LPS-induced monocarboxylate transporter-1 inhibition facilitates lactate accumulation triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and pulmonary fibrosis.

The epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) process of alveolar epithelial cells is recognized as involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Recent evidence has shown that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced aerobic glycolysis of lung tissue and elevated lactate concentration are associated with the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis. However, it is uncertain whether LPS promotes the development of sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis by promoting lactate accumulation in lung tissue, thereby initiating EMT process. We hypothesized that monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1), as the main protein for lactate transport, may be crucial in the pathogenic process of sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis. We found that high concentrations of lactate induced EMT while moderate concentrations did not. Besides, we demonstrated that MCT1 inhibition enhanced EMT process in MLE-12 cells, while MCT1 upregulation could reverse lactate-induced EMT. LPS could promote EMT in MLE-12 cells through MCT1 inhibition and lactate accumulation, while this could be alleviated by upregulating the expression of MCT1. In addition, the overexpression of MCT1 prevented LPS-induced EMT and pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Altogether, this study revealed that LPS could inhibit the expression of MCT1 in mouse alveolar epithelial cells and cause lactate transport disorder, which leads to lactate accumulation, and ultimately promotes the process of EMT and lung fibrosis.

Inhibition of OGG1 ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis via preventing M2 macrophage polarization and activating PINK1-mediated mitophagy.

BACKGROUND: 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), a well-known DNA repair enzyme, has been demonstrated to promote lung fibrosis, while the specific regulatory mechanism of OGG1 during pulmonary fibrosis remains unclarified. METHODS: A bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse pulmonary fibrosis model was established, and TH5487 (the small molecule OGG1 inhibitor) and Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1) were used for administration. Histopathological injury of the lung tissues was assessed. The profibrotic factors and oxidative stress-related factors were examined using the commercial kits. Western blot was used to examine protein expression and immunofluorescence analysis was conducted to assess macrophages polarization and autophagy. The conditional medium from M2 macrophages was harvested and added to HFL-1 cells for culture to simulate the immune microenvironment around fibroblasts during pulmonary fibrosis. Subsequently, the loss- and gain-of function experiments were conducted to further confirm the molecular mechanism of OGG1/PINK1. RESULTS: In BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, OGG1 was upregulated while PINK1/Parkin was downregulated. Macrophages were activated and polarized to M2 phenotype. TH5487 administration effectively mitigated pulmonary fibrosis, M2 macrophage polarization, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction while promoted PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in lung tissues of BLM-induced mice, which was partly hindered by Mdivi-1. PINK1 overexpression restricted M2 macrophages-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy inactivation in lung fibroblast cells, and OGG1 knockdown could promote PINK1/Parkin expression and alleviate M2 macrophages-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in HFL-1 cells. CONCLUSION: OGG1 inhibition protects against pulmonary fibrosis, which is partly via activating PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and retarding M2 macrophage polarization, providing a therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.

Vinpocetine alleviated alveolar epithelial cells injury in experimental pulmonary fibrosis by targeting PPAR-γ/NLRP3/NF-κB and TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 pathways.

This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-fibrotic activity of vinpocetine in an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis by bleomycin and in the MRC-5 cell line. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in BALB/c mice by oropharyngeal aspiration of a single dose of bleomycin (5 mg/kg). The remaining induced animals received a daily dose of pirfenidone (as a standard anti-fibrotic drug) (300 mg/kg/PO) and vinpocetine (20 mg/kg/PO) on day 7 of the induction till the end of the experiment (day 21). The results of the experiment revealed that vinpocetine managed to alleviate the fibrotic endpoints by statistically improving (P ≤ 0.05) the weight index, histopathological score, reduced expression of fibrotic-related proteins in immune-stained lung sections, as well as fibrotic markers measured in serum samples. It also alleviated tissue levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators significantly elevated in bleomycin-only induced animals (P ≤ 0.05). Vinpocetine managed to express a remarkable attenuating effect in pulmonary fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro either directly by interfering with the classical TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway or indirectly by upregulating the expression of Nrf2 enhancing the antioxidant system, activating PPAR-γ and downregulating the NLRP3/NF-κB pathway making it a candidate for further clinical investigation in cases of pulmonary fibrosis.

YAP/TAZ activation mediates PQ-induced lung fibrosis by sustaining senescent pulmonary epithelial cells.

Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used herbicide and a common cause of poisoning that leads to pulmonary fibrosis with a high mortality rate. However, the underlying mechanisms of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis and whether pulmonary epithelial cell senescence is involved in the process remain elusive. In this study, PQ-induced pulmonary epithelial cell senescence and Hippo-YAP/TAZ activation were observed in both C57BL/6 mice and human epithelial cells. PQ-induced senescent pulmonary epithelial cells promoted lung fibroblast transformation through secreting senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. Yap/Taz knockdown in mice lungs significantly decreased the expression of downstream profibrotic protein Ctgf and senescent markers p16 and p21, and alleviated PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Interfering YAP/TAZ in senescent human pulmonary epithelial cells resulted in decreased expression of the anti-apoptosis protein survivin and elevated level of apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which the involvement of Hippo-YAP/TAZ activation in pulmonary epithelial cell senescence mediates the pathogenesis of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis, thereby offering novel insights and potential targets for the clinical management of PQ poisoning as well as providing the mechanistic insight of the involvement of Yap/Taz activation in cell senescence in pulmonary fibrosis and its related pulmonary disorders. The YIN YANG balance between cell senescence and apoptosis is important to maintain the homeostasis of the lung, the disruption of which will lead to disease.

BPA promotes lung fibrosis in mice by regulating autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in alveolar epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical that is commonly found in daily consumer products. BPA is reportedly associated with lung diseases. However, the impact of BPA on pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and its possible mechanisms of action both remain unclear. METHODS: A PF mouse model was induced by bleomycin (BLM). Mouse lung fibroblasts (MLG 2908) and mouse alveolar epithelial cells (MLE-12) were treated with BPA to establish a PF cell model. Tissue staining, CCK-8 assays, western blot experiments and relevant indicator kits were used to detect and evaluate the effect of BPA on PF. RESULTS: BPA dose-dependently promoted oxidative stress and induced ferroptosis, leading to PF. The ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 partly attenuated the effect of BPA. In addition, among the two main cell types associated with the progression of PF, MLE-12 cells are more sensitive to BPA than are MLG 2908 cells, and BPA induces ferroptosis in MLE-12 cells. Furthermore, BPA promoted autophagy-mediated ferroptosis by activating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby exacerbating the progression of PF. The autophagy inhibitor CQ1 partly attenuated the effect of BPA. CONCLUSION: BPA promotes the progression of PF by promoting autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in alveolar epithelial cells, which provides a new theoretical basis for understanding BPA-induced PF.

IQGAP1 Regulates Actin Polymerization and Contributes to Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis.

We previously found IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein (IQGAP1) to be consistently elevated in lung fibroblasts (LF) isolated from patients with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc)-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) and reported that IQGAP1 contributed to SSc by regulating expression and organization of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in LF. The aim of this study was to compare the development of ILD in the presence and absence of IQGAP1. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in IQGAP1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice by a single-intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. Two and three weeks later, mice were euthanized and investigated. We observed that the IQGAP1 KO mouse was characterized by a reduced rate of actin polymerization with reduced accumulation of actin in the lung compared to the WT mouse. After exposure to bleomycin, the IQGAP1 KO mouse demonstrated decreased contractile activity of LF, reduced expression of SMA, TGFß, and collagen, and lowered overall fibrosis scores compared to the WT mouse. The numbers of inflammatory cells and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue were not significantly different between IQGAP1 KO and WT mice. We conclude that IQGAP1 plays an important role in the development of lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin, and the absence of IQGAP1 reduces the contractile activity of lung fibroblast and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, IQGAP1 may be a potential target for novel anti-fibrotic therapies for lung fibrosis.

Abnormal mitochondrial iron metabolism damages alveolar type II epithelial cells involved in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Rationale: Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive lung disease with limited therapeutic options. We previously revealed that there is iron deposition in alveolar epithelial type II cell (AECII) in pulmonary fibrosis, which can be prevented by the iron chelator deferoxamine. However, iron in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria has two relatively independent roles and regulatory systems. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of mitochondrial iron deposition in AECII injury and pulmonary fibrosis, and to find potential therapeutic strategies. Methods: BLM-treated mice, MLE-12 cells, and primary AECII were employed to establish the mouse pulmonary fibrosis model and epithelial cells injury model, respectively. Mitochondrial transplantation, siRNA and plasmid transfection, western blotting (WB), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation (IP), MitoSOX staining, JC-1 staining, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurement, and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay were utilized to elucidate the role of mitochondrial iron deposition in cell and lung fibrosis and determine its mechanism. Results: This study showed that prominent mitochondrial iron deposition occurs within AECII in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model and in BLM-treated MLE-12 epithelial cells. Further, the study revealed that healthy mitochondria rescue BLM-damaged AECII mitochondrial iron deposition and cell damage loss. Mitoferrin-2 (MFRN2) is the main transporter that regulates mitochondrial iron metabolism by transferring cytosolic iron into mitochondria, which is upregulated in BLM-treated MLE-12 epithelial cells. Direct overexpression of MFRN2 causes mitochondrial iron deposition and cell damage. In this study, decreased ubiquitination of the ubiquitin ligase F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5 (FBXL5) degraded iron-reactive element-binding protein 2 (IREB2) and promoted MFRN2 expression as well as mitochondrial iron deposition in damaged AECII. Activation of the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype (EP4) receptor signaling pathway counteracted mitochondrial iron deposition by downregulating IREB2-MFRN2 signaling through upregulation of FBXL5. This intervention not only reduced mitochondrial iron content but also preserved mitochondrial function and protected against AECII damage after BLM treatment. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the unexplored roles, mechanisms, and regulatory approaches of abnormal mitochondrial iron metabolism of AECII in pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, this study deepens the understanding of the mechanisms underlying pulmonary fibrosis and offers a promising strategy for developing effective therapeutic interventions using the EP4 receptor activator.

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase prompts bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by driving macrophage M2 polarization in mice.

Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible, fatal interstitial lung disease lacking specific therapeutics. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) salvage biosynthesis pathway and a cytokine, has been previously reported as a biomarker for lung diseases; however, the role of NAMPT in pulmonary fibrosis has not been elucidated. Methods: We identified the NAMPT level changes in pulmonary fibrosis by analyzing public RNA-Seq databases, verified in collected clinical samples and mice pulmonary fibrosis model by Western blotting, qRT-PCR, ELISA and Immunohistochemical staining. We investigated the role and mechanism of NAMPT in lung fibrosis by using pharmacological inhibition on NAMPT and Nampt transgenic mice. In vivo macrophage depletion by clodronate liposomes and reinfusion of IL-4-induced M2 bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wild-type mice, combined with in vitro cell experiments, were performed to further validate the mechanism underlying NAMPT involving lung fibrosis. Results: We found that NAMPT increased in the lungs of patients with IPF and mice with bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. NAMPT inhibitor FK866 alleviated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice and significantly reduced NAMPT levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The lung single-cell RNA sequencing showed that NAMPT expression in monocytes/macrophages of IPF patients was much higher than in other lung cells. Knocking out NAMPT in mouse monocytes/macrophages (Namptfl/fl;Cx3cr1CreER) significantly alleviated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, decreased NAMPT levels in BALF, reduced the infiltration of M2 macrophages in the lungs and improved mice survival. Depleting monocytes/macrophages in Namptfl/fl;Cx3cr1CreER mice by clodronate liposomes and subsequent pulmonary reinfusion of IL-4-induced M2 BMDMs from wild-type mice, reversed the protective effect of monocyte/macrophage NAMPT-deletion on lung fibrosis. In vitro experiments confirmed that the mechanism of NAMPT engaged in pulmonary fibrosis is related to the released NAMPT by macrophages promoting M2 polarization in a non-enzyme-dependent manner by activating the STAT6 signal pathway. Conclusions: NAMPT prompts bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by driving macrophage M2 polarization in mice. Targeting the NAMPT of monocytes/macrophages is a promising strategy for treating pulmonary fibrosis.

Processing of angiocrine alarmin IL-1α in endothelial cells promotes lung and liver fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Fibrosis results from excessive scar formation after tissue injury. Injured cells release alarmins such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) α and ß as primary mediators initiating tissue repair. However, how alarmins from different cell types differentially regulate fibrosis remains to be explored. METHODS: Here, we used tissue specific knockout strategy to illustrate a unique contribution of endothelial cell-derived IL-1α to lung and liver fibrosis. The two fibrotic animal model triggered by bleomycin and CCl4 were used to study the effects of endothelial paracrine/angiocrine IL-1α in fibrotic progression. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were performed to explore the production of angiocrine IL-1α at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in vitro. RESULTS: We found that endothelial paracrine/angiocrine IL-1α primarily promotes lung and liver fibrosis during the early phase of organ repair. By contrast, myeloid cell-specific ablation of IL-1α in mice resulted in little influence on fibrosis, suggesting the specific pro-fibrotic role of IL-1α from endothelial cell but not macrophage. In vitro study revealed a coordinated regulation of IL-1α production in human primary endothelial cells at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Specifically, the transcription of IL-1α is regulated by RIPK1, and after caspase-8 (CASP8) cleaves the precursor form of IL-1α, its secretion is triggered by ion channel Pannexin 1 upon CASP8 cleavage. CONCLUSIONS: Endothelial cell-produced IL-1α plays a unique role in promoting organ fibrosis. Furthermore, the release of this angiocrine alarmin relies on a unique molecular mechanism involving RIPK1, CASP8, and ion channel Pannexin 1.

Bortezomib restrains M2 polarization and reduces CXCL16-associated CXCR6+CD4 T cell chemotaxis in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The development of pulmonary fibrosis involves a cascade of events, in which inflammation mediated by immune cells plays a pivotal role. Chemotherapeutic drugs have been shown to have dual effects on fibrosis, with bleomycin exacerbating pulmonary fibrosis and bortezomib alleviating tissue fibrotic processes. Understanding the intricate interplay between chemotherapeutic drugs, immune responses, and pulmonary fibrosis is likely to serve as the foundation for crafting tailored therapeutic strategies. METHODS: A model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was established, followed by treatment with bortezomib. Tissue samples were collected for analysis of immune cell subsets and functional assessment by flow cytometry and in vitro cell experiments. Additionally, multi-omics analysis was conducted to further elucidate the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors, as well as the characteristics of cell populations. RESULTS: Here, we observed that the expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 was elevated in the lung tissue of a pulmonary fibrosis model. In the context of pulmonary fibrosis or TGF-ß1 stimulation in vitro, macrophages exhibited an M2-polarized phenotype and secreted more CXCL16 than those of the control group. Moreover, flow cytometry revealed increased expression levels of CD69 and CXCR6 in pulmonary CD4 T cells during fibrosis progression. The administration of bortezomib alleviated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, accompanied by reduced ratio of M2-polarized macrophages and decreased accumulation of CD4 T cells expressing CXCR6. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide insights into the key immune players involved in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and offer preclinical evidence supporting the repurposing strategy and combination approaches to reduce lung fibrosis.

Urea cycle promotion via ammonia-upregulated CPS1 is involved in arsenite-induced pulmonary fibrosis through enhancing collagen synthesis.

Arsenic exposure is connected with lung toxicity and is related to lung fibrotic changes. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Various genetic mechanisms and environmental factors induce or exacerbate pulmonary fibrosis. Collagen synthesis induced by sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) is closely associated with IPF. Fibroblasts tend to fine-tune their metabolic networks to support their synthetic requirements in response to environmental stimuli. Alterations in metabolism have an influential role in the pathogenesis of IPF. However, it is unclear how arsenic affects the metabolism in IPF. The urea cycle (UC) is needed for collagen formation, which provides adequate levels of proline (Pro) for biosynthesis of collagen. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) converts the ammonia to carbamoyl phosphate, which controls the first reaction of the UC. We show that, in arsenite-exposed mice, high amounts of ammonia in the lung microenvironment promotes the expression levels of CPS1 and the Pro metabolism. Reduction of ammonia and CPS1 ablation inhibit collagen synthesis and ameliorate IPF phenotypes induced by arsenite. This work takes advantage of multi-omics data to enhance understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, the key molecules and the complicated cellular responses to this pollutant, which provide a target for the prevention of pulmonary fibrosis caused by arsenic.

Nano-enabled delivery of diosgenin and emodin ameliorates respirable silica dust-induced pulmonary fibrosis silicosis in rats.

Oxidative stress and inflammation play a fundamental role in the beginning and advancement of silicosis. Hence, questing active phytocompounds (APCs) with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties such as diosgenin (DG) and emodin (ED) can be a therapeutic intervention targeting silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Hydrophobicity and low bioavailability are the barriers that restrict the therapeutic efficacy of DG and ED against pulmonary defects. Encapsulating these APCs in polymeric nanoparticles can overcome this limitation. The present study has thus explored the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) individually loaded with DG (DGn) or ED (EDn) and in combine DG+ED [(DG+ED)n] in respirable silica dust (RSD)-induced pulmonary fibrosis silicosis rat model. Our study found that individual and combined NPs revealed physiochemical characteristics appropriate for IV administration with sustained-drug release purposes. Physiological evaluations of RSD-induced silicosis rats suggested that no treatment could improve the body weight. Still, they reduced the lung coefficient by maintaining lung moisture. Only (DG+ED)n significantly cleared free lung silica. All interventions were found to attribute the increased per cent cell viability in BALF, reduce cytotoxicity via minimizing LDH levels, and balance the oxidant-antioxidant status in silicotic rats. The expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, MCP-1, and TGF-ß1) were efficiently down-regulated with NPs interventions compared to pure (DG+ED) treatment. All drug treatments significantly declined, the 8-HdG and HYP productions indicate that RSD-induced oxidative DNA damage and collagen deposition were successfully repaired. Moreover, histopathological investigations proposed that individual or combined drugs NPs interventions could decrease the fibrosis and alveolitis grades in RSD-induced silicosis rats. However, (DG+ED)n intervention significantly inhibited pulmonary fibrosis and alveolitis compared to pure (DG+ED) treatment. In conclusion, the RSD can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in rats, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cytotoxicity to pulmonary cells and leading to silicosis development. The IV administration of combined NP suppressed lung inflammation and collagen formation by maintaining oxidant-antioxidant status and effectively interrupting the fibrosis-silicosis progression. These results may be attributed to the improved bioavailability of DG and ED through their combined nano-encapsulation-mediated targeted drug delivery.

Correlation between the dynamic changes of γδT cells, Th17 cells, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood and pharmacological interventions against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis progression in mice.

The involvement of γδT cells, Th17 cells, and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) is crucial in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), particularly in maintaining immune tolerance and homeostasis. However, the dynamics of these cells in relation to PF progression, especially under pharmacological interventions, remains poorly understood. This study aims to unravel the interplay between the dynamic changes of these cells and the effect of pharmacological agents in a mouse model of PF induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. We analyzed changes in lung histology, lung index, hydroxyproline levels, and the proportions of γδT cells, Th17 cells, and Tregs on the 3rd, 14th, and 28th days following treatment with Neferine, Isoliensinine, Pirfenidone, and Prednisolone. Our results demonstrate that these drugs can partially or dynamically reverse weight loss, decrease lung index and hydroxyproline levels, and ameliorate lung histopathological damage. Additionally, they significantly modulated the abnormal changes in γδT, Th17, and Treg cell proportions. Notably, on day 3, the proportion of γδT cells increased in the Neferine and Prednisolone groups but decreased in the Isoliensinine and Pirfenidone groups, while the proportion of Th17 cells decreased across all treated groups. On day 14, the Neferine group showed an increase in all three cell types, whereas the Pirfenidone group exhibited a decrease. In the Isoliensinine group, γδT and Th17 cells increased, and in the Prednisolone group, only Tregs increased. By day 28, an increase in Th17 cell proportion was observed in all treatment groups, with a decrease in γδT cells noted in the Neferine group. These shifts in cell proportions are consistent with the pathogenesis changes induced by these anti-PF drugs, suggesting a correlation between cellular dynamics and pharmacological interventions in PF progression. Our findings imply potential strategies for assessing the efficacy and timing of anti-PF treatments based on these cellular changes.

Sinomenine attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress by inhibiting TLR4/NLRP3/TGFß signaling.

OBJECTIVE: The present work concentrated on validating whether sinomenine alleviates bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. METHODS: A rat model of pulmonary fibrosis was constructed through intratracheal injection with 5 mg/kg BLM, and the effects of 30 mg/kg sinomenine on pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and 4-hydroxynonenal density were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, TUNEL staining, and immunohistochemistry. Hydroxyproline content and concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were detected using corresponding kits. MRC-5 cells were treated with 10 ng/ml PDGF, and the effects of 1 mM sinomenine on cell proliferation were assessed by EdU assays. The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and the protein levels of collagens, fibrosis markers, and key markers involved in the TLR4/NLRP3/TGFß signaling were tested with RT-qPCR and immunoblotting analysis. RESULTS: Sinomenine attenuated pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation while reducing hydroxyproline content and the protein expression of collagens and fibrosis markers in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis rats. Sinomenine reduced apoptosis in lung samples of BLM-challenged rats by increasing Bcl-2 and reducing Bax and cleaved caspase-3 protein expression. In addition, sinomenine alleviated inflammatory response and oxidative stress in rats with pulmonary fibrosis induced by BLM. Moreover, sinomenine inhibited the TLR4/NLRP3/TGFß signaling pathway in lung tissues of BLM-stimulated rats. Furthermore, TLR4 inhibitor, TAK-242, attenuated PDGF-induced fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in MRC-5 cells. CONCLUSION: Sinomenine attenuates BLM-caused pulmonary fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress by inhibiting the TLR4/NLRP3/TGFß signaling, indicating that sinomenine might become a therapeutic candidate to treat pulmonary fibrosis.

Simvastatin attenuates silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in rats via the AMPK-NOX pathway.

BACKGROUND: Simvastatin (Sim), a hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, has been widely used in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Studies have suggested that Sim exerts anti-fibrotic effects by interfering fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. This study was to determine whether Sim could alleviate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: The rat model of silicosis was established by the tracheal perfusion method and treated with Sim (5 or 10 mg/kg), AICAR (an AMPK agonist), and apocynin (a NOX inhibitor) for 28 days. Lung tissues were collected for further analyses including pathological histology, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and the AMPK-NOX pathway. RESULTS: Sim significantly reduced silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis at 28 days after administration. Sim could reduce the levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-ß1 in lung tissues. The expressions of hydroxyproline, α-SMA and vimentin were down-regulated, while E-cad was increased in Sim-treated rats. In addition, NOX4, p22pox, p40phox, p-p47phox/p47phox expressions and ROS levels were all increased, whereas p-AMPK/AMPK was decreased in silica-induced rats. Sim or AICAR treatment could notably reverse the decrease of AMPK activity and increase of NOX activity induced by silica. Apocynin treatment exhibited similar protective effects to Sim, including down-regulating of oxidative stress and inhibition of the EMT process and inflammatory reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Sim attenuates silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by downregulating EMT and oxidative stress through the AMPK-NOX pathway.

[Shenqi Chongcao Formula ameliorates inflammatory response in rats with pulmonary fibrosis by activating the ASS1/src/STAT3 signaling pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Shenqi Chongcao (SQCC) Formula on the ASS1/src/STAT3 signaling pathway in a rat model of lung fibrosis and explore its therapeutic mechanism. METHODS: A total of 120 male SD rats were divided equally into 5 groups, including a blank control group with saline treatment and 4 groups of rat models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. One day after modeling, the rat models were treated with daily gavage of 10 mL/kg saline, SQCC decoction (0.423 g/kg), pirfenidone (10 mL/kg), or intraperitoneal injection of arginine deiminase (ADI; 2.25 mg/kg, every 3 days) for 28 days. After the treatments, the lung tissues of the rats were collected for calculating the lung/body weight ratio, observing histopathology using HE and Masson staining, and analyzing the inflammatory cells in BALF using Giemsa staining. Serum chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) levels were measured with ELISA. The protein expressions of src, p-srcTry529, STAT3, and p-STAT3Try705 and the mRNA expressions of ASS1, src and STAT3 in the lung tissues were detected using Western blotting and RT-qPCR. RESULTS: The neutrophil, macrophage and lymphocyte counts and serum levels of CCL2 and TGF-ß1 were significantly lower in SQCC, pirfenidone and ADI treatment groups than in the model group at each time point of measurement (P < 0.05). P-srcTry529 and p-STAT3Try705 protein expression levels and ASS1, src, and STAT3 mRNA in the lung tissues were also significantly lower in the 3 treatment groups than in the model group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: SQCC Formula can alleviate lung fibrosis in rats possibly by activating the ASS1/src/STAT3 signaling pathway in the lung tissues.

Targeted inhibition of transforming growth factor-ß type I receptor by AZ12601011 improves paraquat poisoning-induced multiple organ fibrosis.

Paraquat (PQ) causes fatal poisoning that leads to systemic multiple organ fibrosis, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 plays a critical role in this process. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of AZ12601011 (a small molecular inhibitor of TGFßRI) on PQ-induced multiple organ fibrosis. We established a mouse model of PQ in vivo and used PQ-treated lung epithelial cell (A549) and renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in vitro. Haematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining revealed that AZ12601011 ameliorated pulmonary, hepatic, and renal fibrosis, consistent with the decrease in the levels of fibrotic indicators, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen-1, in the lungs and kidneys of PQ-treated mice. In vitro data showed that AZ12601011 suppressed the induction of α-SMA and collagen-1 in PQ-treated A549 cells and TECs. In addition, AZ12601011 inhibited the release of inflammatory factors, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α. Mechanistically, TGF-ß and TGFßRI levels were significantly upregulated in the lungs and kidneys of PQ-treated mice. Cellular thermal shift assay and western blotting revealed that AZ12601011 directly bound with TGFßRI and blocked the activation of Smad3 downstream. In conclusion, our findings revealed that AZ12601011 attenuated PQ-induced multiple organ fibrosis by blocking the TGF-ß/Smad3 signalling pathway, suggesting its potential for PQ poisoning treatment.

Loss of ZNF451 mediates fibroblast activation and promotes lung fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: No effective therapies for pulmonary fibrosis (PF) exist because of the unclear molecular pathogenesis and the lack of effective therapeutic targets. Zinc finger protein 451 (ZNF451), a transcriptional regulator, plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of several diseases. However, its expression pattern and function in PF remain unknown. This study was designed to investigate the role of ZNF451 in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. METHODS: GEO dataset analysis, RT‒PCR, and immunoblot assays were used to examine the expression of ZNF451 in PF; ZNF451 knockout mice and ZNF451-overexpressing lentivirus were used to determine the importance of ZNF451 in PF progression; and migration assays, immunofluorescence staining, and RNA-seq analysis were used for mechanistic studies. RESULTS: ZNF451 is downregulated and negatively associated with disease severity in PF. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, ZNF451 knockout mice exhibited much more serious PF changes. However, ZNF451 overexpression protects mice from BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mechanistically, ZNF451 downregulation triggers fibroblast activation by increasing the expression of PDGFB and subsequently activating PI3K/Akt signaling. CONCLUSION: These findings uncover a critical role of ZNF451 in PF progression and introduce a novel regulatory mechanism of ZNF451 in fibroblast activation. Our study suggests that ZNF451 serves as a potential therapeutic target for PF and that strategies aimed at increasing ZNF451 expression may be promising therapeutic approaches for PF.

Rising cases of drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis: Analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, 2000-2022.

PURPOSE: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a severe, progressive disease, which may be caused by exposure to certain medications. METHODS: We queried the U.S. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 2000 to 2022, using the search terms "pulmonary fibrosis" and "idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis" and excluded reports with patients under the age of 18 years, and patients with unknown sex or age. Reports were sorted by generic drug names, counted, and plotted over time using a best-fit trendline based on an exponential function. RESULTS: From 2000 to 2022, there were 24 095 935 adverse drug events reported in FAERS, of which 17 520 (0.07%) were reported as PF. After excluding reports containing patients with unknown age (5255, 30%), sex (122, 0.7%), and age below 18 years old (155, 0.9%), our study included 11 988 reports. The mean age of the study sample was 66.5 ± 13.1 years, and 6248 patients (52.1%) were male. Plotting the 11 988 reports by year revealed an exponential best fit line (R2 = 0.88) with a positive slope over time. The top five drug classes associated with PF were disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs, 39.4%), antineoplastic agents (26.4%), cardiovascular agents (12.6%), corticosteroids (4.6%), and immunosuppressive agents (4.0%). CONCLUSION: A 23-year analysis of the FAERS database revealed exponentially increasing adverse event reports of PF. Significant annual increases in reporting of PF suspected with DMARDs and antineoplastic agents were identified. Our study highlights important trends, which should be used to guide PF research related to drugs of potential importance.

Mimosa pudica L. extract ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis via modulation of MAPK signaling pathways and FOXO3 stabilization.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrosing pulmonary disorder that has a poor prognosis and high mortality. Although there has been extensive effort to introduce several new anti-fibrotic agents in the past decade, IPF remains an incurable disease. Mimosa pudica L., an indigenous Vietnamese plant, has been empirically used to treat respiratory disorders. Nevertheless, the therapeutic effects of M. pudica (MP) on lung fibrosis and the mechanisms underlying those effects remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study investigated the protective effect of a crude ethanol extract of the above-ground parts of MP against pulmonary fibrogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inflammatory responses triggered by TNFα in structural lung cells were examined in normal human lung fibroblasts and A549 alveolar epithelial cells using Western blot analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, and immunocytochemistry. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was examined via cell morphology observations, F-actin fluorescent staining, gene and protein expression measurements, and a wound-healing assay. Anti-fibrotic assays including collagen release, differentiation, and measurements of fibrosis-related gene and protein expression levels were performed on TGFß-stimulated human lung fibroblasts and lung fibroblasts derived from mice with fibrotic lungs. Finally, in vitro anti-fibrotic activities were validated using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. RESULTS: MP alleviated the inflammatory responses of A549 alveolar epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts, as revealed by inhibition of TNFα-induced chemotactic cytokine and chemokine expression, along with inactivation of the MAPK and NFκB signalling pathways. MP also partially reversed the TGFß-promoted EMT via downregulation of mesenchymal markers in A549 cells. Importantly, MP decreased the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes/proteins including collagen I, fibronectin, and αSMA; moreover, it suppressed collagen secretion and prevented myofibroblast differentiation in lung fibroblasts. These effects were mediated by FOXO3 stabilization through suppression of TGFß-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. MP consistently protected mice from the onset and progression of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSION: This study explored the multifaceted roles of MP in counteracting the pathobiological processes of lung fibrosis. The results suggest that further evaluation of MP could yield candidate therapies for IPF.