors in shaping officer behavior. Using baseline findings from a police education program (PEP), we assessed relationships between drug policy knowledge and attitudes towards public health interventions with self-reported syringe confiscation, drug arrest, and service referral among street-level police in Tijuana, Mexico. METHODS: Between February, 2015 and May, 2016 we surveyed 1319 police officers who reported syringe contact. The self-administered survey focused on attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors related to drug policy, public health, and occupational safety. We used ordinal logistic regression to model the odds of syringe confiscation, arrest for heroin possession, and referring PWID to health/social programs. RESULTS: The sample was mostly male (87%) and had at least a high school education (80%). In the last six months, a minority reported always/sometimes confiscating syringes (49%), arresting someone for heroin possession (43%), and referring PWID to health and social programs (37%). Those reporting needlestick injuries (NSI) had 1.38 (95% CI: 1.02-1.87) higher odds of reporting syringe confiscation. Officers who had favorable views on laws that treat addiction as a public health issue had lower odds (aOR=0.78; 95% CI: 0.59-1.03) of arresting PWID. Those agreeing that it was their role to refer PWID to health and social programs had higher odds of reporting such referrals (aOR: 3.32, 95% CI: 2.52-4.37). Legal knowledge was not associated with these practices. CONCLUSION: Changing drug policy and knowledge may be insufficient in shifting police behavior. Modifying officers' occupational risks and attitudes towards harm reduction interventions can facilitate efforts to align police practices with PWID health.