ABSTRACT
Objective: This study compared clinical and immunological responses to coinfection challenge of beef calves mucosally primed and differentially boosted with commercial combination vaccines containing antigens against bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine parainfluenza virus Type 3 (BPIV3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Animals: Nineteen commercial beef heifers. Procedure: At birth, calves were mucosally (IN) primed with modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines, differentially boosted by injection of either combination MLV (IN-MLV) or inactivated virus (IN-KV) vaccines at a mean age of 44 d, and then challenged by coinfection with BCoV, BPIV3, and BRSV at weaning. Results: Both groups were similarly protected from clinical disease and had anamnestic neutralizing antibody responses to all 3 viruses. The IN-KV group shed more BCoV, and less BPIV3 and BRSV, than the IN-MLV group. Conclusion: These data indicated similar clinical and immunological protection between IN-MLV and IN-KV; however, shed of virus varied. Clinical relevance: Whereas boosting with KV or MLV appeared to have similar efficacy, viral shed differences may affect disease control.
Efficacité comparative des vaccins vivants modifiés et inactivés pour stimuler les réponses au virus respiratoire syncytial bovin, au virus parainfluenza bovin de type 3 et au coronavirus bovin après amorçage via la muqueuse de veaux de boucherie nouveau-nés. Objectif: Cette étude a comparé les réponses cliniques et immunologiques à une co-infection de veaux de boucherie amorcés par voie muqueuse et différentiellement stimulés avec des vaccins combinés commerciaux contenant des antigènes contre le coronavirus bovin (BCoV), le virus parainfluenza bovin de type 3 (BPIV3) et le virus respiratoire syncytial bovin (BRSV). Animaux: Dix-neuf génisses de boucherie commerciales. Procédure: À la naissance, les veaux ont été vaccinés au niveau des muqueuses (IN) avec des vaccins à virus vivants modifiés (MLV), stimulés de manière différentielle par l'injection de vaccins combinés MLV (IN-MLV) ou de virus inactivés (IN-KV) à un âge moyen de 44 jours. puis provoqué par une co-infection avec BCoV, BPIV3 et BRSV au sevrage. Résultats: Les deux groupes étaient protégés de la même manière contre la maladie clinique et présentaient des réponses anamnestiques en anticorps neutralisants contre les 3 virus. Le groupe IN-KV a excrété plus de BCoV et moins de BPIV3 et de BRSV que le groupe IN-MLV. Conclusion: Ces données indiquent une protection clinique et immunologique similaire entre IN-MLV et IN-KV; cependant, l'excrétion du virus variait. Pertinence clinique: Alors que le rappel avec KV ou MLV semble avoir une efficacité similaire, les différences d'excrétion virale peuvent affecter la limitation de la maladie.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).
Subject(s)
Animals, Newborn , Cattle Diseases , Coronavirus, Bovine , Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Vaccines, Inactivated , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Cattle , Coronavirus, Bovine/immunology , Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Cattle Diseases/virology , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Female , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology , Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Animals, Newborn/immunology , Coronavirus Infections/veterinary , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Respirovirus Infections/veterinary , Respirovirus Infections/prevention & control , Respirovirus Infections/immunology , Immunization, Secondary/veterinaryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of primary or booster intranasal vaccination of beef steers on clinical protection and pathogen detection following simultaneous challenge with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine herpes virus 1. METHODS: 30 beef steers were randomly allocated to 3 different treatment groups starting at 2 months of age. Group A (n = 10) was administered a single dose of a parenteral modified-live vaccine and was moved to a separate pasture. Groups B (n = 10) and C (10) remained unvaccinated. At 6 months of age, all steers were weaned and transported. Subsequently, groups A and B received a single dose of an intranasal modified-live vaccine vaccine while group C remained unvaccinated. Group C was housed separately until challenge. Two days following vaccination, all steers were challenged with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine herpes virus 1 and housed in a single pen. Clinical and antibody response outcomes and the presence of nasal pathogens were evaluated. RESULTS: The odds of clinical disease were lower in group A compared with group C on day 7 postchallenge; however, antibody responses and pathogen detection were not significantly different between groups before and following viral challenge. All calves remained negative for Histophilus somni and Mycoplasma bovis; however, significantly greater loads of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were detected on day 7 postchallenge compared with day -2 prechallenge. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intranasal booster vaccination of beef steers at 6 months of age reduced clinical disease early after viral challenge. Weaning, transport, and viral infection promoted increased detection rates of M haemolytica and P multocida regardless of vaccination status.
Subject(s)
Administration, Intranasal , Coinfection , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine , Immunization, Secondary , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Animals , Cattle , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Male , Administration, Intranasal/veterinary , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology , Immunization, Secondary/veterinary , Coinfection/veterinary , Coinfection/prevention & control , Coinfection/microbiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis/prevention & control , Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis/immunology , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Cattle Diseases/microbiology , Cattle Diseases/virology , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Bacterial Shedding , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary , Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control , Random Allocation , Vaccination/veterinaryABSTRACT
Respiratory tract infections remain a major problem during calf rearing, especially among milk (formula)-fed veal. Preconditioning of calves through appropriate colostrum management and vaccination could be helpful to address this issue. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the presence of serum antibodies against major respiratory tract pathogens (bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3 virus, bovine coronavirus, Mycoplasmopsis bovis, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and Mannheimia haemolytica) and total serum IgG concentration in calves upon arrival at the veal facility were associated with the occurrence of clinical bovine respiratory disease (BRD) or lung consolidation in the first 3 wk, as assessed by both the Wisconsin BRD scorecard (based on 5 clinical signs: cough, rectal temperature, ear position, and nasal and ocular discharge) and by quick thoracic ultrasound scanning. Additionally, the association between calves' serostatus production parameters were explored. A prospective cohort study was conducted among 442 male dairy calves on a large veal calf facility in Belgium. Both clinical scoring and quick thoracic ultrasound scanning were performed on all calves at 4 key moments in the production cycle: arrival at the facility, initiation of first metaphylactic antimicrobial treatment at peak incidence of BRD (wk 1), end of the first metaphylactic treatment (short-term evaluation) and at wk 10 (long-term evaluation). Mixed effects logit regression models were fitted to quantify relationships. The outcomes of interest were clinical respiratory disease (Wisconsin BRD scorecard positive), lung consolidation (≥1 cm or ≥ 3 cm), average daily weight gain, and cold carcass weight. In the first week of production, incidence of lung consolidation (≥1 cm) quickly increased from 14.9% upon arrival to 43.0% at the peak of the BRD incidence, while clinical BRD increased from 3.6% to 16.1%. The main finding of this study was that calves who were seropositive for bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine coronavirus at arrival had reduced odds of developing lung consolidation at the peak of the outbreak, 0.58 odds ratio (95% CI: 0.38-0.89) and 0.37 odds ratio (95% CI: 0.20-0.69), respectively. No relationships between serum IgG concentration at arrival and the development of lung consolidations or clinical respiratory disease were found. Nevertheless, on average, throughout the first 10 wk of the fattening cycle, calves with failed transfer of passive immunity (serum IgG < 7.5 g/L) gained 40 g/d (95% CI: 10-70 g/d) less weight (average daily gain). Hence, ensuring that calves have a positive serostatus for these respiratory tract pathogens before entering the facility may help lower the incidence of lung consolidations, subsequently reducing treatment incidence and the adverse effects on primary economic outcomes.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Animals , Cattle , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Male , Prospective Studies , Respiratory Tract Diseases/veterinary , Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary , Coronavirus, BovineABSTRACT
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) affects both beef and dairy cattle, reaching morbidity and mortality rates of 60-80% and 20%, respectively. The aim of this study was to obtain a recombinant MVA expressing the BRSV F protein (MVA-F) as a vaccine against BRSV and to evaluate the immune response induced by MVA-F after systemic immunization in homologous and heterologous vaccination (MVA-F alone or combined with a subunit vaccine), and after intranasal immunization of mice. MVA-F administered by intraperitoneal route in a homologous scheme elicited levels of neutralizing antibodies similar to those obtained with inactivated BRSV as well as better levels of IFN-γ secretion. In addition, nasal administration of MVA-F elicited local and systemic immunity with a Th1 profile. This study suggests that MVA-F is a good candidate for further evaluations combining intranasal and intramuscular routes, in order to induce local and systemic immune responses, to improve the vaccine efficacy against BRSV infection.
Subject(s)
Administration, Intranasal , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Animals , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology , Mice , Female , Cattle , Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology , Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics , Viral Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage , Genetic Vectors , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Vaccinia virus/immunology , Vaccinia virus/genetics , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Immunity, Mucosal , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Immunization/methods , Vaccines, Subunit/immunology , Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosageABSTRACT
The high degree of commingling and accumulation of stressors during and after transport makes prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) extremely challenging in the veal and dairy beef industry. Upon arrival, vaccination for agents involved in BRD is practically most achievable, but its efficacy under such conditions in dairy veal calves is unknown. Given the high prevalence of subclinical pneumonia in these settings, the primary objective of the present study was to determine the effect of 2 vaccination protocols administered upon arrival against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (BPI-3), and Mannheimia haemolytica on clinical BRD and lung ultrasonographic findings in dairy veal calves. In addition, the effects of vaccination on average daily live weight gain and cold carcass weight were determined. In this randomized clinical trial, 443 male dairy calves were assigned to one of 3 groups: a negative, placebo-controlled group (n = 151), a vaccination group with 2 subcutaneous injections 4 wk apart with an inactivated vaccine containing BRSV, BPI-3, and M. haemolytica (parenteral [PE] group; n = 149) and a second vaccination group receiving an intranasal live-attenuated vaccine containing BRSV and BPI-3 and 2 subcutaneous vaccinations with the same inactivated vaccine as the PE vaccination group (intranasal-parenteral [IN-PE] group; n = 143). Clinical scoring and quick thoracic ultrasonography (qTUS) were performed on all calves on arrival (wk 0), at the peak of respiratory disease (outbreak; wk 1), at the end of the first antimicrobial group treatment (wk 3), and at a long-term evaluation point (wk 10). Culture and nanopore sequencing on nonendoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (nBAL) samples were used to identify pathogens involved in the outbreak. Upon arrival, 15.1% of the calves had lung consolidation ≥1cm and incidence quickly rose to 42.8% during the outbreak. In both the PE and IN-PE group, the odds of pneumonia in wk 10 were reduced by 62% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.23-0.64) and 41% (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.37-0.96), respectively. Short-term cure rate (50.3%), as determined immediately after the first group antimicrobial treatment, was not influenced by vaccination. In contrast, long-term cure rate, determined at wk 10, was affected by vaccination with higher cure in the PE group compared with the control group (69.4% vs. 51.2%; OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.1-5.0). Average daily gain in the first 10 wk of production was not affected by vaccination. Vaccination resulted in an increase in cold carcass weight of 3.5 and 4.3 kg in the PE (95% CI = -0.9-7.9) and IN-PE group (95% CI = -0.17-8.7), respectively. In conclusion, under the conditions of the present study, vaccination upon arrival resulted in a reduced prevalence of pneumonia at wk 10 of production, likely caused both by an improved cure rate of secondary infections and a reduced incidence of new cases between outbreak and long-term evaluation. The present protocol, using qTUS for pneumonia detection and nBAL diagnostics for pathogen identification adds a new dimension to randomized clinical trials on respiratory disease in calves.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Cattle Diseases , Pneumonia , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Animals , Cattle , Male , Cattle Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Vaccination/veterinary , Pneumonia/veterinary , Ultrasonography/veterinary , Vaccines, InactivatedABSTRACT
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of death in young children and there are no FDA approved vaccines. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is antigenically similar to HRSV, and the neonatal calf model is useful for evaluation of HRSV vaccines. Here, we determined the efficacy of a polyanhydride-based nanovaccine encapsulating the BRSV post-fusion F and G glycoproteins and CpG, delivered prime-boost via heterologous (intranasal/subcutaneous) or homologous (intranasal/intranasal) immunization in the calf model. We compared the performance of the nanovaccine regimens to a modified-live BRSV vaccine, and to non-vaccinated calves. Calves receiving nanovaccine via either prime-boost regimen exhibited clinical and virological protection compared to non-vaccinated calves. The heterologous nanovaccine regimen induced both virus-specific cellular immunity and mucosal IgA, and induced similar clinical, virological and pathological protection as the commercial modified-live vaccine. Principal component analysis identified BRSV-specific humoral and cellular responses as important correlates of protection. The BRSV-F/G CpG nanovaccine is a promising candidate vaccine to reduce RSV disease burden in humans and animals.
Subject(s)
Polyanhydrides , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human , Child , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Child, Preschool , Lung , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Vaccination , GTP-Binding ProteinsSubject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Respiratory Tract Infections , Vaccines , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Cattle , Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Antibodies, Viral , Vaccination/veterinaryABSTRACT
Although bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection has been reported in cattle in Argentina, it has not been associated with pneumonia in Argentina. We report here 5 cases of bovine pneumonia associated with BRSV. Autopsies were performed on 35 beef cattle with gross and/or microscopic lesions of pneumonia from 3 commercial feedlots. Lung samples in 5 of 35 animals were BRSV-positive by reverse-transcription nested PCR. The lungs of 2 of these 5 animals were coinfected with Mannheimia haemolytica, and 1 with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1. Microscopically, the lungs of 3 of the 5 BRSV PCR-positive animals had fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia, with or without pleuritis; 2 of the 5 had interstitial pneumonia. We conclude that BRSV is part of the bovine respiratory disease complex in Argentina.
Subject(s)
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex , Cattle Diseases , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Cattle , Animals , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/pathology , Argentina/epidemiology , Cattle Diseases/pathology , Lung/pathologyABSTRACT
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a pathogenic pneumovirus and a major cause of acute respiratory infections in calves. Although different vaccines are available against BRSV, their efficiency remains limited, and no efficient and large-scale treatment exists. Here, we developed a new reverse genetics system for BRSV expressing the red fluorescent protein mCherry, based on a field strain isolated from a sick calf in Sweden. Although this recombinant fluorescent virus replicated slightly less efficiently compared to the wild type virus, both viruses were shown to be sensitive to the natural steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine, which was previously shown to inhibit human RSV replication. Our data thus point to the potential of this recombinant fluorescent BRSV as a powerful tool in preclinical drug discovery to enable high throughput compound screening.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/metabolism , Antibodies, ViralABSTRACT
Although Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) is a significant cause of severe respiratory disease with high morbidity and mortality in pediatric and elderly populations worldwide there is no licensed vaccine. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) is a closely related orthopneumovirus with similar genome structure and high homology between structural and nonstructural proteins. Like HRSV in children, BRSV is highly prevalent in dairy and beef calves and known to be involved in the etiology of bovine respiratory disease, in addition to being considered an excellent model for HRSV. Commercial vaccines are currently available for BRSV, though improvements in efficacy are needed. The aims of this study were to identify CD4+ T cell epitopes present in the fusion glycoprotein of BRSV, an immunogenic surface glycoprotein that mediates membrane fusion and a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Overlapping peptides representing three regions of the BRSV F protein were used to stimulate autologous CD4+ T cells in ELISpot assays. T cell activation was observed only in cells from cattle with the DRB3*011:01 allele by peptides from AA249-296 of the BRSV F protein. Antigen presentation studies with C-terminal truncated peptides further defined the minimum peptide recognized by the DRB3*011:01 allele. Computationally predicted peptides presented by artificial antigen presenting cells further confirmed the amino acid sequence of a DRB3*011:01 restricted class II epitope on the BRSV F protein. These studies are the first to identify the minimum peptide length of a BoLA-DRB3 class II-restricted epitope in BRSV F protein.
Subject(s)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Child , Aged , T-Lymphocytes , Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte , CD4-Positive T-LymphocytesABSTRACT
Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) are associated with various predisposing factors, such as physical and physiological stress factors, and bacterial and viral pathogens. These stressors and viruses suppress immune defenses, leading to bacterial growth in the upper respiratory tract and invasion of pathogens into the lower respiratory tract. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the causative pathogens would contribute to the early detection of BRD. Nasal swabs and sera from 63 clinically healthy calves were continuously collected from seven farms in Iwate prefecture from 2019 to 2021. We attempted to monitor dynamics of BRD-associated pathogens by multiplex real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) using their nasal swab samples. In addition, we attempted to monitor fluctuation of antibody titers against each BRD-associated pathogen by virus neutralization test (VNT) using their sera. In contrast, nasal swabs from 89 calves infected with BRD were collected from 28 farms in Iwate prefecture from 2019 to 2021. We attempted to analyze their nasal swab samples by multiplex RT-qPCR aim to detect BRD-associated pathogens that are dominant in this region. As a result, our analyses using samples from clinically healthy calves showed that positive results by multiplex RT-qPCR were closely related to a significant increase of antibody titers by VNT in bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine torovirus (BToV), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). In addition, our data exhibited that BCoV, BToV, BRSV, bovine parainfluenza virus 3, and Mycoplasma bovis have been more frequently detected in calves infected with BRD compared to those detected in clinically healthy calves. Moreover, the data presented herein revealed co-infections by combination multiple viral pathogens with bacterial pathogens are closely involved in the onset of BRD. Taken together, our study demonstrates multiplex RT-qPCR which can simultaneously analyze multiple pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, and is useful for the early detection of BRD.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Coronavirus, Bovine , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Respiratory Tract Diseases , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Diseases/veterinary , Nose , TracheaABSTRACT
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) strains that were detected in Kagoshima prefecture and isolated in Hokkaido between 2017 and 2019, together with a BRSV vaccine strain, were subjected to full-genome sequencing. The BRSV strains identified in Japan were found to be genetically close to each other but distant from the vaccine strains. The deduced amino acids at positions 206 and 208 of the glycoprotein (G protein), which form one of the major epitopes of the recent Japanese BRSV strains, were different from those of the vaccine strains. Therefore, the recent Japanese BRSV strains might be antigenically different from the BRSV vaccine strains.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Animals , Cattle , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/genetics , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/genetics , Japan , Base Sequence , Antibodies, ViralABSTRACT
Commercial products containing immunoglobulin G (IgG) sourced from colostrum, milk, and/or serum may be used to supplement or replace maternal colostrum in newborn dairy calves. To determine if antibody specificities in bovine milk and serum IgG differ from colostrum IgG, we sampled serum, colostrum (1 to 2 hours post-partum), and milk (day 5 post-partum) from 24 dairy heifers or cows. Specific antibodies [IgG class (H&L)] to 8 common pathogens were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Immunoglobin G1 and IgG2 subclass-specific ELISAs were performed for 3 of these pathogens. Colostrum-derived IgG contained more specific antibodies to rotavirus [IgG (H&L) and IgG1] and to IgG (H&L) of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI3V), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli F5 (K99), and bovine coronavirus than milk IgG. Colostral IgG contained more antibodies to BRSV (IgG1), rotavirus (IgG1), and IgG (H&L) specific for BRSV, bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), BPI3V, E. coli F5 (K99), and Streptococcus uberis than serum IgG. Compared to serum, milk contained more IgG (H&L) antibody to BRSV, BHV-1, and BPI3V, IgG1-specific BRSV, and rotavirus. These data indicate that IgG derived from colostrum delivers more specific antibodies to these endemic pathogens of calves compared to IgG sourced from milk or serum. In addition, the IgG1 subclass predominates in milk and colostrum, and both deliver a similar spectrum of antibodies.
Les produits commerciaux contenant de l'immunoglobuline G (IgG) provenant du colostrum, du lait et/ou du sérum peuvent être utilisés pour compléter ou remplacer le colostrum maternel chez les veaux laitiers nouveau-nés. Pour déterminer si les spécificités des anticorps dans le lait de vache et les IgG sériques diffèrent des IgG du colostrum, nous avons prélevé du sérum, du colostrum (1 à 2 heures après le vêlage) et du lait (5 jours après le vêlage) de 24 génisses ou vaches laitières. Des anticorps spécifiques [classe IgG (H&L)] dirigés contre huit agents pathogènes courants ont été mesurés par dosages immuno-enzymatiques (ELISA). Des tests ELISA spécifiques aux sous-classes d'IG1 et d'IgG2 ont été effectués pour trois de ces agents pathogènes. Les IgG dérivées du colostrum contenaient plus d'anticorps spécifiques contre le rotavirus [IgG (H&L) et IgG1] et des IgG (H&L) contre le virus respiratoire syncytial bovin (BRSV), le virus parainfluenza bovin 3 (BPI3V), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli F5 (K99) et le coronavirus bovin que les IgG du lait. Les IgG du colostrum contenaient plus d'anticorps dirigés contre le BRSV (IgG1), le rotavirus (IgG1) et des IgG (H&L) spécifiques contre BRSV, l'herpèsvirus bovin-1 (BHV-1), le BPI3V, E. coli F5 (K99) et Streptococcus uberis que les IgG du sérum. Comparé au sérum, le lait contenait plus d'anticorps IgG (H&L) contre le BRSV, le BHV-1 et le BPI3V, des IgG1 spécifiques au BRSV et au rotavirus. Ces données indiquent que les IgG dérivées du colostrum fournissent des anticorps plus spécifiques contre ces agents pathogènes endémiques des veaux que les IgG provenant du lait ou du sérum. De plus, la sous-classe IgG1 prédomine dans le lait et le colostrum, et les deux fournissent un spectre similaire d'anticorps.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).
Subject(s)
Milk , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Pregnancy , Cattle , Animals , Female , Colostrum , Immunoglobulin G , Escherichia coli , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Animals, NewbornABSTRACT
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly, yet no safe, effective vaccine is commercially available. Closely related bovine RSV (BRSV) causes respiratory disease in young calves, with many similar features to those seen in HRSV. We previously showed that a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-vectored vaccine expressing the F glycoprotein of HRSV reduced viral loads in lungs of mice and cotton rats and protected from HRSV. However, clinical signs and pathogenesis of disease in laboratory animals following HRSV infection differs from that observed in human infants. Thus, we examined whether a similar vaccine would protect neonatal calves from BRSV infection. Codon-optimized rNDV vaccine (rNDV-BRSV Fopt) was constructed and administered to colostrum-deprived calves. The rNDV-BRSV Fopt vaccine was well-tolerated and there was no evidence of vaccine-enhanced disease in the upper airways or lungs of these calves compared to the non-vaccinated calves. We found two intranasal doses reduces severity of gross and microscopic lesions and decreases viral load in the lungs. Furthermore, serum neutralizing antibodies were generated in vaccinated calves. Finally, reduced lung CXC chemokine levels were observed in vaccinated calves after BRSV challenge. In summary, we have shown that rNDV-BRSV Fopt vaccine is safe in colostrum-deprived calves, and is effective in reducing lung lesions, and decreasing viral load in upper respiratory tract and lungs after challenge.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human , Female , Pregnancy , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Aged , Newcastle disease virus , Colostrum , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics , Antibodies, Viral , Cattle Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in cattle. Genomic sequencing can resolve phylogenetic relationships between virus populations, which can be used to infer transmission routes and potentially inform the design of biosecurity measures. Sequencing of short (<2000 nt) segments of the 15 000-nt BRSV genome has revealed geographic and temporal clustering of BRSV populations, but insufficient variation to distinguish viruses collected from herds infected close together in space and time. This study investigated the potential for whole-genome sequencing to reveal sufficient genomic variation for inferring transmission routes between herds. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data were generated from experimental infections and from natural outbreaks in Jämtland and Uppsala counties in Sweden. Sufficient depth of coverage for analysis of consensus and sub-consensus sequence diversity was obtained from 47 to 20 samples respectively. Few (range: 0-6 polymorphisms across the six experiments) consensus-level polymorphisms were observed along experimental transmissions. A much higher level of diversity (146 polymorphic sites) was found among the consensus sequences from the outbreak samples. The majority (144/146) of polymorphisms were between rather than within counties, suggesting that consensus whole-genome sequences show insufficient spatial resolution for inferring direct transmission routes, but might allow identification of outbreak sources at the regional scale. By contrast, within-sample diversity was generally higher in the experimental than the outbreak samples. Analyses to infer known (experimental) and suspected (outbreak) transmission links from within-sample diversity data were uninformative. In conclusion, analysis of the whole-genome sequence of BRSV from experimental samples discriminated between circulating isolates from distant areas, but insufficient diversity was observed between closely related isolates to aid local transmission route inference.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Cattle , Animals , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/genetics , Phylogeny , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Antibodies, ViralABSTRACT
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes a substantial lower-respiratory-tract disease burden in infants, constituting a global priority for vaccine development. We evaluated immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of a chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd)-based vaccine candidate, ChAd155-RSV, in a bovine RSV (bRSV) challenge model. This model closely reproduces the pathogenesis/clinical manifestations of severe pediatric RSV disease. In seronegative calves, ChAd155-RSV elicits robust neutralizing antibody responses against human RSV. Two doses protect calves from clinical symptoms/lung pathological changes, and reduce nasal/lung virus loads after both a short (4-week) and a long (16-week) interval between last immunization and subsequent bRSV challenge. The one-dose regimen confers near-complete or significant protection after short-term or long-term intervals before challenge, respectively. The presence of pre-existing bRSV-antibodies does not affect short-term efficacy of the two-dose regimen. Immunized calves present no clinical signs of enhanced respiratory disease. Collectively, this supports the development of ChAd155-RSV as an RSV vaccine candidate for infants.
Subject(s)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Antibodies, Viral , Cattle , Child , Humans , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinaryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To compare initial titers, duration, and residual clinical protection of passively transferred bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) nasal immunoglobulin (Ig) G-1 and IgA, and serum neutralizing (SN) antibodies. ANIMALS: 40 three-month-old beef steers born either to unvaccinated or vaccinated cows. PROCEDURES: During the last trimester of gestation, cows were assigned randomly to either vaccinated or unvaccinated groups. Calves were grouped on the basis of whether they nursed colostrum from unvaccinated dams (NO-VACC group; n = 20) versus dams vaccinated with 2 doses of an inactivated BRSV vaccine (VACC group; n = 20). At 3 months of age, calves were challenged with BRSV. Respiratory signs were scored. Nasal BRSV IgG-1 and IgA and SN antibodies were compared before and after the challenge. The presence of BRSV in nasal secretions was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR assays. RESULTS: Respiratory scores after BRSV challenge were similar between treatment groups. Nasal BRSV IgG-1 and SN antibodies were significantly greater in VACC calves at 48 hours of life; however, by 3 months of age, titers had decayed in both groups. Nasal BRSV IgA titers were minimal after colostrum intake and before the BRSV challenge, and increased in both groups after the challenge. The NO-VACC group had a significantly greater probability of shedding BRSV compared with VACC calves. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At 3 months of age, titers of passively transferred BRSV antibodies in VACC and NO-VACC calves had decayed to nonprotective levels. Calves born to vaccinated dams had a decreased probability of BRSV shedding; however, this was not related to differences in SN or nasal BRSV antibody titers.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Pregnancy , Female , Cattle , Animals , Colostrum , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Antibodies, Viral , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulin A , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinaryABSTRACT
Human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV and BRSV) are closely genetically related and cause respiratory disease in their respective host. Whereas HRSV vaccines are still under development, a multitude of BRSV vaccines are used to reduce clinical signs. To enable the design of vaccination protocols to entirely stop virus circulation, we aimed to investigate the duration, character and efficacy of the immune responses induced by natural infections. The systemic humoral immunity was monitored every two months during two years in 33 dairy cattle in different age cohorts following a natural BRSV outbreak, and again in selected individuals before and after a second outbreak, four years later. Local humoral and systemic cellular responses were also monitored, although less extensively. Based on clinical observations and economic losses linked to decreased milk production, the outbreaks were classified as moderate. Following the first outbreak, most but not all animals developed neutralising antibody responses, BRSV-specific IgG1, IgG2 and HRSV F- and HRSV N-reactive responses that lasted at least two years, and in some cases at least four years. In contrast, no systemic T cell responses were detected and only weak IgA responses were detected in some animals. Seronegative sentinels remained negative, inferring that no new infections occurred between the outbreaks. During the second outbreak, reinfections with clinical signs and virus shedding occurred, but the signs were milder, and the virus shedding was significantly lower than in naïve animals. Whereas the primary infection induced similar antibody titres against the prefusion and the post fusion form of the BRSV F protein, memory responses were significantly stronger against prefusion F. In conclusion, even if natural infections induce a long-lasting immunity, it would probably be necessary to boost memory responses between outbreaks, to stop the circulation of the virus and limit the potential role of previously infected adult cattle in the chain of BRSV transmission.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human , Adult , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Antibodies, Viral , Antibody Formation , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Child, Preschool , Humans , Immunoglobulin A , Immunoglobulin G , Longitudinal Studies , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection can enhance Histophilus somni (Hs) disease in calves; we thus hypothesized that modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines containing BRSV may alter Hs carriage. Our objective was to determine the effects of an intranasal (IN) trivalent (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus [IBRV], parainfluenza-3 virus [PI3V], and BRSV) respiratory vaccine with parenteral (PT) bivalent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type I + II vaccine, or a PT pentavalent (BVDV type I and II, IBRV, BRSV, and PI3V) respiratory vaccine, on health, growth, immunity, and nasal pathogen colonization in high-risk beef calves. Calves (n = 525) were received in five truckload blocks and stratified by body weight (213 ± 18.4 kg), sex, and presence of a pre-existing ear-tag. Pens were spatially arranged in sets of three within a block and randomly assigned to treatment with an empty pen between treatment groups consisting of: 1) no MLV respiratory vaccination (CON), 2) IN trivalent MLV respiratory vaccine with PT BVDV type I + II vaccine (INT), or 3) PT pentavalent, MLV respiratory vaccine (INJ). The pen was the experimental unit, with 15 pens/treatment and 11 to 12 calves/pen in this 70-d receiving study. Health, performance, and BRSV, Hs, Mycoplasma bovis (Mb), Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh), and Pasteurella multocida (Pm) level in nasal swabs via rtPCR was determined on days 0, 7, 14, and 28, and BRSV-specific serum neutralizing antibody titer, and serum IFN-γ concentration via ELISA, were evaluated on days 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Morbidity (P = 0.83), mortality (P = 0.68) and average daily gain (P ≥ 0.82) did not differ. Serum antibodies against BRSV increased with time (P < 0.01). There was a treatment × time interaction (P < 0.01) for Hs detection; on days 14 and 28, INT (21.1% and 57.1%) were more frequently (P < 0.01) Hs positive than CON (3.6% and 25.3%) or INJ (3.4 % and 8.4%). Also, INT had reduced (P = 0.03) cycle time of Hs positive samples on day 28. No difference (P ≥ 0.17) was found for IFN-γ concentration and Mb, Mh, or Pm detection. The proportion of Mh positive culture from lung specimens differed (P < 0.01); INT had fewer (0.0%; 0 of 9) Mh positive lungs than INJ (45.5%; 6 of 13) or CON (74.0%; 14 of 19). Vaccination of high-risk calves with MLV did not clearly impact health or growth during the receiving period. However, INT was associated with an altered upper respiratory microbial community in cattle resulting in increased detection and level of Hs.
Our objective was to determine the safety, efficiency, and effects on immunity and nasal shedding of respiratory pathogens for high-risk cattle administered an intranasal (IN), trivalent (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus [IBRV], parainfluenza-3 virus [PI3V], and bovine respiratory syncytial virus [BRSV]) respiratory vaccine with parenteral, bivalent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), or a parenteral, pentavalent (BVDV type I and II, IBRV, BRSV, and PI3V) respiratory vaccine, compared to an unvaccinated negative control. The results of this study indicate that modified-live virus (MLV) vaccination of high-risk calves upon arrival, either parenterally or intranasally, did not clearly impact health or growth during the feedlot receiving period. However, cattle that were intranasally vaccinated had increased carriage of Histophilus somni in the naris, greater amount of H. somni in nasal swabs indicated by reduced PCR cycle time, and less frequent culture of Mannheimia haemolytica from lung tissue samples upon necropsy. Therefore, intranasal administration of MLV vaccines may alter the microbial community and balance of opportunistic pathogens in the respiratory tract of cattle.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine , Mannheimia haemolytica , Pasteurella multocida , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Viral Vaccines , Cattle , Animals , Antibodies, Viral , Vaccines, Attenuated , Cattle Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin E supplementation on blood oxidative stress biomarker in weaned calves. Thirty clinically healthy 12 weeks of age Japanese Black calves were randomly assigned to two groups: 15 calves received 300 IU of vitamin E daily from 12 to 18 weeks of age (VE group), and the other 15 calves did not receive the vitamin E (control group). Blood samples were taken at 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 weeks of age. The concentration of serum reactive oxygen metabolites at 20 weeks of age were significantly lower in the VE group than those in the control group. Vitamin E supplementation to weaned calves might affect blood oxidative stress.