Prevalence and clinico-pathology of PSOROPTIC mange in buffaloes of the Amazon region.

Scabies is an important skin disease in several species of domestic and wild animals; however, few reports in Brazil have emphasized its occurrence in buffaloes. This article describes the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects and diagnosis of psoroptic mange in buffaloes in a property in the municipality of Castanhal, PA, Amazon region. Of the 41 buffaloes examined, 38 males and females of the Murrah, Baio, Mediterranean and Carabao breeds and their crossbreeds, aged between 2 and 20 years, had a history of pruritus. Clinical examination was performed to map the lesions, skin scrapings were collected to identify the mites, and a biopsy was performed for histopathological examination. Clinical signs, from mild to severe intensity, varied according to the system of creation and handling of the animals and were more severe in buffaloes raised in bays than those raised under a collective regime (pastures and collective troughs). The characteristic clinical signs were intense itching, extensive areas of alopecia, periocular edema, and thickening of the epidermis with exudative crusts covering the face, chamfer, neck, scapular region, back, base of the horn, thoracic and pelvic limbs and chest. The behavior of rubbing the affected regions of the body against structures (troughs, fence posts, gates) or with the horns was frequently observed and provided relief from itching. In the most severe cases, mites were also noted in the crusts, which were identified as Psoroptes natalensis. Histological skin lesions exhibited alterations consistent with immune-mediated dermatitis, which is typical of hypersensitivity to mite-derived allergens.

Main mites associated with dermatopathies present in dogs and other members of the Canidae family.

Dermatological diseases of parasitic origin are one of the most frequent in the clinical practice of dogs and cats. Mites such as Sarcoptes scabiei, Otodectes cynotis, Demodex canis, and Cheyletiella spp., commonly affect domestic dogs. However, the impact generated by these mites on populations of wildlife animals and the mechanisms involved in their epidemiological dynamics are still not clear. In recent decades, the migration of populations and their interaction with domestic environments and vice versa have generated a worrying threat due to the transmission of some of these ectoparasites. Some reports have suggested that sarcoptic mange represents an emerging threat to wildlife. Given the outbreaks of greater magnitude and geographical extension. The objective of this review is to contribute to the state of the art of the main mites that cause dermatopathies in members of the Canis lupus familiaris family and other members of the Canidae family. For this, a systematic search was carried out in the Embase and PubMed databases. Infections caused by mites, mainly scabies, continue to be diseases with a worldwide distribution, affecting mammals and humans. Although they are long-standing diseases, the effects that are generated in wild canids are still unknown. A comprehensive evaluation is required to generate guidelines in favor of the conservation of some species of foxes and wolves present in different regions of the world.

A Tissue Digestion Protocol for Measuring Sarcoptes scabiei (Astigmata: Sarcoptidae) Density in Skin Biopsies.

Sarcoptic mange is a parasitic skin disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei that affects a diversity of mammals, including humans, worldwide. In North America, the most commonly affected wildlife includes wild canids, such as coyotes and red foxes, and more recently American black bears in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast United States. Currently, surveillance for sarcoptic mange in wildlife is syndromic, relying on detection of clinical signs and lesions, such as alopecia and crusting of skin. When possible, skin scrapes are used to identify the causative mite. While skin scrapes are a valuable diagnostic tool to identify mites, this approach has significant limitations when used for quantification of mite burden. To further investigate mite burden in cases of sarcoptic mange, 6-mm punch biopsies were collected from affected skin of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus [Carnivora: Canidae]), a species historically affected by sarcoptic mange, frequently with high mite burdens and severe skin disease, and validated on skin tissue from mange-affected American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas [Carnivora: Ursidae]) and coyotes (Canis latrans Say [Carnivora: Canidae]). Biopsies were digested by incubating the tissue in potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 55°C. The greatest tissue clearance and lowest mite degradation resulted after 12 h of tissue digestion. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a methodology for host tissue digestion and mite quantification in cases of sarcoptic mange. This method will provide a valuable surveillance and research tool to better understand sarcoptic mange in wild and domestic animals, with applications to a diversity of other ectoparasitic diseases.

Doramectin in the treatment of generalized demodicosis.

BACKGROUND: Generalized demodicosis is a common disease in dogs and doramectin has been reported as a successful treatment. Different treatment protocols using doramectin have not been previously evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether oral administration of doramectin twice a week is more effective than administration by subcutaneous injection once a week. ANIMALS: Twenty nine privately owned dogs affected with generalized demodicosis. METHODS: Dogs randomly received one of two treatments. Sixteen dogs were treated with 600 µg/kg doramectin by subcutaneous injection once a week and 13 dogs received 600 µg/kg doramectin by oral administration twice a week. RESULTS: The mean age of affected dogs was 2.8 and 2.6 years (P = 0.587) and the mean mite number detected at the initial evaluation was 201 and 287 (P = 0.04), respectively, for each group. The mean time to achieve negative skin scrapings was 13 and 12 weeks, respectively (P = 0.955). Adult-onset demodicosis affected five of 16 and two of 13 dogs, respectively (P = 0.662). The success rate for treatment was 13 of 16 (81%) of dogs receiving subcutaneous injections once a week and 12 of 13 (92%) dogs receiving oral dosaging twice a week. (P = 0.691). Four dogs did not achieve disease remission. In the 12 month follow-up period, one dog that had received the once a week protocol relapsed after eight weeks of treatment withdrawal. Adverse effects were not observed in any dog. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, oral administration of doramectin twice a week does not achieve a more rapid resolution of canine generalized demodicosis than administration by subcutaneous injection once a week. The treatment success rate was the same for both protocols.

Serie parasitosis en dermatología: escabiosis / Series parasitosis in dermatology: scabies

La escabiosis es una ectoparasitosis pruriginosa producida por el ácaro Sarcoptes scabiei, variedad hominis, específica del ser humano. Si bien su distribución es universal, con frecuencia es subdiagnosticada por asociarla únicamente a hacinamiento y malos hábitos de higiene. Se transmite por contacto directo con una persona afectada o a través de fómites, por lo que es muy común el contagio de los convivientes. Presentamos un caso de escabiosis en una paciente anciana evaluada por prurito generalizado. (AU)

Scabies is a human specific pruritic ectoparasitosis produced by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Although it has a worldwide distribution, it is often underdiagnosed because it is only associated with overcrowding and poor hygiene. It is transmitted by a direct contact with an affected person or through fomites. The transmission to cohabitants is very common. We present a case of scabies in an elderly patient with generalized pruritus. (AU)

[Animal mites transmissible to humans and associated zoonosis]. / Acarosis y zoonosis relacionadas.

Mites that affect animals (acariasis) can occasionally be transmitted to humans by incidental contact producing pruritus and dermatitis. Animals such as dogs, cats, mice, birds and reptiles, harbour several mite species. Hemophage mites and those that feed on lymph have the potential of transmitting important zoonotic agents (cuales??). The presence of lesions of unclear origin and a history of contact with pets or wild animals should alert towards the possibility of acariasis. Diagnosis is based on direct visualization of the mite,analysis of its morphology and obtaining information on the animal host. Awareness of these acarosis and the responsible care of pets and animals are the most relevant preventive measures.

Acarosis y zoonosis relacionadas / Animal mites transmissible to humans and associated zoonosis

Mites that affect animals (acariasis) can occasionally be transmitted to humans by incidental contact producing pruritus and dermatitis. Animals such as dogs, cats, mice, birds and reptiles, harbour several mite species. Hemophage mites and those that feed on lymph have the potential of transmitting important zoonotic agents (cuales??). The presence of lesions of unclear origin and a history of contact with pets or wild animals should alert towards the possibility of acariasis. Diagnosis is based on direct visualization of the mite,analysis of its morphology and obtaining information on the animal host. Awareness of these acarosis and the responsible care of pets and animals are the most relevant preventive measures.

Los ácaros de animales (acariasis) pueden transmitirse en forma accidental al hombre al estar en contacto con ellos, produciendo lesiones características (pápulas o vesículas) y ocasionando una dermatitis pruriginosa (acarosis). Existen diversas especies de ácaros, que se encuentran en perros, gatos, roedores, aves y reptiles. Los ácaros hematófagos o los que se alimentan de linfa tienen el potencial de transmitir importantes agentes zoonóticos. La presencia de lesiones sin una etiología clara y el antecedente de contacto con animales, tanto mascotas como animales silvestres, ayudan a plantear esta etiología. El diagnóstico se realiza con la visualización del acaro, morfología y tipo de hospedero animal. El conocimiento de estas acarosis y el control responsable de mascotas y animales, son las principales medidas de prevención.

Genetically distinct dog-derived and human-derived Sarcoptes scabiei in scabies-endemic communities in northern Australia.

Overcrowding is a significant factor contributing to endemic infection with Sarcoptes scabiei in human and animal populations. However, since scabies mites from different host species are indistinguishable morphologically, it is unclear whether people can be infected from scabies-infested animals. Molecular fingerprinting was done using three S. scabiei-specific single locus hypervariable microsatellite markers, with a combined total of 70 known alleles. Multilocus analysis of 712 scabies mites from human and dog hosts in Ohio, Panama and Aboriginal communities in northern Australia now shows that genotypes of dog-derived and human-derived scabies cluster by host species rather than by geographic location. Because of the apparent genetic separation between human scabies and dog scabies, control programs for human scabies in endemic areas do not require resources directed against zoonotic infection from dogs.

Escabiasis / Scabies

Se revisan los principales aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, inmunológicos, de diagnóstico y terapéuticos; se insiste en las manifestaciones clínicas que caracterizan al padecimiento y en las medidas terapéuticas necesarias para adecuado manejo y control de la escabiasis

Análisis de las poblaciones de sarcoptes scabiei (acaridida: sarcoptidae) en un paciente con escabiosis noruega de Costa Rica / Analysis of the sarcoptes scabiei (acaridida: sarcoptidae) populations in a case of norwegian scabies at Costa Rica

Se realizó un análisis de las poblaciones de ácaros sarcoptes scabiei (acaridida: sarcoptidae) presentes en un paciente con escabiosis noruega que presentaba lesiones en espalda -glúteos, muslo derecho, axila izquierda. mano derecha y codo izquierdo. Se encontraron formas evolutivas del ácaro en todos los sitios con lesiones, siendo la espalda-glúteos el lugar de mayor densidad de ácaros (p< 0,01)

Sarna crostosa em paciente portador do retrovírus HTLV-1 / Scabies in an immunodepressed patient due to the presence of HTLV-1 retrovirus

Relato de caso de paciente imunodeprimido pelo HTLV-1, com quadro dermatológico e laboratorial de sarna crostosa. Foi curado das lesöes, após atendimento ambulatorial e tratamento com lindano

Sarna en niños del área oriente de Santiago / Scabies in children of orient area of Santiago

Se estudió a 123 niños, en los que se sospechó la exsitencia de sarna, frente a los siguientes hallazgos clínicos: prurito de inicio insidioso o no, erupción cutánea, y las características epidemiológicas típicas. Se consideró recientes a los casos que presentaron un tiempo de evolución inferior a 30 días (57 niños), y a los restantes (65 pacientes), de evolución prolongada. Las edades oscilaron entre 1 y los 120 meses. En 113 niños (91,9 por ciento ), la erupción cutánea fue el hallazgo más fercuente. Prurito se manifestó en 99 pacientes, en tanto que infección de otros contactos en 92 casos (74 por ciento ). En 71 (57,7 por ciento ) niños, sólo se presentó sarna exclusivamente, en 24 (19,5 por ciento ) se asoció a infección bacteriana, en 18 (14,6 por ciento ) a hipersensibilidad y sarna, infección bacteriana e hipersensibilidad en 10 (8,2 por ciento ). Los gérmenes que más frecuentemente se aislaron fueron de S. aureus en 11 casos, y la asociación de S. pyogenes en lo de ellos. El Acaro test tuvo un rendimiento global de un 20,3 por ciento (25 niños), presentando su mayor utilidad en los casos de larga evolución, en que no se aplicó acaricidas previamente (33,3 por ciento ). De los antisárnicos utilizados, el lindano al 1 por ciento tuvo un rendimiento de 75 por ciento (48 niños), el crotamitón al 10 por ciento en loción, de 94,9 por ciento (47 pacientes) y la vaselina azufrada al 5 por ciento de 77,8 por ciento (7 casos). Se destaca la eficiencia del crotamitón en loción en esta patología

Tratamiento de la escabiasis con ivermectina por vía oral / Treatment of scabiasis with oral ivirmectina

Se reporta un estudio clínico, doble ciego, controlado, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de ivermectina por vía bucal a la dosis de 200 mcg/kg de peso para el tratamiento de la escabiasis, efectuado en 55 pacientes. Los resultados informaron que 26 pacientes (79.3 por ciento) curaron con ivermectina en su primera visita de control, en comparación con cuatro (16 por ciento) del grupo que recibió placebó (X²= 77.07, p<0.001). Al final 37 pacientes de 50 (74 por ciento tratados con ivermectina curaron comparados con cuatro de 26 (16 por ciento) manejados con placebo. Esta diferencia es significativa (X²=23.66, p<0.001). Se concluyó que la ivermectina por vía oral efectiva y segura en el tratamiento de la escabiasis