Allergic Rhinitis: A Review.

Importance: Allergic rhinitis affects an estimated 15% of the US population (approximately 50 million individuals) and is associated with the presence of asthma, eczema, chronic or recurrent sinusitis, cough, and both tension and migraine headaches. Observations: Allergic rhinitis occurs when disruption of the epithelial barrier allows allergens to penetrate the mucosal epithelium of nasal passages, inducing a T-helper type 2 inflammatory response and production of allergen-specific IgE. Allergic rhinitis typically presents with symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, postnasal drainage, sneezing, and itching of the eyes, nose, and throat. In an international study, the most common symptoms of allergic rhinitis were rhinorrhea (90.38%) and nasal congestion (94.23%). Patients with nonallergic rhinitis present primarily with nasal congestion and postnasal drainage frequently associated with sinus pressure, ear plugging, muffled sounds and pain, and eustachian tube dysfunction that is less responsive to nasal corticosteroids. Patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis typically have physical examination findings of edematous and pale turbinates. Patients with perennial allergic rhinitis typically have erythematous and inflamed turbinates with serous secretions that appear similar to other forms of chronic rhinitis at physical examination. Patients with nonallergic rhinitis have negative test results for specific IgE aeroallergens. Intermittent allergic rhinitis is defined as symptoms occurring less than 4 consecutive days/week or less than 4 consecutive weeks/year. Persistent allergic rhinitis is defined as symptoms occurring more often than 4 consecutive days/week and for more than 4 consecutive weeks/year. Patients with allergic rhinitis should avoid inciting allergens. In addition, first-line treatment for mild intermittent or mild persistent allergic rhinitis may include a second-generation H1 antihistamine (eg, cetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, loratadine) or an intranasal antihistamine (eg, azelastine, olopatadine), whereas patients with persistent moderate to severe allergic rhinitis should be treated initially with an intranasal corticosteroid (eg, fluticasone, triamcinolone, budesonide, mometasone) either alone or in combination with an intranasal antihistamine. In contrast, first-line therapy for patients with nonallergic rhinitis consists of an intranasal antihistamine as monotherapy or in combination with an intranasal corticosteroid. Conclusions and Relevance: Allergic rhinitis is associated with symptoms of nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching of the eyes, nose, and throat. Patients with allergic rhinitis should be instructed to avoid inciting allergens. Therapies include second-generation H1 antihistamines (eg, cetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, loratadine), intranasal antihistamines (eg, azelastine, olopatadine), and intranasal corticosteroids (eg, fluticasone, triamcinolone, budesonide, mometasone) and should be selected based on the severity and frequency of symptoms and patient preference.

Useful manifestations to detect adenovirus in children with upper respiratory infections: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Approximately 1 million adenovirus immunochromatography (IC) kits are annually used in Japan. However, no practical strategies have been developed regarding their use for detecting adenovirus. The present study aims to verify the usefulness of clinical manifestations in making decisions regarding the use of adenovirus IC kits for children with upper respiratory infections (URI). METHODS: The medical records of 825 pediatric cases tested by IC kits for adenovirus were extracted from clinical laboratory department database over a 3-year period at our hospital. Among them, 585 patients were suspected adenovirus URI, and their clinical manifestations were reviewed. After data cleaning, 10 types of clinical manifestations were statistically analyzed between adenovirus IC kit-positive and -negative groups. Multivariate analysis was performed to select significant clinical manifestations using adenovirus IC kit positivity as the objective variable. RESULTS: Among 585 pediatric patients, the cases of 420 patients, with suitable data for whom no other pathogen was detected, were reviewed. Adenovirus was detected in 86 cases. Multivariate analysis identified a significant difference for three clinical manifestations: (1) fever ≥ 39.0°C, (2) rhinorrhea, and (3) tonsillar exudate. The negativity rate for the IC kit was 90% when none of the three manifestations was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that IC kits for adenovirus tend to give negative results in cases that lack all the three above mentioned clinical manifestations.

OnabotulinumtoxinA injection towards the SPG for treating symptoms of refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this prospective, open, uncontrolled pilot study was to investigate the safety of administering onabotulinumtoxinA (BTA) towards the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) in 10 patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) using a novel injection tool, the MultiGuide®. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A one-month baseline period was followed by bilateral injections of 25 U BTA in the SPG and a follow-up of 12 weeks. The primary outcome was adverse events (AE), and the main efficacy outcome was a 50% reduction in visual analogue scale (VAS) symptoms for nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea in months 2 and 3 post-treatment compared to baseline. RESULTS: We registered 13 AEs, none of which were serious, however, one patient experienced diplopia which moderately affected his daily activities. The symptoms slowly improved and resolved 4 weeks after injection. Five patients were treatment responders with at least 50% median reduction in the nasal obstruction, and four were treatment responders concerning rhinorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Injection of BTA toward the SPG using the MultiGuide® in patients with CRSwNP appears to be safe but with a potential for moderately disabling side effects. The study indicates a beneficial effect on nasal obstruction.

The impact of surgical masks on the nasal function in the COVID-19 era.

BACKGROUND: The Covid-19 pandemics has obliged to using different types of personal protective devices (PPD) for a prolonged time of the day, especially in the Health Centers, with preference of surgical masks (SM) during the first pandemic waves. AIMS/OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the eventual changes of the nasal respiratory condition during continuous SM wearing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen healthcare professionals filled a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire for the detection of eventual nasal breathing impairment or symptoms. Nasal resistance and flow values were obtained via the active anterior rhinomanometry (AAR) that was performed under the basal condition, as well as immediately after wearing the surgical mask (SM) and 3 h after its continuous use. RESULTS: The increase of inspiratory resistance was significantly correlated to the reduction of the maximum flux, when comparing SM parameters to the basal ones (r = -0.70, p < .05). At VAS evaluation, SM wearing showed to induce itching in 70% of the subjects, nasal dryness in 55%, nasal blockage in 50%, headache in 39%, watery nasal discharge in 20% and sneezing in 18%. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: The SMs do not induce evident physiological variations of the nasal function due to a compensatory respiratory mechanism that, despite a progressive increase of nasal resistances, is not inducing significant changes of the nasal fluxes.

Alteration of Smell and Taste in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients in Sicily, Italy.

OBJECTIVES: Alteration of smell and taste has been reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The incidence and clinical-symptomatic manifestation of COVID-19 is different between northern and southern Italy. This study aims to evaluate the onset of alteration of smell and taste in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients in Sicily (extreme south of Italy). METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study was performed on asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from May 1 to May 15, 2020. A questionnaire was used for evaluating the prevalence of smell and taste disorders in COVID-19 patients before performing nasopharyngeal swab. RESULTS: Of the total 292 patients, 242 (83.2%) were negative for SARS-CoV-2 and 50 were positive (16.8%). Twenty-six of the 50 (52%) SARS-CoV-2 positive patients reported smell/taste disorders. Twenty-eight of the 50 (57.1%) SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were hospitalized (group A), and 22 (42.9%) were nonhospitalized (group B). The mean age in group A and group B was 45.4 ± 13.7 years and 57.0 ± 15.0, respectively (P = .007). The symptoms reported by hospitalized patients were fever (71.4%), cough (64.2%), fatigue (82.1%), and dyspnea (100%), while in nonhospitalized patients, the most reported symptoms were sore throat (72.7%), rhinorrhea (77.2%), and altered smell (81.8%). Anosmia/hyposmia reported in group A and group B was 28.5% and 81.8%, respectively (P = .001). CONCLUSION: These preliminary results indicate that the majority of SARS-Cov-2 positive patients in southern Italy did not require hospitalization and presented with milder symptoms or no symptoms and the alterations in smell and taste occurred.

Long-term outcome of concurrent coblator turbinoplasty with adenotonsillectomy in children with allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in children. Patients with AR tend to have more persistent symptoms after adenotonsillectomy (T&A). OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to evaluate the outcome of additional concurrent coblation-assisted turbinoplasty with adenotonsillectomy (T&A + T) in patients with AR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 104 children who underwent T&A, and 67 who underwent T&A + T. All patients were diagnosed as AR and were aged < 12 years at the time of surgery. Symptoms (snoring, mouth breathing, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, itching, and sneezing) were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively via a questionnaire and a telephone survey. RESULTS: None of the six symptoms investigated differed significantly between the two groups preoperatively, and all evaluated symptoms exhibited dramatic improvements after the surgery in both groups. The T&A + T group showed significantly greater difference of improvement in mouth breathing and nasal obstruction than T&A group. There were no significant difference of improvements in snoring, rhinorrhea, itching and sneezing postoperatively between two groups. In multiple regression analysis, postoperative obstructive symptoms including mouth breathing and nasal obstruction were significantly associated with concurrent turbinoplasty. CONCLUSION: Concurrent turbinoplasty should be considered especially in patients who have AR and adenotonsillar hypertrophy to improve obstructive symptoms.

The impact of nasal surgery on sleep quality.

OBJECTIVE: Nasal obstruction is considered to be one of the risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea, together with a high arched narrow palate, elongated uvula, malocclusion, and tongue and tonsil size. The impact of nasal obstruction on sleep apnea is controversial, however, and its relation to sleep quality is rarely discussed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the independent effect of nasal obstruction on sleep quality. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with nasal obstructive symptoms and without sleep apnea episodes were enrolled from September 2018 to August 2019, and compared before and after surgery with thirty-four patients who had benign diseases of the thyroid or parathyroid as a control group, to investigate effects of surgery. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-J). All cases were reassessed at three months after surgery. RESULTS: The postoperative PSQI scores in the nasal surgery group were significantly lower than the preoperative scores (p < 0.001). In contrast, there was no statistically significance difference between the pre- and postoperative PSQI scores in the neck surgery group. Difference of PSQI scores before and after surgery in the nasal surgery group was significantly higher than the neck surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: This double-arm study suggests that reduction of nasal disfunction with nasal surgery contributes significantly to sleep quality, in patients who may not have noticed their impaired quality of sleep previously because of their long-term nasal symptoms.

Neuro-ophthalmological consequences of acute influenza A encephalitis in a genetically predisposed child.

Acute necrotising encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare disease that corresponds to a rapidly progressive encephalopathy induced by a viral infection. It is frequently associated with a mutation on the RAN-binding protein 2 (RANBP2) gene-ANE1. We present a case of a 5-year-old boy with a clinical picture of influenza aggravated to an acute encephalopathy picture after the 3rd day. Complementary examinations came back positive for the influenza A virus, and MRI showed aspects compatible with ANE. He was treated accordingly with subsequent improvement of the clinical picture. During ambulatory follow-up, a mutation was detected on the RANBP2 gene and, at the ophthalmological level, bilateral peripheral constriction on the campimetry and a significant reduction of bilateral peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer was reported. Our case contributes to the enrichment of the neuro-ophthalmological literature and expands the spectrum of sequelae of this rare entity in the Caucasian population.

Respiratory Symptoms of Exposure to Substances in the Workplace among Bulgarian Dental Students: a Self-report Questionnaire Survey.

BACKGROUND: Dental students are at high risk of developing adverse respiratory reactions as a result of their practical work during their dentistry degree program when they come into contact with multiple airborne irritants and allergens. AIM: To estimate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms of exposure to substances in the workplace and associated risk factors in Bulgarian dental students. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms related to the pre-clinical and clinical training courses of the dentistry program was 12.4%. According to logistic regression analysis, the most important risk factors for work-related respiratory symptoms were a personal history of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (odds ratio (OR) 6.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.14-12.78), atopic dermatitis (OR 2.81, 95%CI: 1.26-6.26), and exposure to chemicals from dental environment for more than 6 hours a day (OR 3.60, 95%CI: 1.21-10.70). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that work-related respiratory symptoms are frequent among dental students and indicate the need for efforts to establish effective primary preventive programs for occupational respiratory disorders at national level.