A Decision Aid for Patients Considering Surgery for Sciatica: Codesign and User-Testing With Patients and Clinicians.

BACKGROUND: Surgery can help patients with leg pain caused by sciatica recover faster, but by 12 months outcomes are similar to nonsurgical management. For many the decision to have surgery may require reflection, and patient decision aids are an evidence-based clinical tool that can help guide patients through this decision. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop and refine a decision aid for patients with sciatica who are deciding whether to have surgery or 'wait and see' (i.e., try nonsurgical management first). DESIGN: Semistructured interviews with think-aloud user-testing protocol. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty clinicians and 20 patients with lived experience of low back pain or sciatica. OUTCOME MEASURES: Items from Technology Acceptance Model, Preparation for Decision Making Scale and Decision Quality Instrument for Herniated Disc 2.0 (knowledge instrument). METHODS: The prototype integrated relevant research with working group perspectives, decision aid standards and health literacy guidelines. The research team refined the prototype through seven rounds of user-testing, which involved discussing user-testing feedback and implementing changes before progressing to the next round. RESULTS: As a result of working group feedback, the decision aid was divided into sections: before, during and after a visit to the surgeon. Across all rounds of user-testing, clinicians rated the resource 5.9/7 (SD = 1.0) for perceived usefulness, and 6.0/7 for perceived ease of use (SD = 0.8). Patients reported the decision aid was easy to understand, on average correctly answering 3.4/5 knowledge questions (SD = 1.2) about surgery for sciatica. The grade reading score for the website was 9.0. Patients scored highly on preparation for decision-making (4.4/5, SD = 0.7), suggesting strong potential to empower patients. Interview feedback showed that patients and clinicians felt the decision aid would encourage question-asking and help patients reflect on personal values. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians found the decision aid acceptable, patients found it was easy to understand and both groups felt it would empower patients to actively engage in their care and come to an informed decision that aligned with personal values. Input from the working group and user-testing was crucial for ensuring that the decision aid met patient and clinician needs. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patients and clinicians contributed to prototype development via the working group.

Oxidative stress mediated decrement of spinal endomorphin-2 contributes to lumbar disc herniation sciatica in rats.

Increasing evidence supported that oxidative stress induced by herniated lumbar disc played important role in the formation of lumbar disc herniation sciatica (LDHS), however, the neural mechanisms underlying LDHS need further clarification. Endomorphin-2 (EM2) is the endogenous ligand for mu-opioid receptor (MOR), and there is increasing evidence implicating the involvement of spinal EM2 in neuropathic pain. In this study, using an nucleus pulposus implantation induced LDHS rat model that displayed obvious mechanical allodynia, it was found that the expression of EM2 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord was significantly decreased. It was further found that oxidative stress in DRG and spinal cord was significantly increased in LDHS rats, and the reduction of EM2 in DRG and spinal cord was determined by oxidative stress dominated increment of dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity. A systemic treatment with antioxidant could prevent the forming of mechanical allodynia in LDHS rats. In addition, MOR expression in DRG and spinal cord remained unchanged in LDHS rats. Intrathecal injection of MOR antagonist promoted pain behavior in LDHS rats, and the analgesic effect of intrathecal injection of EM2 was stronger than that of endomorphin-1 and morphine. Taken together, our findings suggest that oxidative stress mediated decrement of EM2 in DRG and spinal cord causes the loss of endogenous analgesic effects and enhances the pain sensation of LDHS.

Efficacy evaluation of Mongolian medical warm acupuncture for sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation: a randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the short-term and long-term efficacy of Mongolian medical warm acupuncture for sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation (LDH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The patients diagnosed with sciatica caused by LDH were randomly divided into the warm acupuncture of the Mongolian medicine group (n = 42, warm acupuncture treatment), the sham acupuncture group (n = 38, sham acupuncture using blunt-tipped needles) and the conventional drug group (n = 40, ibuprofen sustained release capsule). All patients were treated for 4 weeks and followed up for 8 weeks. The visual analog scale for leg pain (VAS-LP), Mongolian medicine indicators (efficacy indicators), VAS for waist pain (VAS-WP) and the Mos 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) score were analyzed at baseline, after two-week treatment, after four-week treatment, at four-week follow-up and at eight-week follow-up. RESULTS: Warm acupuncture treatment significantly decreased the VAS-LP and VAS-WP scores of patients at treatment and follow-up (p < 0.05), and pain was improved compared to the conventional drug group and sham acupuncture group. The total effective rate was markedly higher in the warm acupuncture of the Mongolian medicine group compared with the conventional drug group at 8-week follow-up (p < 0.05), but sham acupuncture treatment resulted in no evident improvement in the Mongolian medicine indicators. Additionally, at treatment and follow-up, warm acupuncture of the Mongolian medicine group showed a significant increase in the physical function, physical role, body pain, and emotional and mental health role scores of the SF-36 survey compared with the sham acupuncture groups. CONCLUSIONS: Mongolian medical warm acupuncture effectively relieves leg and waist pain and improves the total therapeutic effect and the quality of daily life for patients with sciatica caused by LDH, with significant long-term efficacy. Our study provides a basis for warm acupuncture in the treatment of sciatica caused by LDH. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ID: ChiCTR- INR-15007413.

Cost-effectiveness of Transforaminal epidural steroid injections for patients with ACUTE sciatica: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Transforaminal epidural injections with steroids (TESI) are increasingly being used in patients sciatica. The STAR (steroids against radiculopathy)-trial aimed to evaluate the (cost-) effectiveness of TESI in patients with acute sciatica (< 8 weeks). This article contains the economic evaluation of the STAR-trial. METHODS: Participants were randomized to one of three study arms: Usual Care (UC), that is oral pain medication with or without physiotherapy, n = 45); intervention group 1: UC and transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TESI) 1 ml of 0.5% Levobupivacaine and 1 ml of 40 mg/ml Methylprednisolone and intervention group 2: UC and transforaminal epidural injection (TEI) with 1 ml of 0,5% Levobupivacaine and 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl (n = 50). The primary effect measure was health-related quality of life. Secondary outcomes were pain, functioning, and recovery. Costs were measured from a societal perspective, meaning that all costs were included, irrespective of who paid or benefited. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation, and bootstrapping was used to estimate statistical uncertainty. RESULTS: None of the between-group differences in effects were statistically significant for any of the outcomes (QALY, back pain, leg pain, functioning, and global perceived effect) at the 26-weeks follow-up. The adjusted mean difference in total societal costs was €1718 (95% confidence interval [CI]: - 3020 to 6052) for comparison 1 (intervention group 1 versus usual care), €1640 (95%CI: - 3354 to 6106) for comparison 2 (intervention group 1 versus intervention group 2), and €770 (95%CI: - 3758 to 5702) for comparison 3 (intervention group 2 versus usual care). Except for the intervention costs, none of the aggregate and disaggregate cost differences were statistically significant. The maximum probability of all interventions being cost-effective compared to the control was low (< 0.7) for all effect measures. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that adding TESI (or TEI) to usual care is not cost-effective compared to usual care in patients with acute sciatica (< 8 weeks) from a societal perspective in a Dutch healthcare setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch National trial register: NTR4457 (March, 6th, 2014).

Practice variation in surgical treatment for lumbar degenerative disc disease: exploring regional and hospital factors influencing surgical rates.

The presence of significant, unwarranted variation in treatment suggests that clinical decision making also depends on where patients live instead of what they need and prefer. Historically, high practice variation in surgical treatment for lumbar degenerative disc disease (LDDD) has been documented. This study aimed to investigate current regional variation in surgical treatment for sciatica resulting from LDDD. We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of all Dutch adults (>18 years) between 2016 and 2019. Demographic data from Statistics Netherlands were merged with a nationwide claims database, covering over 99% of the population. Inclusion criteria comprised LDDD diagnosis codes and relevant surgical codes. Practice variation was assessed at the level of postal code areas and hospital service areas (HSAs). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify variables associated with surgical treatment. Among the 119,148 hospital visitors with LDDD, 14,840 underwent surgical treatment. Practice variation for laminectomies and discectomies showed less than two-fold variation in both postal code and HSAs. However, instrumented fusion surgery demonstrated a five-fold variation in postal code areas and three-fold variation in HSAs. Predictors of receiving surgical treatment included opioid prescription and patient referral status. Gender differences were observed, with males more likely to undergo laminectomy or discectomy, and females more likely to receive instrumented fusion surgery. Our study revealed low variation rates for discectomies and laminectomies, while indicating a high variation rate for instrumented fusion surgery in LDDD patients. High-quality research is needed on the extent of guideline implementation and its influence on practice variation.

The long-term outcome of revision microdiscectomy for recurrent sciatica.

PURPOSE: To study the long-term outcome of revision microdiscectomy after classic microdiscectomy for lumbosacral radicular syndrome (LSRS). METHODS: Eighty-eight of 216 patients (41%) who underwent a revision microdiscectomy between 2007 and 2010 for MRI disc-related LSRS participated in this study. Questionnaires included visual analogue scores (VAS) for leg pain, RDQ, OLBD, RAND-36, and seven-point Likert scores for recovery, leg pain, and back pain. Any further lumbar re-revision operation(s) were recorded. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 59.8 (12.8), and median [IQR] time of follow-up was 10.0 years [9.0-11.0]. A favourable general perceived recovery was reported by 35 patients (40%). A favourable outcome with respect to perceived leg pain was present in 39 patients (45%), and 35 patients (41%) reported a favourable outcome concerning back pain. The median VAS for leg and back pain was worse in the unfavourable group (48.0/100 mm (IQR 16.0-71.0) vs. 3.0/100 mm (IQR 2.0-5.0) and 56.0/100 mm (IQR 27.0-74.0) vs. 4.0/100 mm (IQR 2.0-17.0), respectively; both p < 0.001). Re-revision operation occurred in 31 (35%) patients (24% same level same side); there was no significant difference in the rate of favourable outcome between patients with or without a re-revision operation. CONCLUSION: The long-term results after revision microdiscectomy for LSRS show an unfavourable outcome in the majority of patients and a high risk of re-revision microdiscectomy, with similar results. Based on also the disappointing results of alternative treatments, revision microdiscectomy for recurrent LSRS seems to still be a valid treatment. The results of our study may be useful to counsel patients in making appropriate treatment choices.

Sciatica caused by spinal epidural abscess as the initial clinical presentation of colon cancer: a rare case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed forms of cancer, and it is associated with several common symptoms and signs such as rectal bleeding, altered bowel habits, abdominal pain, anemia, and unintentional weight loss. Sciatica, a debilitating condition in which the patient experiences paresthesia and pain in the dermatome of associated lumbosacral nerve roots or sciatic nerve distribution, is not considered one of these. Here we present a case of colorectal cancer manifesting symptoms of sciatica alone. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old male presented with progressive lower back pain radiating to his left thigh and calf over L5/S1 dermatome. Sciatica was suspected and initially underwent conservative treatment with analgesics. However, the symptoms progressed and MRI revealed an epidural abscess surprisingly. Surgical debridement was performed and pus culture isolated Streptococcus gallolyticus. Based on the strong association of S. gallolyticus with colorectal cancer, the presence of this pathogen prompted further tumor evaluation, even in the absence of the typical symptoms and signs. This investigation ultimately leads to the diagnosis of sigmoid adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Although rare, sciatica caused by S. gallolyticus infection of the spinal epidural space may serve as the initial presentation of colorectal cancer. Physicians should be aware of the strong association between S. gallolyticus and colorectal cancer. Based on what we currently know about the condition; a thorough systematic assessment of occult neoplasia for patients with S. gallolyticus infection is recommended.

Impact of evidence-based guidelines on healthcare utilisation and costs for disc related sciatica in the Netherlands: a population-based, cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of high-quality evidence supporting surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) on healthcare practice in the Netherlands by examining changes in healthcare utilisation, including the timing of surgery, and the healthcare costs for patients with LDH. DESIGN: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed using population-based, longitudinal data obtained from the Dutch Healthcare Authority (2007-2020) and NIVEL's primary care (2012-2020) administrative databases. SETTING: The study was conducted within the healthcare system of the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: We included adults (≥18 years) who visited a Dutch hospital or a general practitioner (GP) for lumbar degenerative disc disease. Patients with LDH were identified based on registered diagnosis code, type of surgery (discectomy) and age (<56 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was the difference in the annual number of LDH procedures following the publication of evidence-based guidelines in 2009 (comparing the periods 2007-2009 to 2017-2019). Secondary outcome measures focused on the timing of surgery and associated healthcare costs. To validate the outcomes, secondary outcomes also include the number of discectomies and the number of procedures in the younger age group (discectomies, laminectomies, and fusion surgery). RESULTS: The number of patients suffering from LDH increased from 55 581 to 68 997 (+24%) between 2007 and 2019. A decrease was observed in the annual number of LDH procedures (-18%), in the number of discectomies (-22%) and in the number of procedures for patients aged <56 years (-18%). This resulted in lower healthcare costs by €10.5 million annually. In 2012, 31% of all patients <56 years had surgery before 12 weeks from diagnosis at the GP, whereas 20% did in 2019. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare utilisation for LDH changed tremendously in the Netherlands between 2007 and 2020 and seemed to be associated with the publication and implementation of evidence-based guidelines. The observed decrease in the number of procedures has been accompanied by a corresponding reduction in healthcare costs. These findings underscore the importance of adhering to evidence-based guidelines to optimise the management of patients with LDH.

Ultrasound-guided versus fluoroscopy-guided lumbar selective nerve root block: a retrospective comparative study.

The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy and effectiveness of ultrasound-guided and fluoroscopy-guided lumbar selective nerve root block (SNRB), and to explore the feasibility of ultrasound-guided methods. This retrospective study included patients with lumbar radicular pain who underwent ultrasound-guided and fluoroscopy-guided selective nerve root block at Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University from August 2020 to August 2022. Patients were divided into U-SNRB group and F-SNRB group according to ultrasound-guided or fluoroscopy-guided selective nerve root block. There were 43 patients in U-SNRB group and 20 patients in F-SNRB group. The pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, related indexes and complications were recorded and compared between the two groups before, 30 min, 1 month and 6 months after block. To evaluate the feasibility, accuracy and effectiveness of ultrasound-guided selective nerve root block. There were no complications in the process of selective nerve root block in both groups. The operating time and the times of closing needle angle adjustment in U-SNRB group were better than those in F-SNRB group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The VAS score and JOA score of patients in the two groups were significantly improved 30 min after block, 1 month and 6 months after block, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The accuracy of ultrasound-guided selective nerve root block and the degree of pain relief of patients were similar to those of fluoroscopy guidance, but the operation time and needle angle adjustment times were significantly less than that of fluoroscopy, and could effectively reduce radiation exposure. Therefore, it can be used as a better way to guide for choice.

Causal association of leisure sedentary behavior and cervical spondylosis, sciatica, intervertebral disk disorders, and low back pain: a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Some studies suggest sedentary behavior is a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to investigate the potential causal association between leisure sedentary behavior (LSB) (including television (TV) viewing, computer use, and driving) and the incidence of sciatica, intervertebral disk degeneration (IVDD), low back pain (LBP), and cervical spondylosis (CS). Methods: We obtained the data of LSB, CS, IVDD, LBP, sciatica and proposed mediators from the gene-wide association studies (GWAS). The causal effects were examined by Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) test, MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode and simple mode. And sensitivity analysis was performed using MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) and MR-Egger intercept test. Multivariable MR (MVMR) was conducted to investigate the independent factor of other LSB; while two-step MR analysis was used to explore the potential mediators including Body mass index (BMI), smoking initiation, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder between the causal association of LSB and these diseases based on previous studies. Results: Genetically associated TV viewing was positively associated with the risk of CS (OR = 1.61, 95%CI = 1.25 to 2.07, p = 0.002), IVDD (OR = 2.10, 95%CI = 1.77 to 2.48, p = 3.79 × 10-18), LBP (OR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.53 to 2.21, p = 1.04 × 10-10) and sciatica (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.45 to 2.27, p = 1.42 × 10-7). While computer use was associated with a reduced risk of IVDD (OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.55 to 0.79, p = 8.06 × 10-6), LBP (OR = 0.49, 95%CI = 0.40 to 0.59, p = 2.68 × 10-13) and sciatica (OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.46 to 0.75, p = 1.98 × 10-5). Sensitivity analysis validated the robustness of MR outcomes. MVMR analysis showed that the causal effect of TV viewing on IVDD (OR = 1.59, 95%CI = 1.13 to 2.25, p = 0.008), LBP (OR = 2.15, 95%CI = 1.50 to 3.08, p = 3.38 × 10-5), and sciatica (OR = 1.61, 95%CI = 1.03 to 2.52, p = 0.037) was independent of other LSB. Furthermore, two-step MR analysis indicated that BMI, smoking initiation, T2DM may mediate the causal effect of TV viewing on these diseases. Conclusion: This study provides empirical evidence supporting a positive causal association between TV viewing and sciatica, IVDD and LBP, which were potentially mediated by BMI, smoking initiation and T2DM.

Mitigation of sciatica injury-induced neuropathic pain through active metabolites derived from medicinal plants.

Sciatica characterized by irritation, inflammation, and compression of the lower back nerve, is considered one of the most common back ailments globally. Currently, the therapeutic regimens for sciatica are experiencing a paradigm shift from the conventional pharmacological approach toward exploring potent phytochemicals from medicinal plants. There is a dire need to identify novel phytochemicals with anti-neuropathic potential. This review aimed to identify the potent phytochemicals from diverse medicinal plants capable of alleviating neuropathic pain associated with sciatica. This review describes the pathophysiology of sciatic nerve pain, its cellular mechanisms, and the pharmacological potential of various plants and phytochemicals using animal-based models of sciatic nerve injury-induced pain. Extensive searches across databases such as Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were conducted. The findings highlights 39 families including Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Apocyanaceae and Cucurbitaceae, effectively treating sciatic nerve injury-induced pain. Flavonoids made up 53% constituents, phenols and terpenoids made up 15%, alkaloids made up 13%, and glycosides made up 6% to be used in neuorpathic pain. Phytochemicals derived from various medicinal plants can serve as potential therapeutic targets for both acute and chronic sciatic injury-induced neuropathic pain.

Anatomical Relationships of the Sciatic Nerve and Pudendal Nerve to the Ischial Spine as They Exit the Greater Sciatic Foramen.

OBJECTIVE: Deep gluteal syndrome is a clinical condition in which discomfort may arise due to the pathoanatomy of the subgluteal space. We conducted an anatomical exploration to categorize the relationship of the piriformis muscle, sciatic nerve (SN), and pudendal nerve (PN) to the ischial spine (IS) and sacrospinous ligament. METHODS: We analyzed 22 cadavers. The piriformis muscle, SN, and PN were exposed through either a transgluteal approach or a gluteal flap. The relationship of the neural structures to the IS, sacrospinous ligament, and ischial bone as they exit the greater sciatic foramen was observed, and the exit zones were classified as zone A, medial to the IS (entirely on sacrospinous ligament); zone B, on the IS; and zone C, lateral to the IS (entirely on ischial bone). RESULTS: The SN was observed either in zone B or zone C in all specimens. The PN was found to be in either zone A or zone B in 97.6% of specimens. The most common combinations were SN in zone B and PN in zone A (type I), and SN in zone C and PN in zone B (type II). CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study show clear anatomical differences in the SN-PN relationship, which may play a role in pain seen in deep gluteal syndrome. Moreover, classification of the SN-IS and PN-IS relationships described in this article will help describe different pathologies affecting the deep gluteal area.

Causal associations between gut microbiota with intervertebral disk degeneration, low back pain, and sciatica: a Mendelian randomization study.

PURPOSE: Although studies have suggested that gut microbiota may be associated with intervertebral disk disease, their causal relationship is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and its metabolic pathways with the risk of intervertebral disk degeneration (IVDD), low back pain (LBP), and sciatica. METHODS: Genetic variation data for 211 gut microbiota taxa at the phylum to genus level were obtained from the MiBioGen consortium. Genetic variation data for 105 taxa at the species level and 205 metabolic pathways were obtained from the Dutch Microbiome Project. Genetic variation data for disease outcomes were obtained from the FinnGen consortium. The causal relationships between the gut microbiota and its metabolic pathways and the risk of IVDD, LBP, and sciatica were evaluated via Mendelian randomization (MR). The robustness of the results was assessed through sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Inverse variance weighting identified 46 taxa and 33 metabolic pathways that were causally related to IVDD, LBP, and sciatica. After correction by weighted median and MR-PRESSO, 15 taxa and nine pathways remained stable. After FDR correction, only the effect of the genus_Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group on IVDD remained stable. Sensitivity analyses showed no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy, heterogeneity, or reverse causation. CONCLUSION: Some microbial taxa and their metabolic pathways are causally related to IVDD, LBP, and sciatica and may serve as potential intervention targets. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of gut microbiota-mediated development of intervertebral disk disease.

Biphasic release of betamethasone from an injectable HA hydrogel implant for alleviating lumbar disc herniation induced sciatica.

Epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a common therapeutic approach for managing sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation (LDH). However, the short duration of therapeutic efficacy and the need for repeated injections pose challenges in LDH treatment. The development of a controlled delivery system capable of prolonging the effectiveness of ESI and reducing the frequency of injections, is highly significant in LDH clinical practice. In this study, we utilized a thiol-ene click chemistry to create a series of injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) based release systems loaded with diphasic betamethasone, including betamethasone dipropionate (BD) and betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium (BP) (BD/BP@HA). BD/BP@HA hydrogel implants demonstrated biocompatibility and biodegradability to matched neuronal tissues, avoiding artificial compression following injection. The sustained release of betamethasone from BD/BP@HA hydrogels effectively inhibited both acute and chronic neuroinflammation by suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. In a mouse model of LDH, the epidural administration of BD/BP@HA efficiently alleviated LDH-induced sciatica for at least 10 days by inhibiting the activation of macrophages and microglia in dorsal root ganglion and spinal dorsal horn, respectively. The newly developed HA hydrogels represent a valuable platform for achieving sustained drug release. Additionally, we provide a simple paradigm for fabricating BD/BP@HA for epidural injection, demonstrating greater and sustained efficiency in alleviating LDH-induced sciatica compared to traditional ESI and displaying potentials for clinical translation. This system has the potential to revolutionize drug delivery for co-delivery of both soluble and insoluble drugs, thereby making a significant impact in the pharmaceutical industry. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common degenerative disorder leading to sciatica and spine surgery. Although epidural steroid injection (ESI) is routinely used to alleviate sciatica, the efficacy is short and repeated injections are required. There remains challenging to prolong the efficacy of ESI. Herein, an injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel implant by crosslinking acrylated-modified HA (HA-A) with thiol-modified HA (HA-SH) was designed to achieve a biphasic release of betamethasone. The hydrogel showed biocompatibility and biodegradability to match neuronal tissues. Notably, compared to traditional ESI, the hydrogel better alleviated sciatica in vivo by synergistically inhibiting the neuroinflammation in central and peripheral nervous systems. We anticipate the injectable HA hydrogel implant has the potential for clinical translation in treating LDH-induced sciatica.

Associations of socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics, psychological symptoms, multimorbidity, and multisite pain with sciatica - a 15-year longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Sciatica is defined as pain radiating from the low back to the leg, usually below the knee. It is a disabling condition that causes a major burden to health care and society. Previous evidence of the multifactorial etiology of sciatica comes mostly from cross-sectional studies. Larger, longitudinal studies with a multidimensional set of variables are needed. PURPOSE: To examine how socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics, psychological symptoms, multimorbidity, and multisite pain are associated with sciatica. STUDY DESIGN: A longitudinal study of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. PATIENT SAMPLE: In total 6,683 working-aged members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported sciatic pain status over a 15-year study period. METHODS: We conducted a 15-year longitudinal study from the age of 31 to 46. We used multivariable generalized estimation equations analysis to examine how socioeconomic characteristics (low education, unemployment, and living alone), lifestyle characteristics (overweight, obesity, current smoking, and physical inactivity), psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety), multimorbidity, and multisite pain were associated with sciatica. RESULTS: At the age of 31, 21.1% of the study population reported sciatic pain and at the age of 46, 36.7%. Multisite pain was clearly the strongest factor associated with sciatica (odds ratio [OR] 2.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.34‒2.92). In descending order of effect size, older age, low education, psychological symptoms, multimorbidity, overweight, obesity, physical inactivity and current smoking were positively associated with sciatica. Their ORs varied between 1.17 and 2.18. Living alone was negatively associated with sciatica (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.72‒0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Multisite pain had the strongest association with sciatica. The effect sizes of the other factors were clearly smaller. To our knowledge this is the first study to evaluate the association of multisite pain with sciatica. This finding may have considerable implications for clinical work treating patients with sciatica.

I Am Worried I Have Sciatica-What Do I Need to Know?

This JAMA Internal Medicine Patient Page reviews sciatica, its symptoms, and treatment options for those who have it.

Understanding general practitioners' prescribing choices to patients with chronic low back pain: a discrete choice experiment.

BACKGROUND: Although NSAIDs are recommended as a first line analgesic treatment, opioids are very commonly prescribed to patients with low back pain (LBP) despite risks of harms. AIM: This study aimed to determine factors contributing to general practitioners' (GPs') prescribing choices to patients with chronic LBP in a primary care setting. METHOD: This discrete choice experiment (DCE) presented 210 GPs with hypothetical scenarios of a patient with chronic LBP. Participants chose their preferred treatment for each choice set, either the opioid, NSAID or neither. The scenarios varied by two patient attributes; non-specific LBP or LBP with referred leg pain (sciatica) and number of comorbidities. The three treatment attributes also varied, being: the type of opioid or NSAID, degree of pain reduction and number of adverse events. The significance of each attribute in influencing clinical decisions was the primary outcome and the degree to which GPs preferred the alternative based on the number of adverse events or the amount of pain reduction was the secondary outcome. RESULTS: Overall, GPs preferred NSAIDs (45.2%, 95% CI 38.7-51.7%) over opioids (28.8%, 95% CI 23.0-34.7%), however there was no difference between the type of NSAID or opioid preferred. Additionally, the attributes of pain reduction and adverse events did not influence a GP's choice between NSAIDs or opioids for patients with chronic LBP. CONCLUSION: GPs prefer prescribing NSAIDs over opioids for a patient with chronic low back pain regardless of patient factors of comorbidities or the presence of leg pain (i.e. sciatica).

Prognosis of Patients With Neuropathic Low Back-Related Leg Pain: An Exploratory Study Using Prospective Data From UK Primary Care.

This prospective cohort study investigates the prognosis of patients with neuropathic low back-related leg pain consulting in UK primary care. Data from 511 patients were collected using standardised baseline clinical examinations (including magnetic resonance imaging scan findings), self-report questionnaires at baseline, 4 months, 12 months, and 3 years. Cases of possible neuropathic pain (NP) and persistent-NP were identified using either of 2 definitions: 1) clinical diagnosis of sciatica, 2) self-report version of leeds assessment for neurological symptoms and signs (s-LANSS). Mixed-effects models compared pain intensity (highest of mean leg or mean back pain [0-10 Numerical Rating Scale]) over 3-years between persistent-NP versus non-persistent-NP based on 1) clinical diagnosis, 2) s-LANSS. Logistic regression examined associations between potential prognostic factors and persistent-NP at 4 months based on the 2 NP definitions. At 4-months, using both definitions: 1) approximately 4 out of 10 patients had persistent-NP, 2) mean pain intensity was higher for patients with persistent-NP at all follow-up points compared to those without, 3) only pain self-efficacy was significantly associated with persistent-NP (s-LANSS: OR .98, sciatica: .98), but it did not predict cases of persistent-NP in either multivariable model. Based on factors routinely collected from self-report and clinical examination, it was not possible to predict persistent-NP in this population. PERSPECTIVE: This study provides evidence that neuropathic back-related leg pain in patients consulting in primary care is not always persistent. Patients with persistent neuropathic pain had worse outcomes than those without. Neither leg pain intensity, pain self-efficacy nor MRI scan findings predicted cases of persistent neuropathic pain in this patient population.

Results from an expedited spinal nerve root block clinic at a UK tertiary neurosurgical centre.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective Observational Study. INTRODUCTION: Lumbar radicular pain has a prevalence of 3-5%. Level 1 evidence has demonstrated equivalence between surgical and injection treatment. We assess the outcomes from a transforaminal epidural steroid injection clinic in a tertiary neuroscience referral centre. METHODS: We performed an analysis of data from consecutive patients entered into a new internal referral database between August 2018 to May 2021. Radicular pain was classified as one of "first presentation" or "recurrence". Outcomes were obtained from follow up clinic letters and recorded in a binary manner of "positive result" or "negative result". Spinal pathology was documented from radiology reports and MRI images. RESULTS: We analysed 208 patients referred to the clinic. Excluding those who improved to a point of not requiring treatment, and those who underwent surgical intervention, 119 patients undergoing injection were included, of which 14 were lost to follow-up. 68 % of patients had a positive result from injection. Subgroup analysis demonstrated good outcomes for both hyperacute (<6 weeks) and chronic (>12 months). Contained disk pathologies had better outcomes than uncontained. There was no difference in outcomes across grades of compression, but previous same level surgery was associated with poorer response rates. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high rate of natural resolution of symptoms in patients with LSRP. In those where pain persists, TFESI is a valuable first line treatment modality. This study suggests the efficacy of TFESI is potentially independent of grade of stenosis and chronicity of symptoms. Contained disc pathologies respond better than uncontained.