Resistencia a los inhibidores de la integrasa en niños con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana por transmisión vertical: primeros casos en Uruguay / Resistance to integrase inhibitors in children with vertically-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus: First cases in Uruguay

La resistencia a los antirretrovirales (ARV) es un problema de salud pública. Con el uso de inhibidores de la integrasa (INSTI) en pediatría, también comienzan a aparecer resistencias. El objetivo de esta comunicación es describir 3 casos con resistencia a los INSTI. Se describen 3 pacientes pediátricos con transmisión vertical del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Iniciaron ARV de lactantes y preescolares, con mala adherencia al tratamiento, cursaron con diferentes planes secundarios a comorbilidades asociadas y fallas virológicas por resistencia. Los 3 casos clínicos describen la rápida aparición de resistencia frente a la falla virológica y el compromiso de los INSTI. La adherencia debe ser supervisada para detectar precozmente el aumento de la viremia. La falla virológica en un paciente tratado con raltegravir obliga a un rápido cambio de esquema ARV, ya que continuar utilizándolo podría favorecer nuevas mutaciones y resistencia a los INSTI de segunda generación.

Antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance is a public health issue. Resistance has also been observed in the case of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) used in pediatrics. The objective of this article is to describe 3 cases of INSTI resistance. These are the cases of 3 children with vertically-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). They were started on ARVs as infants and preschoolers, with poor treatment adherence, and had different management plans due to associated comorbidities and virological failure due to resistance. In the 3 cases, resistance developed rapidly as a result of virological failure and INSTI involvement. Treatment adherence should be monitored so that any increase in viremia can be detected early. Virological failure in a patient treated with raltegravir forces to a rapid change in ARV therapy because its continued use may favor new mutations and resistance to second-generation INSTIs.

Resistance to integrase inhibitors in children with vertically-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus: First cases in Uruguay. / Resistencia a los inhibidores de la integrasa en niños con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana por transmisión vertical: primeros casos en Uruguay.

Antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance is a public health issue. Resistance has also been observed in the case of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) used in pediatrics. The objective of this article is to describe 3 cases of INSTI resistance. These are the cases of 3 children with vertically-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). They were started on ARVs as infants and preschoolers, with poor treatment adherence, and had different management plans due to associated comorbidities and virological failure due to resistance. In the 3 cases, resistance developed rapidly as a result of virological failure and INSTI involvement. Treatment adherence should be monitored so that any increase in viremia can be detected early. Virological failure in a patient treated with raltegravir forces to a rapid change in ARV therapy because its continued use may favor new mutations and resistance to second-generation INSTIs.

La resistencia a los antirretrovirales (ARV) es un problema de salud pública. Con el uso de inhibidores de la integrasa (INSTI) en pediatría, también comienzan a aparecer resistencias. El objetivo de esta comunicación es describir 3 casos con resistencia a los INSTI. Se describen 3 pacientes pediátricos con transmisión vertical del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Iniciaron ARV de lactantes y preescolares, con mala adherencia al tratamiento, cursaron con diferentes planes secundarios a comorbilidades asociadas y fallas virológicas por resistencia. Los 3 casos clínicos describen la rápida aparición de resistencia frente a la falla virológica y el compromiso de los INSTI. La adherencia debe ser supervisada para detectar precozmente el aumento de la viremia. La falla virológica en un paciente tratado con raltegravir obliga a un rápido cambio de esquema ARV, ya que continuar utilizándolo podría favorecer nuevas mutaciones y resistencia a los INSTI de segunda generación.

Long-term outcomes of highly experienced people with HIV undergoing salvage therapy with raltegravir.

Raltegravir and other third-line drugs have shown promise in improving outcomes in treatment-experienced patients. However, the efficacy and tolerability of these agents vary. This study assessed real-life virologic success, long-term survival, and adverse events in patients receiving raltegravir or other third-line drugs as salvage regimens. This retrospective cohort study included adults who experienced treatment failure (human immunodeficiency syndrome-1 RNA plasma viral load >1000 copies/mL) and subsequently initiated raltegravir or other third-line drugs (darunavir/ritonavir, maraviroc, or etravirine). Propensity score matching methods were employed to account for differences at the time of switching from failing antiretroviral therapy regimens. The matched subset was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Generalized Wilcoxon tests to evaluate the probability of achieving virologic suppression (plasma viral load <50 copies/mL). Mortality rates, toxicity, treatment interruption, virologic failure, and loss to follow-up were determined using Poisson regression. One hundred and sixty-eight patients initiating salvage regimens were included, with 123 receiving raltegravir and 45 other third-line drugs. Propensity score matching resulted in a subset of 90 patients, 45 in each group. During the follow-up period, there were no significant differences observed between the groups in terms of virologic suppression (77.8% vs 82.2%, P = .73), mortality rates (4.04 vs 6.18 persons per 100 person-years [p-y]; P = .67), drug toxicity (0.00 vs 2.06 persons per 100 p-y; P = .49), treatment interruption (8.07 vs 0.00 persons per 100 p-y; P = .06), virologic failure (2.02 vs 4.12 persons per 100 p-y; P = .61), and loss of follow-up (6.05 vs 4.12 persons per 100 p-y; P = .70). Our findings indicate comparable survival and virological success rates between raltegravir and other drugs used in salvage regimens. Similar rates of drug toxicity, treatment interruption, virologic failure, and loss of follow-up were also observed. These results suggest that raltegravir may be a viable option for salvage therapy, demonstrating outcomes comparable to other third-line drugs in real life.

Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Drugs in Older People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWHIV) has significantly improved in recent decades, mostly due to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Aging can affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs and, as a consequence, increase the risk of drug interactions and toxicity that may impact treatment. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the effect of aging on ARV pharmacokinetics. METHODS: Searches were performed in the BVS, EMBASE and PUBMED databases until November 2022. All studies available in English, Spanish and Portuguese investigating the pharmacokinetics of ARV approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2005 to 2020 were selected. Peer-reviewed publications were included if they met all criteria: adults (≥ 18 years of age) living with or without HIV; report any pharmacokinetic parameter or plasma concentration of at least one of the following ARVs: tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF); doravirine (DOR), rilpivirine (RIL) and etravirine (ETR); darunavir (DRV), tipranavir (TPV) and fostemsavir (FTR); dolutegravir (DTG), raltegravir (RAL), bictegravir (BIC) and elvitegravir (EVG); maraviroc (MVC); ibalizumab (IBA); cobicistat (COBI). Pharmacokinetic parameters were reported stratified per age group: young adults (aged 18-49 years) or older (age ≥ 50 years) and all studies were evaluated for quality. The review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number CRD42021236432). RESULTS: Among 97 studies included, 20 reported pharmacokinetic evaluation in older individuals (age ≥ 50 years). Twenty five percent of the articles were phase I randomized clinical trials with HIV-negative participants and non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis presenting the parameters area under the curve (AUC) and peak drug concentration (Cmax). Seven age-stratified studies evaluated BIC, ETR, DRV, DTG, DOR and RAL. We found publications with discordant results for ETR and DTG pharmacokinetics in different age groups. DRV exposure was highly variable but modestly increased in aging PLWHIV. In contrast, no influence of age on BIC, DOR and RAL exposure was observed. A variability in pharmacokinetic parameters could be observed for the other ARVs (TAF and MVC) in different age groups. CONCLUSION: Exposure to DRV increases modestly with age, while exposure to BIC, DOR and RAL appears to be unaffected by age. As the available evidence to confirm a potential effect of aging on ARV pharmacokinetics is limited, further studies are necessary.

Raltegravir 100 mg granulado para profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças com alto risco de exposição ao HIV / Raltegravir 100 mg granules for transmission prophylaxis vertical of HIV in children at high risk of exposure to HIV

INTRODUÇÃO: A transmissão materna ou transmissão vertical do HIV é um importante fator contribuinte para a pandemia do HIV. O vírus do HIV pode ser transmitido de uma mulher vivendo com HIV para seu bebê durante a gravidez, trabalho de parto ou parto, ou após o parto através da amamentação. Sem tratamento, a infecção pelo HIV em lactentes e crianças pequenas resulta em mortalidade precoce ou cria uma condição crônica vitalícia que aumenta muito a morbidade, reduz a expectativa de vida, impõe um grande fardo à criança e à família e contribui para perdas humanas, sociais e econômicas. PERGUNTA: O uso do medicamento raltegravir 100 mg granulado é eficaz e seguro para a profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças com alto risco de exposição ao HIV? EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Das 417 referências identificadas nas quatro bases científicas consultadas, apenas um estudo contribuiu para a análise do uso de raltegravir 100 mg granulado em crianças expostas ao HIV por transmissão vertical. Este estudo não foi realizado para mensurar a eficácia, contudo nenhum dos neonatos incluídos em qualquer uma das duas coortes foi diagnosticado com HIV. O raltegravir granulado foi bem tolerado e apenas um evento adverso encontrado foi possivelmente associado a ele. O estudo demonstrou que foi possível formular um regime de raltegravir granulado que pode ser administrado de maneira segura em neonatos expostos ao HIV: 1,5 mg/kg diariamente até o sétimo dia de vida; 3 mg/kg duas vezes ao dia de oito a 28 dias de vida; e 6 mg/kg duas vezes ao dia de quatro a seis semanas de vida. No entanto, considerando as características dos participantes incluídos no estudo, o raltegravir granulado não é recomendado para prematuros ou para recém-nascidos com menos de 2 kg. De acordo com o sistema GRADE, a qualidade da evidência foi considerada muito baixa para os desfechos segurança e tolerabilidade. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: Foi construído um modelo de árvore de decisão do raltegravir 100 mg granulado (RAL) comparado à nevirapina (NVP), para profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV em recém-nascidos de alto risco, com idade gestacional igual ou maior a 37 semanas. A perspectiva adotada foi a do SUS e o horizonte temporal foi de quatro semanas (tempo de duração da profilaxia). O custo incremental da profilaxia com raltegravir foi de R$ 1.088,62. Considerando os parâmetros utilizados, principalmente a maior resistência encontrada à nevirapina, a profilaxia com raltegravir se apresentou como mais efetiva e a razão de custo-efetividade incremental (ICER) resultou em R$ 6.538,26 por caso evitado de infecção pelo HIV em neonato no cenário base. Os resultados de benefício monetário líquido (NMB) encontrados foram de R$ 32.824,68 para raltegravir e R$ 27.930,00 para a nevirapina. ANÁLISE DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: Foi realizada análise do impacto orçamentário com a simulação da incorporação do esquema contendo raltegravir 100 mg granulado, na perspectiva do SUS, considerado um horizonte temporal de 5 anos, comparado ao esquema contendo nevirapina 10 mg/ml para a profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças com alto risco de exposição ao HIV. Considerando um market share de 100% logo no primeiro ano de incorporação, o gasto total estimado para a compra do medicamento raltegravir 100 mg granulado em um horizonte temporal de 5 anos seria de R$ 6.028.223,73. Foi estimado que o uso do novo esquema de profilaxia contendo raltegravir 100 mg granulado em substituição ao esquema anterior contendo nevirapina, resultará em um impacto orçamentário incremental total de R$ 6.098.699,79 em 5 anos. RECOMENDAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS: Foram consultadas as agências internacionais de ATS National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) e Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) sobre o raltegravir granulado de 100 mg. Contudo, não foram encontrados documentos para a apresentação de interesse. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: No horizonte considerado nesta análise, não foram detectadas tecnologias potenciais para profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças com alto risco de exposição ao vírus. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Os dados disponíveis até o momento sobre o uso de raltegravir 100 mg granulado na profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças expostas de alto risco são provenientes de ensaio clínico de fase 1, não comparativo, sem grupo controle, que demonstrou que o raltegravir granulado foi bem tolerado e que pode ser administrado de maneira segura em neonatos expostos ao HIV. Por outro lado, este estudo não foi realizado para mensurar a eficácia. Na avaliação econômica, a profilaxia com raltegravir se apresentou mais efetiva e a ICER resultou em R$ 6.538,26 por caso evitado de infecção pelo HIV em neonato no cenário base. Os resultados de benefício monetário líquido encontrados foram de R$ 32.824,68 para raltegravir e R$ 27.930,00 para a nevirapina. Já a análise do impacto orçamentário, considerando um market share de 100% no primeiro ano de incorporação, apontou que o gasto total estimado para a compra do medicamento raltegravir 100 mg granulado em um horizonte temporal de 5 anos seria de R$ 6.028.223,73. Foi estimado que o uso do novo esquema de profilaxia contendo raltegravir 100 mg granulado, em substituição ao esquema anterior contendo nevirapina, resultará em um impacto orçamentário incremental total de R$ 6.098.699,79 em 5 anos. PERSPECTIVA DO PACIENTE: Foi aberta chamada pública nº 06/2023, no período entre 13/02/2023 e 26/02/2023, para interessados em participar da Perspectiva do Paciente para este tema. Entretanto, não houve inscrições. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 116ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 15 de março de 2023, deliberou que a matéria fosse disponibilizada em Consulta Pública com recomendação preliminar favorável à incorporação de raltegravir 100 mg granulado para profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças com alto risco de exposição ao HIV no SUS. Os membros da Conitec consideraram que apesar da escassez de evidências disponíveis no momento, trata-se de uma população pouco estudada em ensaios clínicos e com uma necessidade de saúde relacionada à alta resistência que atualmente se tem com o uso da alternativa disponível no SUS, a nevirapina. Dessa forma, entendeuse que a incorporação da apresentação farmacêutica granulada do raltegravir seria apropriada para essa faixa etária dos pacientes atendidos no SUS. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Foi realizada entre 19/04/2023 e 08/05/2023 a Consulta Pública nº 12/2023. Foram recebidas três contribuições, todas concordantes com a recomendação preliminar, sendo uma técnico-científica e duas sobre experiência ou opinião. A única contribuição técnico-científica foi enviada por pessoa física e profissional de saúde. Foi anexado um documento elaborado pela Comissão de Farmácia e Terapêutica da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Minas Gerais, que sugeriu um período mais longo para implementação do protocolo de HIV nos estados e municípios, considerando a logística da distribuição e dispensação do novo medicamento. Não foram recebidas informações adicionais sobre evidências clínicas, avaliação econômica e impacto orçamentário. As duas contribuições de experiência e opinião foram enviadas por pessoas físicas, sendo uma de familiar, amigo ou cuidador de paciente e a outra de profissional de saúde, sem nenhum documento anexado. Citou-se os seguintes potenciais benefícios com raltegravir granulado: melhor profilaxia para recém-nascidos de alto risco; maior facilidade de administração; maior barreira genética; apresentação farmacêutica que melhora a adesão ao tratamento. Por fim, considerou-se que as contribuições recebidas na CP estiveram alinhadas com a recomendação preliminar da Conitec, não justificando mudança de entendimento sobre o tema. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL DA CONITEC: Os membros do Comitê de Medicamentos presentes na 119ª Reunião Ordinária da Conitec, realizada no dia 31 de maio de 2023, deliberaram por unanimidade, recomendar a incorporação do raltegravir 100 mg granulado para profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças com alto risco de exposição ao HIV no SUS. Os membros mantiveram o entendimento que culminou na recomendação inicial sobre o tema. Assim, foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 828/2023. DECISÃO: Incorporar, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, o raltegravir 100 mg granulado para profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças com alto risco de exposição ao HIV, publicada no Diário Oficial da União nº 126, seção 1, página 118, em 5 de julho de 2023.

Effects of Initiating Raltegravir-Based Versus Efavirenz-Based Antiretroviral Regimens During Pregnancy on Weight Changes and Perinatal Outcomes: NICHD P1081.

BACKGROUND: Integrase inhibitors have been associated with excess gestational weight gain that may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). This post hoc analysis of NICHD P1081 compared antepartum changes in weight and body mass index (BMI) in pregnant women initiating raltegravir- or efavirenz-based combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and examined associations between rates of weight gain and APOs. SETTING: NICHD P1081 enrolled antiretroviral-naive pregnant women living with HIV in the second and third trimester in Brazil, Tanzania, South Africa, Thailand, Argentina, and the United States. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-one women enrolled between 20 and 31 gestational weeks were randomized to raltegravir- or efavirenz-based cART and followed for ≥4 weeks. A low rate of weight gain was defined as <0.18 kg/wk and high as >0.59 kg/wk. We compared weight gain and BMI increase between treatment arms using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between weight gain and APOs. RESULTS: Raltegravir-based cART was associated with significantly higher antepartum weight gain (median 0.36 kg/wk versus 0.29 kg/wk, P = 0.01) and BMI increase (median 0.14 kg/m 2 /wk versus 0.11 kg/m 2 /wk, P = 0.01) compared with efavirenz-based treatment. Women on raltegravir had less low weight gain (18% versus 36%) and more high weight gain (21% versus 12%) ( P = 0.001). Women with low weight gain were more likely than those with normal weight gain to have small for gestational age infants or a composite of APOs. CONCLUSIONS: A raltegravir-based antiretroviral regimen was associated with significantly higher antepartum rate of weight gain and BMI increase compared with efavirenz-based treatment in antiretroviral-naive pregnant women.

HIV-1 subtype F integrase polymorphisms external to the catalytic core domain contribute to severe loss of replication capacity in context of the integrase inhibitor resistance mutation Q148H.

BACKGROUND: In prior studies, HIV-1 BF recombinants with subtype F integrases failed to develop resistance to raltegravir through the Q148H mutational pathway. We aimed to determine the role of subtype-specific polymorphisms in integrase on drug susceptibility, viral replication and integration. METHODS: Integrase sequences were retrieved from the Los Alamos Database or obtained from the Garrahan HIV cohort. HIV-1 infectious molecular clones with or without Q148H (+ G140S) resistance mutations were constructed using integrases of subtype B (NL4-3) or F1(BF) ARMA159 and URTR23. Integrase chimeras were generated by reciprocal exchanges of a 200 bp fragment spanning amino acids 85-150 of the catalytic core domain (CCD) of NL4-3-Q148H and either ARMA159-Q148H or URTR23-Q148H. Viral infections were quantified by p24 ELISA and Alu-gag integration PCR assay. RESULTS: At least 18 different polymorphisms distinguish subtype B from F1(BF) recombinant integrases. In phenotypic experiments, p24 at Day 15 post-infection was high (105-106 pg/mL) for WT and NL4-3-Q148H; by contrast, it was low (102-104 pg/mL) for both F1(BF)-Q148H + G140S viruses, and undetectable for the Q148H mutants. Compared with WT viruses, integrated DNA was reduced by 5-fold for NL4-3-Q148H (P = 0.05), 9-fold for URTR23-Q148H (P = 0.01) and 16000-fold for ARMA159-Q148H (P = 0.01). Reciprocal exchange between B and F1(BF) of an integrase CCD region failed to rescue the replicative defect of F1(BF) integrase mutants. CONCLUSIONS: The functional impairment of Q148H in the context of subtype F integrases from BF recombinants explains the lack of selection of this pathway in vivo. Non-B polymorphisms external to the integrase CCD may influence the pathway to integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance.

Standard dose raltegravir or efavirenz-based antiretroviral treatment for patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis (ANRS 12 300 Reflate TB 2): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: In patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis, antiretroviral therapy options are limited due to drug-drug interactions with rifampicin. A previous phase 2 trial indicated that raltegravir 400 mg twice a day or efavirenz 600 mg once a day might have similar virological efficacy in patients given rifampicin. In this phase 3 trial, we assessed the non-inferiority of raltegravir to efavirenz. METHODS: We did a multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, phase 3 trial at six sites in Côte d'Ivoire, Brazil, France, Mozambique, and Vietnam. We included antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive adults (aged ≥18 years) with confirmed HIV-1 infection and bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed tuberculosis who had initiated rifampicin-containing tuberculosis treatment within the past 8 weeks. Using computerised random numbers, we randomly assigned participants (1:1; stratified by country) to receive raltegravir 400 mg twice daily or efavirenz 600 mg once daily, both in combination with tenofovir and lamivudine. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with virological suppression at week 48 (defined as plasma HIV RNA concentration <50 copies per mL). The prespecified non-inferiority margin was 12%. The primary outcome was assessed in the intention-to-treat population, which included all randomly assigned patients (excluding two patients with HIV-2 infection and one patient with HIV-1 RNA concentration of <50 copies per mL at inclusion), and the on-treatment population, which included all patients in the intention-to-treat population who initiated treatment and were continuing allocated treatment at week 48, and patients who had discontinued allocated treatment due to death or virological failure. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of the assigned treatment regimen. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02273765. FINDINGS: Between Sept 28, 2015, and Jan 5, 2018, 460 participants were randomly assigned to raltegravir (n=230) or efavirenz (n=230), of whom 457 patients (230 patients in the raltegravir group; 227 patients in the efavirenz group) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis and 410 (206 patients in the raltegravir group; 204 patients in the efavirenz group) in the on-treatment analysis. At baseline, the median CD4 count was 103 cells per µL and median plasma HIV RNA concentration was 5·5 log10 copies per mL (IQR 5·0-5·8). 310 (68%) of 457 participants had bacteriologically-confirmed tuberculosis. In the intention-to-treat population, at week 48, 140 (61%) of 230 participants in the raltegravir group and 150 (66%) of 227 patients in the efavirenz had achieved virological suppression (between-group difference -5·2% [95% CI -14·0 to 3·6]), thus raltegravir did not meet the predefined criterion for non-inferiority. The most frequent adverse events were HIV-associated non-AIDS illnesses (eight [3%] of 229 patients in the raltegravir group; 21 [9%] of 230 patients in the efavirenz group) and AIDS-defining illnesses (ten [4%] patients in the raltegravir group; 13 [6%] patients in the efavirenz group). 58 (25%) of 229 patients in raltegravir group and 66 (29%) of 230 patients in the efavirenz group had grade 3 or 4 adverse events. 26 (6%) of 457 patients died during follow-up: 14 in the efavirenz group and 12 in the raltegravir group. INTERPRETATION: In patients with HIV given tuberculosis treatment, non-inferiority of raltegravir compared with efavirenz was not shown. Raltegravir was well tolerated and could be considered as an option, but only in selected patients. FUNDING: National French Agency for AIDS Research, Ministry of Health in Brazil, Merck. TRANSLATIONS: For the Portuguese and French translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Dual therapy with raltegravir plus a fixed dose combination of darunavir/ritonavir in people living with HIV in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: There are generic fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of ritonavir-boosted darunavir (DRV/r) available in Argentina. Experiences with these FDCs in dual therapy remain limited in clinical practice. We aimed to describe clinical and virologic outcomes in patients exposed to FDC DRV/r + raltegravir (RAL) 400 mg every 12 h in a real-life setting. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of electronic medical records of HIV-infected patients under FDC DRV/r + RAL in an HIV clinic in Argentina (2014-2018). Individuals were classified as "switch group" (SG, undetectable viral load [VL] with any toxicity/comorbidity) and "virologic group· (VG, detectable viremia and infection by multidrug-resistant HIV). RESULTS: Of 7,380 patients on ART, 116 (1.5%) received FDC DRV/r + RAL, being 58% in SG. Sixty percent received DRV/r 800/100 mg dose (rest, 600/100 mg). The median (IQR) age and CD4+ T-cell count were: 52 (42-58) years, and 373 cell/µL (202-642). Ninety-eight percent were ART-experienced with a median of 3 (IQR 2-5) prior treatments. Main reasons for switch (SG) were renal (57%), cardiovascular (54%) and bone (14%) comorbidities. Median exposure to DRV/r + RAL was 18 months. Among patients in SG, 98% and 96% had undetectable VL at 6 and 12 months; in the VG, 89% and 87% had undetectable VL at 6 and 12 months. No patient required suspension due to toxicity/ intolerance. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of mostly experienced HIV-infected patients, FDC DRV/r + RAL was effective and safe. Such therapy may be considered an option for patients with comorbid conditions and/or with multidrug-resistant HIV.

Raltegravir use and outcomes among children and adolescents living with HIV in the IeDEA global consortium.

INTRODUCTION: As integrase inhibitors become available in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), they offer the potential to expand extremely limited treatment options available to children and adolescents. In LMICs, only small numbers have used raltegravir, primarily as part of third-line regimens. Using data from the IeDEA global consortium, we aimed to describe the characteristics of children on raltegravir-containing regimens and their outcomes. METHODS: We included data from 1994 to 2017 from children (age <18 years), from East and Southern Africa, Asia and South America, who received cART regimens containing raltegravir for ≥90 days. We describe their characteristics at raltegravir start, and their immunological and virological outcomes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In total, 62 children were included, with median age at raltegravir initiation of 14.3 years (IQR 11.2 to 15.8) and median CD4 count of 276 cells/µL (IQR 68 to 494). Among 40 (65%) with drug resistance testing prior to raltegravir, 71% were resistant to at least one protease inhibitor (PI), and 32% had high-level resistance to at least one drug class. Most (n = 50; 81%) received raltegravir as part of third-line cART following PI-based regimens, and were on regimens containing four or more drugs (n = 47, 76%). By database closure, median duration on raltegravir was 2.0 years (IQR 0.8 to 3.0), 1 (1.6%) patient had died, 6 (9.7%) were lost to follow-up and 21 (34%) had discontinued raltegravir. Among 15 patients reporting reasons for stopping raltegravir, six discontinued because it was no longer available. Within one year of starting raltegravir, among 53 patients with VL measures, 40 (75%) had VL < 1000 copies/mL, and among 54 with a reported CD4 count, 45 (83%) and 36 (67%) were ≥350 and ≥500 cells/µL, respectively, with median CD4 count increasing to 517.5 cells/µL (IQR 288 to 810). CONCLUSIONS: Among children in LMICs, the initial use of raltegravir has been primarily for post PI-based cART. We found good virological and immunological outcomes despite frequent prior triple-class failure and high levels of drug resistance. Both access to raltegravir and long-term adherence to regimens with large pill-burdens remain challenging. Policies which promote earlier access to new drugs and simplify daily regimens for children and adolescents in LMICs are needed.

Impact of antiretroviral regimen on viral suppression among pregnant women living with HIV in Brazil.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load (VL) during pregnancy is a critical determinant of the risk of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Prior studies suggest that VL suppression is influenced by antiretroviral regimen. In this study, using secondary real-life data from the Ministry of Health of Brazil, we compared VL suppression at 60-180 days after the first antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescription during pregnancy and time to undetectable VL among pregnant women under treatment with double nucleoside/nucleotide regimens combined with efavirenz, boosted lopinavir, boosted atazanavir, or raltegravir, with adjustment for potential confounders in multivariable models. A total of 18,997 pregnant women living with HIV were included in the study. Compared to regimens containing lopinavir, we found that atazanavir-, efavirenz-, and raltegravir-based regimens were superior in achieving both outcomes after adjustment for age, social vulnerability index, time under ART, baseline CD4+ cell count, and baseline HIV VL. Raltegravir-containing regimens had the highest adjusted odds/rates of VL suppression compared to patients with other regimens. Elimination of HIV MTCT is still a critical public health issue in many countries. Our findings suggest that raltegravir-based regimens were superior when compared to efavirenz-, lopinavir-, and atazanavir-based antiretroviral regimens in achieving suppression of HIV VL.

Impact of genotypic diversity on selection of subtype-specific drug resistance profiles during raltegravir-based therapy in individuals infected with B and BF recombinant HIV-1 strains.

BACKGROUND: Current knowledge on HIV-1 resistance to integrase inhibitors (INIs) is based mostly on subtype B strains. This contrasts with the increasing use of INIs in low- and middle-income countries, where non-B subtypes predominate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping was performed in 30 HIV-1-infected individuals undergoing virological failure to raltegravir. Drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and HIV-1 subtype were characterized using Stanford HIVdb and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS: Of the 30 integrase (IN) sequences, 14 were characterized as subtype F (47%), 8 as subtype B (27%), 7 as BF recombinants (23%) and 1 as a putative CRF05_DF (3%). In 25 cases (83%), protease and reverse transcriptase (PR-RT) sequences from the same individuals confirmed the presence of different BF recombinants. Stanford HIVdb genotyping was concordant with phylogenetic inference in 70% of IN and 60% of PR-RT sequences. INI DRMs differed between B and F IN subtypes, with Q148K/R/H, G140S and E138K/A being more prevalent in subtype B (63% versus 0%, P = 0.0021; 50% versus 0%, P = 0.0096; and 50% versus 0%, P = 0.0096, respectively). These differences were independent of the time on raltegravir therapy or viral load at the time of genotyping. INI DRMs in subtype F IN genomes predicted a lower level of resistance to raltegravir and no cross-resistance to second-generation INIs. CONCLUSIONS: Alternative resistance pathways to raltegravir develop in subtypes B and F IN genomes, with implications for clinical practice. Evaluating the role of HIV-1 subtype in development and persistence of mutations that confer resistance to INIs will be important to improve algorithms for resistance testing and optimize the use of INIs.

HIV-1 acquired drug resistance to integrase inhibitors in a cohort of antiretroviral therapy multi-experienced Mexican patients failing to raltegravir: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In resource-limited settings, multi-experienced HIV infected patients are often prescribed raltegravir for salvage therapy. Patients failing raltegravir-containing regimens require other drugs including other integrase inhibitors. In this context, real-life data about the resistance and cross-resistance pathways between integrase inhibitors is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate integrase resistance pathways in a cohort of Mexican multi-experienced patients failing of a raltegravir-containing salvage regimen. METHODS: Twenty-five plasma samples from subjects failing antiretroviral regimens which included raltegravir were obtained from various healthcare centres from 2009 to 2017 in Mexico. Antiretroviral history and demographics were collected. Samples were processed for integrase resistance genotyping testing by sequencing. The viral sequences were analysed with the Stanford HIV drug resistance database algorithm. Data was analysed with SPSS Statistics software. RESULTS: We found a mean viral load of 4.17 log10 c/mL (SD 1.11) at the time of virologic failure. Forty-eight percent of the samples were raltegravir resistant. The Y143R/H/C substitutions were the most prevalent, followed by the N155H, and both Q148H/K and G140S/A in the same proportion. The Q148 + G140 combination was found in (12%) of the samples. Cross-resistance to elvitegravir was found in 83.3% and in 18.2% for both dolutegravir and bictegravir. Thirteen samples (52%) were susceptible to the four integrase strand-transfer inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a high occurrence of resistance and cross-resistance to other integrase inhibitors among multi-experienced subjects failing raltegravir. We found a modestly lower proportion of cross-resistance to dolutegravir than data from clinical trials. Likely this drug could be used for salvage therapy. Explanations for the absence of mutations in half of the samples, other than reduced adherence, should be further investigated. Close surveillance is needed.

Dolutegravir para o tratamento de pacientes coinfectados com HIV e tuberculose / Dolutegravir for the treatment of patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis

INTRODUÇÃO: o HIV é um retrovírus que infecta e se replica nos linfócitos e macrófagos humanos, resultando no enfraquecimento do sistema imunológico e por fim no aumento da susceptibilidade do doente a uma série de infecções oportunistas. Dentre os desafios para redução da mortalidade por HIV, a coinfecção HIV-TB se configura como uma importante condição clínica a ser tratada. A tuberculose é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade entre pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV), sendo que a chance de uma PVHIV ter tuberculose é de 16 a 27 vezes maior que uma pessoa sem HIV A coinfecção TB-HIV caracteriza o portador de HIV como sintomático e indica o início da Terapia Antirretroviral (TARV). O antirretroviral (ARV) dolutegravir (DTG) já está incorporado no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para o tratamento preferencial inicial e resgate terapêutico nos casos de falha à TARV e apresenta taxas superiores de supressão viral e menor risco de descontinuação de uso devido a eventos adversos. No entanto, a versão vigente do Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) para manejo da infecção pelo HIV em adultos contraindica o uso de DTG concomitantemente a rifampicina; atualmente é utilizado o raltegravir. PERGUNTA: o uso de dolutegravir 50 mg, em combinação com outros medicamentos antirretrovirais, é eficaz, seguro e custo-efetivo no tratamento de pacientes adultos coinfectados com HIV e tuberculose, quando comparado a raltegravir 400 mg? TECNOLOGIA: dolutegravir sódico 50 mg (Tivicay®). EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: foram identificados dois estudos a respeito do uso concomitante de dolutegravir 50 mg e rifampicina. Dooley e colaboradores (2013) verificaram os efeitos farmacocinéticos de dolutegravir em voluntários adultos saudáveis. Um outro estudo, fase III, multicêntrico, não comparativo, randomizado, aberto, denominado INSPIRING, avaliou a eficácia e segurança do uso concomitante de rifampicina e dolutegravir 50 mg, duas vezes ao dia ou efavirenz 600 mg, uma vez ao dia, para o tratamento de adultos virgens de tratamento antirretroviral que possuíam coinfecção HIV-TB. Ao final do estudo, Dooley e colaboradores (2019) concluíram que dolutegravir 50 mg, duas vezes ao dia, é bem tolerado, com eficácia virológica e de recuperação da contagem de LT-CD4+ equivalente ao efavirenz em adultos coinfectados HIV-TB, no uso concomitante de rifampicina. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: considerando a inexistência de estudos de comparação direta entre dolutegravir 50 mg e raltegravir 400 mg, para o tratamento de pacientes coinfectados HIV-TB, realizou-se uma análise de custo-minimização. Esta análise econômica demonstrou que o tratamento com dolutegravir 50 mg, duas vezes ao dia, possibilitaria uma economia de R$ 3.520,79, por paciente coinfectado HIV-TB. Assim, esta opção terapêutica se mostrou mais custo-efetiva do que o tratamento com raltegravir 400 mg. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: a análise de impacto orçamentário demonstrou que a substituição de raltegravir 400 mg por dolutegravir 50 mg, no tratamento de pacientes coinfectados HIV-TB, geraria uma economia de R$ 10.562.370,00 no primeiro ano (2020), que se manteria nos quatro anos seguintes. Assim, ao final de cinco anos (2020-2024) a economia acumulada seria de R$ 52.811.850,00 com dolutegravir 50 mg, duas vezes ao dia. Além disso, a análise de sensibilidade mostrou que mesmo com a variação dos parâmetros a adoção de dolutegravir 50 mg continuaria gerando uma importante economia para o SUS. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: diante da evidencia disponível, do fato do dolutegravir já ser adotado internacionalmente para o tratamento da coinfecção HIV-TB e da estimativa de economia de recursos, a recomendação favorável da Conitec permitirá atualizar o PCDT do manejo da infecção pelo HIV em adultos para considerar o novo regime terapêutico antirretroviral de pacientes coinfectados com HIV e tuberculose de pacientes, no âmbito do SUS. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR: o Plenário da Conitec, em sua 80ª reunião ordinária, no dia 08 de agosto de 2019, recomendou favoravelmente a ampliação de uso no SUS do dolutegravir 50 mg para o tratamento de pacientes coinfectados com HIV e tuberculose. Considerou-se que o uso de dolutegravir 50 mg na coinfecção HIV-TB, em dose dobrada, consta em bula do medicamento, é recomendado pela OMS e as evidências apresentadas reforçam sua utilização nessa população. Além disso, foi demonstrada uma importante economia de recursos e que o uso de dolutegravir, ao invés de raltegravir, representaria benefício quanto à barreira genética. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: foram recebidas 12 contribuições, sendo duas técnico-científicas e 10 sobre experiência ou opinião. Todas estas foram totalmente ou parcialmente favoráveis à recomendação inicial da Conitec. Os assuntos mais citados foram: aumento da qualidade de vida, eficácia virológica, comodidade posológica, ausência de efeitos colaterais, menor custo, maior adesão ao tratamento e continuidade do tratamento inicial. Em geral, as contribuições concordaram com a ampliação de uso de dolutegravir e não acrescentaram novas evidências. Assim, o plenário da Conitec manteve a recomendação inicial. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL DA CONITEC: os membros da Conitec presentes na 82ª reunião ordinária do plenário, no dia 09 de outubro de 2019, deliberaram, por unanimidade, recomendar a ampliação de uso, no SUS, do dolutegravir para o tratamento de pacientes coinfectados com HIV e tuberculose. Por fim, foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 478/2019. DECISÃO: Ampliar o uso de dolutegravir para o tratamento de pacientes coinfectados com HIV e turbeculose, conforme estabelecido pelo Ministério da saúde, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS. Dada pela Portaria nº 53, publicada no Diário Oficial da União nº 215, seção 1, página 195, em 06 de novembro de 2019.

Resistance to HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors in Argentina: first interim survey.

OBJECTIVE: No data on resistance to HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTIs) in Argentina are available as access to these drugs and to integrase genotypic resistance test is limited. We aimed to evaluate the clinical profile of patients who underwent an integrase genotypic resistance test, prevalence of InSTI resistance mutations and predicted efficacy of raltegravir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir in our country. METHODS: Retrospective multicentric pilot survey from January 2011 to November 2017 of InSTI-failing patients assisted at two private and one public healthcare institutions located in Buenos Aires city, Argentina. RESULTS: Sixty seven patients were included. Patients had a median of 5 (4-7) prior treatments. All patients had InSTI-containing regimens (median exposure of 22.5 months); 94% were under raltegravir therapy and 71.9% had InSTI-resistance mutations. Predominant major mutations were N155H (35.1%), Q148H/R (15.8%) and G140A/S (14%). Considering Stanford HIVdb program, extremely low and identical activity of raltegravir and elvitegravir was described while dolutegravir remained either partially or fully active in 97.7% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Integrase resistance test was prescribed almost exclusively in heavily pretrated raltegravir-exposed patients. The three main mutational pathways were described, with a predominance of N155H. Despite almost null susceptibility and extensive cross resistance was shown among raltegravir and elvitegravir, dolutegravir remains active in the majority of patients.

Raltegravir 1200 mg Once Daily vs 400 mg Twice Daily, With Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, for Previously Untreated HIV-1 Infection: Week 96 Results From ONCEMRK, a Randomized, Double-Blind, Noninferiority Trial.

BACKGROUND: Raltegravir 1200mg (2×600mg tablets) once daily (QD) demonstrated noninferior efficacy and similar safety to raltegravir 400mg twice daily (BID) at week 48 of the ONCEMRK trial. Here, we report the week 96 results from this study. METHODS: ONCEMRK is a phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, noninferiority trial comparing raltegravir 1200mg QD with raltegravir 400mg BID in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults. Participants were assigned (2:1) to raltegravir 2×600mg QD or 400mg BID, both with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) for 96 weeks. Randomization was stratified by screening HIV-1 RNA and hepatitis B/C status. Efficacy was assessed as the proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA <40 copies per milliliter (Food and Drug Administration Snapshot approach); the noninferiority margin was 10 percentage points. RESULTS: Of the 797 participants who received study therapy (84.6% were men, 59.3% were white, and mean age was 35.9 years), 694 completed 96 weeks of treatment (87.6% QD; 84.4% BID), with few discontinuations because of lack of efficacy (1.1% for both groups) or adverse events (1.3% QD; 2.3% BID). At week 96, 81.5% (433/531) of QD recipients and 80.1% (213/266) of BID recipients achieved HIV-1 RNA <40 copies per milliliter (difference 1.4%, 95% confidence interval: -4.4 to 7.3). CD4 T-cell counts increased >260 cells/mm from baseline in both groups. Resistance to raltegravir was infrequent, occurring in 0.8% of each treatment group through week 96. Adverse event rates were similar for the 2 regimens. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-1-infected treatment-naive adults receiving FTC/TDF, raltegravir 1200mg QD demonstrated noninferior efficacy to raltegravir 400mg BID that was durable to week 96, with a safety profile similar to raltegravir 400mg BID.

Raltegravir 1200 mg once daily versus raltegravir 400 mg twice daily, with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine, for previously untreated HIV-1 infection: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3, non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Once daily regimens are preferred for HIV-1 treatment, to facilitate adherence and improve quality of life. We compared a new once daily formulation of raltegravir to the currently marketed twice daily formulation. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3, non-inferiority study, we enrolled participants aged 18 years or older with HIV-1 RNA of 1000 or more copies per mL and no previous antiretroviral treatment at 139 sites worldwide. We randomly assigned participants (2:1) via an interactive voice and web response system to raltegravir 1200 mg (two 600 mg tablets) orally once daily or raltegravir 400 mg (one tablet) orally twice daily, each with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine orally once daily, for up to 96 weeks. A computer-generated allocation schedule stratified randomisation by screening HIV-1 RNA value and co-infection with hepatitis B or C. Participants, sponsor personnel, investigators, and study site personnel involved in the treatment or evaluation of the participants were unaware of the treatment group assignments. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA less than 40 copies per mL at week 48 assessed with the US Food and Drug Administration Snapshot algorithm. Non-inferiority was concluded if the lower bound of the two-sided 95% CI was greater than -10%. We assessed efficacy and safety in all participants who received one dose or more of study treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02131233. FINDINGS: Between May 26, 2014, and Dec 5, 2014, 802 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned, 533 to once daily treatment and 269 to twice daily; 797 received study therapy, 531 once daily and 266 twice daily. At week 48, 472 (89%) of 531 once daily recipients and 235 (88%) of 266 twice daily recipients achieved HIV-1 RNA less than 40 copies per mL (treatment difference 0·5%, 95% CI -4·2 to 5·2). Drug-related adverse events occurred in 130 (24%) of 531 participants in the once daily group (one of which was serious; none led to treatment discontinuation) and 68 (26%) of 266 participants in the twice daily group (two of which were serious; two led to treatment discontinuation). The most common drug-related adverse events were nausea (39 [7%] vs 18 [7%]), headache (16 [3%] vs 12 [5%]), and dizziness (12 [2%] vs eight [3%]). No treatment-related deaths were reported. INTERPRETATION: A once daily raltegravir 1200 mg regimen was non-inferior compared with raltegravir 400 mg twice daily for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. These results support the use of raltegravir 1200 mg once daily for first-line therapy. FUNDING: Merck & Co, Inc.

Raltegravir em primeira linha de tratamento de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids / Raltegravir in the first line of treatment for people living with HIV / AIDS

CONTEXTO: O raltegravir, assim como o dolutegravir, ambos inibidores da integrasse (enzima decodificada pelo HIV e com atividade catalítica necessária para a replicação do vírus HIV) já são incorporados ao SUS em terceira linha de tratamento das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids. Em setembro de 2016, após avaliação pela CONITEC, o uso do dolutegravir foi ampliado em esquemas de primeira linha no tratamento da infecção pelo HIV no SUS. Em outubro de 2016, o demandante entrou com pedido de ampliação de uso do raltegravir para primeira linha de tratamento da infecção por HIV. TECNOLOGIA: Raltegravir (ISENTRESS®). INDICAÇÃO: Terapia inicial das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids (primeira linha). PERGUNTA: O uso do raltegavir é eficaz, seguro e custo-efetivo em pacientes infectados com HIV-1 virgens de tratamento, quando comparado ao dolutegravir? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Na busca por evidências, foi encontrado um ensaio clínico randomizado, que avaliou a não inferioridade do dolutegravir em relação ao raltegravir, e uma metanálise em rede, cujo objetivo foi comparar a efetividade das terapias antirretrovirais para tratamento do HIV em pacientes virgens de tratamento antirretroviral. O ensaio clínico comprovou a nãoinferioridade do dolutegravir em relação ao raltegravir e a metanálise não mostrou diferenças de eficácia entre os dois medicamentos. Ambos os medicamentos apresentaram perfis de segurança e tolerabilidade similares. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: Considerando similares as eficácias dos dois medicamentos, o demandante fez uma análise de custo-minimização, comparando os custos de tratamento do raltegravir e do dolutegravir. Com o menor preço para o raltegravir proposto pelo demandante, o custo de tratamento com o raltegravir ficou menor que com dolutegravir. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: Considerando a incorporação do raltegravir em primeira linha de tratamento dos subgrupos de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids, crianças de 2 a 12 anos, gestantes e coinfectados com tuberculose, estima-se que o impacto orçamentário anual seria entre R$ 4.048.566,06 e R$ 4.591.878,06. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: O raltegravir pode ser uma opção terapêutica na primeira linha de tratamento das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids para os casos onde o dolutegravir não possa ser utilizado. RECOMENDAÇÃO DE CONITEC: Os membros da CONITEC deliberaram que o tema fosse submetido à consulta pública com recomendação preliminar favorável à incorporação do raltegravir como opção terapêutica da primeira linha de tratamento das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids, mediante Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Por meio da Consulta Pública nº 25/2017, realizada entre os dias 25 de maio e 15 de junho de 2017, foram recebidas 25 contribuições técnico-científicas e 15 contribuições de experiência ou opinião. Todas as contribuições foram concordantes, total ou parcialmente, quanto à recomendação inicial da CONITEC. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC deliberaram, por unanimidade, recomendar a incorporação do raltegravir como opção terapêutica da primeira linha de tratamento das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids, mediante Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas. Foi assinado o registro de deliberação nº 277/2017. DECISÃO: Foi publicada a Portaria nº 36, de 31 de agosto de 2017, que torna pública a decisão de incorporar o raltegravir como opção terapêutica da primeira linha de tratamento das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids, mediante Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS.(AU)

Facial botryomycosis-like pyoderma in an HIV-infected patient: remission after initiation of darunavir and raltegravir.

Botryomycosis is an uncommon, chronic, suppurative, bacterial infection that primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It has long been associated with defects of cellular immunity. We report a 28-year-old woman who presented with a chronic, ulcerated lesion with draining sinuses in the right malar region. Predisposing factors were HIV infection with poor immunological control, alcoholism, and a previous trauma to the right cheek. Several courses of antimicrobial therapy provided only partial and temporary remission. Complete clinical remission was only achieved 5 years later when a novel antiretroviral regimen composed of darunavir and raltegravir was initiated.