Ateneo General de la Residencia de Psicopedagogía: En busca de una oportunidad: Intervenciones psicopedagógicas en la clínica con adolescentes / General Athenaeum of the Psychopedagogical Residence: In search of an opportunity: Psychopedagogical interventions in the clinic with teenagers

Ateneo centrado en la intervención, la intervención psicopedagógica, y la intervención temprana y oportuna en la adolescencia. Se determinan qué imaginarios acompañan el concepto de adolescencia situando el discurso médico, normativo y social. Finalmente, se profundiza acerca de los espacios que desde el Sistema de Salud, y más específicamente desde el equipo de psicopedagogía del Hospital Vélez Sarsfield, se ofrecen a la población adolescente. Se incluyen fragmentos de entrevistas y reflexiones aportados desde la propia experiencia profesional.

Validation of an online version of the Trier Social Stress Test in a study of adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most widely used protocol for activating a stress response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and other stress-mediating systems. A number of variants of the TSST exist, including ones for children, groups, and virtual reality. All of these versions, though, require in-person assessment. The COVID-19 pandemic has made in-person assessment impossible or extremely difficult and potentially dangerous. The purpose of this study was to validate a completely remote, online, version of the TSST for children. METHOD: A sample of 68 (27 female) 15- and 16-year old participants were administered the TSST-Online (TSST-OL) during the late afternoon hours (3-6 p.m. start time). The participants, judges (one male, one female), and experimenter (female) all joined the assessment from their own homes via the online platform, ZOOM™. Two sessions were conducted, one to obtain consent, explain procedures, work with the family to arrange the computer and room set-up for the TSST-OL and one within two weeks to conduct the procedure. The participants were trained to take their own saliva samples and a saliva sampling kit was mailed to the home in between the first and second session. The samples were then mailed to the researchers within a day of collection. The participant was observed during saliva collection to determine correct procedures were followed. Salivary cortisol, salivary α-amylase and self-reports of stress were measured multiple times over the second session. RESULTS: rmANOVAs yielded a significant effect of trials, for cortisol, F(1.37,90.46) = 15.13, p = .001, sAA, F(2.75,146.68) = 6.91, p = .001, and self-rated stress, F(3.43,222.69) = 118.73, p = .001. There were no significant sex by trials interactions for any measure, although females reported more stress than males, F(1,65) = 9.14, p = .004. For cortisol, from baseline to expected peak (30 min after the onset of speech preparation), the Cohen's effect size was dz = 0.57. Using 1.5 nmol/l (or 0.54 µg/dl) as the criterion for a response (Miller, Plessow, Kirschaum, & Stalder, 2013), 63% of the participants produced a significant increase in cortisol. CONCLUSIONS: The responses to the TSST-OL are consistent with in-person responses among children and adolescents (see recent meta-analysis (Seddon et al., 2020). The protocol is a viable way of assessing reactivity of the HPA axis and other stress systems without needing to bring the participant into the research laboratory. This method will be useful during periods of widespread infection. It should also work to study populations who all live too far from the research laboratory to be assessed in person.

Las buenas prácticas en la atención psicológica infanto-juvenil ante el COVID-19 / No disponible

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Well-being profiles in adolescence: psychometric properties and latent profile analysis of the mental health continuum model - a methodological study.

BACKGROUND: The Adolescent Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) is a psychometrically valid tool to evaluate the domains of subjective well-being, but there is a lack of investigations which could distinguish subgroups with distinct subjective well-being profiles based on this measurement. Therefore, after testing the competing measurement models of the MHC-SF, our main aim was to identify subjective well-being profiles in a large adolescent sample. METHODS: On a representative Hungarian adolescent sample (N = 1572; 51% girl; mean age was 15.39, SD = 2.26) confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to test the factor stucture of the Adolescent MHC-SF. In addition, gender invariance of the best fitting model was also tested. Latent Profile Analyses (LPA) were conducted to reveal distinct subgroups and these profiles were then compared. RESULTS: Results support the bifactor model of MHC-SF: the general and specific well-being factors which were invariant across gender. LPA yielded four subgroups, three of them have been theoretically hypothesized in previous works (i.e. flourishing, moderate mental health, languishing), but an emotionally vulnerable subgroup also emerged. Compared to the languishing group, this new subgroup demonstrated higher scores on prosocial behaviour, but had comparable level of loneliness and internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the MHC-SF is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing overall well-being and its components. In addition, the identification of young people to be at risk for low mental health may help us to tailor mental health promotion programs to their special needs.

Conceptualization and Measurement of Adolescent Prosocial Behavior: Looking Back and Moving Forward.

The struggle to cast a net around the numerous ways prosocial behavior is expressed lends itself to the absence of widely accepted methods of measurement. Additionally, research intent on evaluating the psychometric properties of current approaches has been somewhat limited. Weaving together seminal as well as contemporary research, the current review focuses on how these conceptual and measurement issues pertain to adolescent studies (in an intentional effort to offset the somewhat disproportionate focus directed toward prosocial development in infants, children, and adults). Recommendations to address current limitations and attain a more nuanced understanding of the construct are presented and discussed.

A Reformulated Architecture of Cognitive Risks for Psychopathology: Common and Specific Dimensions and Links to Internalizing Outcomes in Adolescence.

Multiple cognitive risk products (dysfunctional attitudes [DA], negative inferential style [NIS], self-criticism, dependency, rumination) predict internalizing disorders; however, an optimal structure to assess these risks is unknown. We evaluated the fit, construct validity, and utility of a bifactor, single, and correlated factor model in a community sample of 382 adolescents (age 11-15 years; 59% female). The bifactor, hierarchical single, and correlated factor models all fit well. The bifactor model included a common factor (c), capturing covariance across all cognitive risk measures, and specific latent factors for DA, NIS, dependency and rumination. Construct validity of these factor structures was evaluated with external validators, including depression and anxious arousal (AA) symptoms, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), and onset of depression diagnostic onset over 2 years. C was associated with higher depression, NA, and AA; lower PA; and predicted depressive episodes. Hierarchical single and correlated factor models also related to external validators.

Generalizability and Decision Studies of a Treatment Adherence Instrument.

Observational measurement of treatment adherence has long been considered the gold standard. However, little is known about either the generalizability of the scores from extant observational instruments or the sampling needed. We conducted generalizability (G) and decision (D) studies on two samples of recordings from two randomized controlled trials testing cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth anxiety in two different contexts: research versus community. Two doctoral students independently coded 543 session recordings from 52 patients treated by 13 therapists. The initial G-study demonstrated that context accounted for a disproportionately large share of variance, so we conducted G- and D-studies for the two contexts separately. Results suggested that reliable cognitive-behavioral therapy adherence studies require at least 10 sessions per patient, assuming 12 patients per therapists and two coders-a challenging threshold even in well-funded research. Implications, including the importance of evaluating alternatives to observational measurement, are discussed.

"What matters to you?": A randomized controlled effectiveness trial, Using Systematic Idiographic Assessment as an intervention to Increase Adolescents' perceived control of their mental health.

INTRODUCTION: Over the last decades, many Western countries have seen an increase in mental health difficulties in the adolescent population. Among Norwegian adolescents, internalizing symptoms are most prevalent, and 10%-38% of adolescents seek out primary health care services for mental health problems. This study examined whether an idiographic measure designed for adolescents called Assert, which uses variables individually selected by the adolescents, could improve user involvement, locus of control, mental health, and quality of life. METHODS: This study conducted a randomized controlled effectiveness trial using Assert in primary healthcare. A community sample of 150 Norwegian adolescents aged 12-23 years (M = 16.2; SD = 2.2) were randomized to the Assert or control group. Of the participants 27 (18%) were male. The adolescents and 52 counsellors from primary healthcare services responded to online questionnaires. Of the counselors, 92.8% were female and trained in the use of systematic idiographic assessment. RESULTS: Adolescents who used Assert scored significantly lower on external LoC, attributing less of their mental health improvement to chance, fate, or luck. However, the intervention showed no effect on the symptoms of mental health, QoL, or user involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Using Assert in primary healthcare may enhance adolescents' sense of being able to influence their life circumstances and mental health by allowing them more control of their treatment. However, this approach might not be successful in reducing symptoms.

Why Digital Tools Have Not Yet Revolutionized Adolescent Health Research and What We Can Do.

The promise of digital tools and devices for spurring new discoveries in adolescence research is enticing. Notably, this special section draws attention to many of the advantages that mobile and wearable devices offer for ambulatory assessment research, which have now been realized. Despite such progress, digital tools have not yet delivered on their predicted revolution of adolescent health research. I offer four reasons for why digital devices have fallen short of this predicted promise. For each barrier, I suggest parallel strategies for ensuring adolescent research benefits from Ambulatory Assessment advances. To avoid being left behind, adolescence scholarship must develop in time with innovations in digital devices and platforms, which are moving forward to support basic science and interventions in mental health.

A Review of Current Ambulatory Assessment Studies in Adolescent Samples and Practical Recommendations.

The use of ambulatory assessment (AA) and related methods (experience sampling, ecological momentary assessment) has greatly increased within the field of adolescent psychology. In this guide, we describe important practices for conducting AA studies in adolescent samples. To better understand how researchers have been implementing AA study designs, we present a review of 23 AA studies that were conducted in adolescent samples from 2017. Results suggest that there is heterogeneity in how AA studies in youth are conducted and reported. Based on these insights, we provide recommendations with regard to participant recruitment, sampling scheme, item selection, power analysis, and software choice. Further, we provide a checklist for reporting on AA studies in adolescent samples that can be used as a guideline for future studies.

Older Adolescents' Understanding of Participant Rights in the BlackBerry Project, a Longitudinal Ambulatory Assessment Study.

For a long-term, longitudinal study that used BlackBerry smartphones for passive ambulatory assessment among older adolescents, this study focused on three areas of ethical concern: (1) adolescents' competence to give assent; (2) understanding of confidentiality, the protection of information, and project goals; and (3) awareness of procedures and benefits, and comfort with the research design. One hundred and seventy-eight participants were 17 and 18 years old (84 girls). Results suggested that participants freely gave consent and understood most, but not all of the informed consent information. Participants reported a high level of satisfaction. Participants showed less understanding of when their confidentiality would be broken and how data would be protected.

Parental communication on sexual and reproductive health issues and its associated factors among preparatory school students in Debre Tabor, Northcentral Ethiopia: institution based cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to assess parental communication on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues and its associated factors among preparatory school students in Debre Tabor, Northcentral Ethiopia. Institution based cross sectional study was employed among 394 preparatory school students through self-administered questionnaire. RESULT: A total of 394 students were participated in the study with a response rate of 100%. The magnitude of parental communication on SRH issues was found to be 68.5%, (95% CI (63.7, 72.8)). Low grade (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI (0.17, 0.58)), feel embraced to discuss about SRH issues (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI (0.17, 0.56)), and living with mother/father (AOR = 0.15, 95% CI (0.06, 0.36)) were associated with reduced parental communication on SRH. While, family size < 5 (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI (1.25, 4.84)), and believe on the importance of discussion on SRH (AOR = 10.83, 95% CI (5.07, 23.17) were found to be associated with increased communication about SRH issues. Health education shall be given to preparatory school students on importance of discussion on SRH issues and related consequences of risky sexual behaviors.

The association between role model presence and self-regulation in early adolescence: A cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Self-regulation is the capacity to regulate attention, emotion, and behaviour to pursue long-term goals. The current study examined the associations between role model presence and self-regulation during early adolescence, controlling for hopefulness, using a large population-based data set from the Tokyo Teen Cohort study. METHODS: Adolescents, aged 12 years, identified a role model using a single item on a paper questionnaire: 'Who is the person you most look up to?' Level of hopefulness was also assessed using a single question: 'To what extent do you feel hopeful about the future of your life?' Trained investigators evaluated self-regulation. RESULTS: Of 2550 adolescents, 2279 (89.4%) identified a role model. After adjusting for level of hopefulness, identifying a role model was associated with higher levels of self-regulation in comparison to indications of no role model. Hopeful future expectations were also associated with higher self-regulation; however, the beta coefficient was smaller than role model presence in the multivariate linear regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Role model presence was significantly associated with higher self-regulation among early adolescents. Educational environments should focus on support for adolescents with no role models.

Fostering adolescent curiosity through a question brainstorming intervention.

INTRODUCTION: High adolescent curiosity is associated with several positive outcomes, yet questioning, a common behavioral manifestation of curiosity, declines once children enter formal schooling. The present quasi-experimental study empirically investigated whether directly teaching students to question helps to foster students' more enduring, dispositional tendency towards curiosity. METHOD: The study explored the impact of a direct-instruction student-brainstorming intervention, the Question Formulation Technique (QFT), on adolescents' curiosity. The study's sample included adolescents (N = 3173) in four public high schools in the United States nested within 43 educators' English/Language Arts classrooms. Teachers (N = 43) were randomly assigned to two groups, one of which received professional development in the QFT in fall 2015 and the other in the winter of 2016. The study utilized student self-report questionnaires and teacher fidelity checks at three time points (fall, winter, and spring) to consider the impact of the QFT on participating adolescents' curiosity. RESULTS: Multilevel modeling results indicated a positive treatment effect of the QFT on adolescents' curiosity, a positive adherence effect on adolescents' curiosity growth, and a positive dosage effect on adolescents' curiosity growth. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that adolescent dispositional curiosity can be significantly increased by directly teaching students to question.

The Varieties of Religious Significance: An Idiographic Approach to Study Religion's Role in Adolescent Development.

We present a rationale and method for taking an idiographic approach to study the role religion plays in adolescent development. We theorize that adolescents harness qualitatively different aspects of religion to address idiosyncratic developmental needs. Therefore, analyzing religion's role in adolescent development necessitates a case-by-case holistic analysis. We introduce a systematic method using narratives to identify the personal ways that individuals attribute meaning in general and regarding religion in particular. We present three detailed case studies from a sample of 20 religious Israeli Jewish Orthodox emerging-adult women who provided retrospective narrative accounts of their general and religious development through adolescence. Systematic analysis reveals that religion was significant to these women in diverse and personal ways, addressing markedly different adolescent developmental needs.

A Scoping Review of Evidence-Based Interventions for Adolescents with Depression and Suicide Related Behaviors in Low and Middle Income Countries.

Depression is the number one cause of disability for adolescents. Moreover, depression is the strongest predictor for suicide, which is the second cause for death among adolescents worldwide. A total of 22 RCTs conducted in 14 different LMICs have been reviewed. This is a significant effort to provide mental health services for adolescents in LMICs. However, considering that 2/3 of the world's countries meet criteria for LMIC status and 75% of suicides occur in LMICs, more research addressing both understanding and intervention/prevention of depression and suicide must be conducted in these countries.

What Therapy Practices Do Providers Value in Youth Behavioral Health? A Measure Development Study.

Existing measures of attitudes toward evidence-based practices (EBPs) assess attitudes toward manualized or research-based treatments. Providers of youth behavioral health (N = 282) completed the Valued Practices Inventory (VPI), a new measure of provider attitudes toward specific practices for youth that avoids mention of EBPs by listing specific therapies-some of which are drawn from EBPs (e.g., problem solving) and some of which are not included in EBPs (e.g., dream interpretation). Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors: practices derived from the evidence base (PDEB) and alternative techniques (AT). The PDEB scale was significantly correlated with scales on the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale-50 (Aarons et al. in Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 39(5): 331-340, 2012), whereas the AT scale was not. Attitudes toward PDEB and AT were also related to provider characteristics such as years of experience and work setting. The VPI offers a complementary approach to existing measures of attitudes because it avoids mention of EBPs, which may help prevent biases in responses.

[Voluntariness in Outpatient Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents]. / Über die Freiwilligkeit in der ambulanten Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie.

Voluntariness in Outpatient Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents Voluntariness is no selective construct in psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Generally psychotherapy is utilized under external pressure, at least partially. At any rate it is crucial to painstakingly analyze the motivation for change and possible obstacles to motivation. On that basis different strategies to foster motivation for change can be applied. Problems regarding the efficiency of voluntary or involuntary utilization of outpatient psychotherapy for children and adolescents should be subjects to further research.

[Selection, Use, and Interpretation of German Intelligence Tests for Children and Adolescents Based on CHC-theory: Update, Extension, and Critical Discussion]. / Auswahl, Anwendung und Interpretation deutschsprachiger Intelligenztests für Kinder und Jugendliche auf Grundlage der CHC-Theorie: Update, Erweiterung und kritische Bewertung.

Selection, Use, and Interpretation of German Intelligence Tests for Children and Adolescents Based on CHC-theory: Update, Extension, and Critical Discussion In order to facilitate planning and interpretation of cognitive assessments for children and adolescents a CHC broad and narrow ability classification of nine widespread German tests of intelligence is presented. The Cattel-Horn-Carroll-theory of intelligence is an influential model in the field of intelligence testing. Its structure and basic premises are presented. On this basis, intelligence testing can be planned and interpreted systematically in a common theoretical framework. Practical implications and suggestions for diagnosticians (e. g. cross-battery-assessment) are pointed out. Finally, possibilities and limitations of CHC-theory in the field of intelligence testing are discussed.

Trabajo concurrente con padres de pacientes adolescentes / Concurrent work with parents of adolescent patients

En los últimos diez años hemos asistido a la creciente aceptación de la idea general de trabajar con los padres (1) de pacientes infantiles. Sin embargo, aún persiste como área de controversia, conflicto y resistencia la cuestión de si los terapeutas deben -o pueden-, y en qué medida, trabajar con los padres de pacientes adolescentes. Las preguntas se centran alrededor de cómo mantener la confidencialidad y desembocan en una cuestión de mayor entidad, como es la conceptualización de los objetivos del desarrollo de la fase de la adolescencia. Consideramos que las principales tareas del desarrollo tanto para padres como para sus hijos adolescentes implican la transformación del self y de la relación en un contexto de diferenciación más que de separación. Si el terapeuta de adolescentes parte del supuesto de que el objetivo de la adolescencia es la transformación, el trabajo concurrente con padres y adolescentes les llevará a todos ellos hasta un nuevo nivel de relación. Sin el cambio concomitante de los padres, para los adolescentes resulta doblemente difícil el progreso hacia la edad adulta. En este artículo ofrecemos material clínico de cinco adolescentes mayores y de sus padres con el objeto de ilustrar las técnicas que se derivan de nuestro modelo de trabajo dinámico concurrente con padres a lo largo de las diferentes fases del tratamiento. Mediante el empleo del marco conceptual de las tareas de la alianza terapéutica, describimos el trabajo hacia la consecución del doble objetivo terapéutico de la restitución en la trayectoria del desarrollo progresivo y de la restitución de la relación parento-filial. Prestamos especial atención al despliegue de los conflictos entre el funcionamiento omnipotente de sistema cerrado y el de dominio de la realidad de sistema abierto, así como al papel de los padres en el desarrollo del adolescente mayor

En els darrers deu anys, hem assistit a la creixent acceptació de la idea general de treballar amb els pares de pacients infantils. No obstant, encara persisteix com a àrea de controvèrsia, conflicte i resistència la qüestió de si els terapeutes han -o poden-, i en quina mesura, treballar amb els pares de pacients adolescents. Les preguntes se centren al voltant de com mantenir la confidencialitat i desemboquen en una qüestió de més entitat, com és la conceptualització dels objectius del desenvolupament de l’adolescència. Considerem que les principals tasques del desenvolupament tant per a pares com per als seus fills adolescents impliquen la transformació del self i de la relació en un context de diferenciació més que de separació. Si el terapeuta d’adolescents parteix del supòsit que l'objectiu de l'adolescència és la transformació, el treball concurrent amb pares i adolescents els portarà a tots ells fins a un nou nivell de relació. Sense el canvi concomitant dels pares, per als adolescents resulta doblement difícil el progrés cap a l’edat adulta. En aquest article oferim material clínic de cinc adolescents grans i dels seus pares amb l'objectiu d'il·lustrar les tècniques que es deriven del nostre model de treball dinàmic concurrent amb pares al llarg de les diferents fases del tractament. Mitjançant l’ús del marc conceptual de les tasques de l’aliança terapèutica, descrivim el treball cap a la consecució del doble objectiu terapèutic de la restitució en la trajectòria del desenvolupament progressiu i de la restitució de la relació entre pares i fills. Posem especial atenció al desplegament dels conflictes entre el funcionament omnipotent de sistema tancat i el de domini de la realitat de sistema obert, així com al paper dels pares en el desenvolupament de l'adolescent gran