The Future of Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Acromegaly.

Currently, the first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (fg-SRLs), octreotide LAR and lanreotide autogel, are the mainstays of acromegaly treatment and achieve biochemical control in approximately 40% of patients and tumor shrinkage in over 60% of patients. Pasireotide, a second-generation SRL, shows higher efficacy with respect to both biochemical control and tumor shrinkage but has a worse safety profile. In this review, we discuss the future perspectives of currently available SRLs, focusing on the use of biomarkers of response and precision medicine, new formulations of these SRLs and new drugs, which are under development. Precision medicine, which is based on biomarkers of response to treatment, will help guide the decision-making process by allowing physicians to choose the appropriate drug for each patient and improving response rates. New formulations of available SRLs, such as oral, subcutaneous depot, and nasal octreotide, may improve patients' adherence to treatment and quality of life since there will be more options available that better suit each patient. Finally, new drugs, such as paltusotine, somatropin, ONO-5788, and ONO-ST-468, may improve treatment adherence and present higher efficacy than currently available drugs.

The position of combined medical treatment in acromegaly

ABSTRACT Advances in combination medical treatment have offer new perspectives for acromegaly patients with persistent disease activity despite receiving the available medical monotherapies. The outcomes of combination medical treatment may reflect both additive and synergistic effects. This review focuses on combination medical treatment and its current position in acromegaly, based on clinical studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of combined medical treatment(s) and our own experiences with combination therapy. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):646-52

Pegvisomant in acromegaly: a multicenter real-life study in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the long term safety and efficacy of pegvisomant (PEGV), and the predictors of treatment response in patients with acromegaly in the real life setting. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, hormonal and radiological data of acromegalic patients treated with PEGV in 17 Argentine centers. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (age range 22-77, 51 females) with acromegaly have been treated with PEGV for up to 118 months (median 27 months). Before PEGV, 97.3% of patients had been treated with medical therapy, surgery and/or radiotherapy, two patients had no previous treatment. At that time, all patients had an IGF-1 above the upper normal limit (ULN) (mean 2.4 x ULN ± 0.98, range 1.25-7). At diagnosis of acromegaly 84% presented macroadenomas, prior to PEGV only 23,5% of patients remained with tumor remnant > 1 cm, the remaining showed normal or less than 1 cm images. Disease control (IGF-1 ≤ 1.2 x ULN) was achieved in 62.9% of patients with a mean dose of 11.8 mg/day. Thirty-four patients (45%) received PEGV monotherapy, while 41 (55%) received combined therapy with either somatostatin analogues and/or cabergoline. Adverse events related to PEGV were: local injection site reaction in 5.3%, elevated liver enzymes in 9.3%, and tumor size growth in 9.8%. Pre-PEGV IGF-I level was the only predictor of treatment response: 2.1 x ULN vs 2.8 x ULN in controlled and uncontrolled patients respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: this long term experience indicates PEGV treatment was highly effective and safe in our series of Argentine patients with acromegaly refractory to standard therapies. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(4):320-7.

Clinical significance of filamin A in patients with acromegaly and its association with somatostatin and dopamine receptor profiles.

Filamin-A (FLNA) plays a crucial role in somatostatin receptor (sst) subtype-2 signaling in somatotropinomas. Our objective was to investigate the in vivo association between FLNA and sst2 expression, sst5 expression, dopamine receptor subtype-2 (D2) expression, somatostatin receptor ligand (SRL) responsiveness and tumor invasiveness in somatotropinomas. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to evaluate the absolute mRNA copy numbers of FLNA/sst2/sst5/D2 in 96 somatotropinomas. FLNA, sst2 and sst5 protein expression levels were also evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The Knosp-Steiner criteria were used to evaluate tumor invasiveness. Median FLNA, sst2, sst5 and D2 copy numbers were 4,244, 731, 156 and 3,989, respectively. Thirty-one of the 35 available tumors (89%) were immune positive for FLNA in the cytoplasm and membrane but not in the nucleus. FLNA and sst5 expression were positively correlated at the mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively). FLNA was positively correlated with sst2 mRNA in patients who were responsive to SRL (p = 0.014, R = 0.659). No association was found between FLNA and tumor invasiveness. Our findings show that in somatotropinomas FLNA expression positively correlated with in vivo sst5 and D2 expression. Notably, FLNA was only correlated with sst2 in patients who were controlled with SRL. FLNA was not associated with tumor invasiveness.

The position of combined medical treatment in acromegaly.

Advances in combination medical treatment have offer new perspectives for acromegaly patients with persistent disease activity despite receiving the available medical monotherapies. The outcomes of combination medical treatment may reflect both additive and synergistic effects. This review focuses on combination medical treatment and its current position in acromegaly, based on clinical studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of combined medical treatment(s) and our own experiences with combination therapy. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):646-52.

Pegvisomanto para acromegalia / Pegvisomanto for acromegaly

CONTEXTO: A acromegalia é uma doença crônica, rara e debilitante, causada pela hipersecreção do hormônio do crescimento (GH), que leva a uma produção excessiva do fator de crescimento similar a insulina I (IGF-I), produzido pelo fígado. Resulta numa doença multissistêmica caracterizada por crescimento somático exagerado, comorbidades múltiplas, desfiguramento físico e redução de expectativa de vida. Os objetivos do tratamento são atenuar os sintomas da hipersecreção de GH, reduzir as comorbidades e o risco de mortalidade, preservando as funções normais da hipófise e melhorando a qualidade de vida destes pacientes, através da normalização dos níveis de GH e IGF-I. A adenoidectomia transesfenoidal permanece o tratamento primário da acromegalia e controla estes níveis em 50 a 75% dos pacientes, dependendo da morfologia do adenoma e da experiência do cirurgião. Para aqueles que permanecem com doença ativa após o tratamento cirúrgico, existe tratamento de segunda linha, com medicamentos e radioterapia. Os medicamentos disponíveis são os agonistas da dopamina, os análogos da somatostatina e o pegvisomanto. O pegvisomanto não é disponibilizado atualmente pelo SUS. TECNOLOGIA: Pegvisomanto (PEG-V). INDICAÇÃO: A acromegalia é uma doença crônica, rara e debilitante, causada pela hipersecreção do hormônio do crescimento (GH), que leva a uma produção excessiva do fator de crescimento similar a insulina I (IGF-I), produzido pelo fígado. Resulta numa doença multissistêmica caracterizada por crescimento somático exagerado, comorbidades múltiplas, desfiguramento físico e redução de expectativa de vida. PERGUNTA: O pegvisomanto é eficaz, seguro e custo-efetivo em pacientes com acromegalia refratária ao tratamento convencional? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Os estudos disponíveis que avaliam o pegvisomanto são, em sua maioria, de baixa qualidade metodológica. Os principais desfechos localizados nos artigos foram os níveis de IGF-I e os desfechos clínicos apareceram nos estudos de forma secundária. O pegvisomanto foi eficaz nos estudos controlados quando se avaliaram como desfechos a redução dos níveis sanguíneos de IGF-I e o controle de alguns dos sinais e sintomas característicos da doença. Mesmo existindo estudos de longo prazo e com grande tamanho da amostra, as limitações metodológicas dos estudos trazem incertezas quanto aos benefícios do pegvisomanto na redução dos sinais e sintomas da doença. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: A estimativa de impacto orçamentário anual resultante da incorporação de pegvisomanto no SUS variou de aproximadamente 23 a 206 milhões, dependendo da dose de pegvisomanto utilizada. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: Os membros da CONITEC recomendaram por unanimidade a não incorporação no SUS do pegvisomanto para tratamento da acromegalia refratária ao tratamento convencional. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: O Relatório da CONITEC foi disponibilizado por meio da Consulta Pública nº 67/2017 entre os dias 29/11/2017 e 18/12/2017. Foram recebidas 14 contribuições, sendo 5 técnico-científicas e 9 de experiência ou opinião, das quais 7 foram excluídas por não tratar do tema em questão. Das 7 contribuições consideradas, 6 foram totalmente contra a recomendação da CONITEC e 1 foi totalmente a favor. Nas contribuições que foram contra a recomendação da CONITEC, os participantes argumentaram que o pegvisomanto é eficaz e seguro no tratamento de pacientes com acromegalia refratária ao tratamento convencional e fizeram críticas em relação ao impacto orçamentário, considerando-o superestimado. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC consideraram que não houve nenhuma informação nova sobre o tema que motivasse a mudança nas recomendações de não incorporação do pegvisomanto feitas em suas análises anteriores sobre o medicamento. Dessa forma, deliberaram por recomendar a não incorporação do pegvisomanto para acromegalia refratária ao tratamento estabelecido. DECISÃO: Não incorporar o pegvisomanto para acromegalia refratária ao tratamento estabelecido, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS, dada pela Portaria nº 14, publicada no DOU nº 61, do dia 29 de março de 2018, seção 1, pág. 240.(AU)

Prospective Evaluation of Pasireotide in Patients Undergoing Pancreaticoduodenectomy: The Washington University Experience.

BACKGROUND: Pasireotide is a newer generation somatostatin analogue that led to a significant reduction in pancreatic fistula after pancreatectomy in a single-center randomized controlled trial. We sought to determine if pasireotide reduces the incidence of pancreatic fistula and other complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy at our high volume center. STUDY DESIGN: All patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy between April 2011 and January 2017 were prospectively followed, and their complications were graded using the Modified Accordion Grading System (MAGS) in our institutional complications database. For 18 months, 5 pancreatic surgeons used pasireotide routinely in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Patients receiving pasireotide were then propensity score-matched to patients who did not receive pasireotide, and their outcomes were compared. RESULTS: There were 459 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, and 127 patients (28%) received pasireotide. Patients who received pasireotide were significantly more likely to have dilated pancreatic ducts and have a drain left at the time of surgery. Patients who received pasireotide had no difference in pancreatic fistula, overall complications, 90-day readmission, or 90-day mortality. However, patients who received pasireotide had a significantly reduced rate of postoperative bleeding/anemia (8.7% vs 16.9%, p = 0.03). Among 112 propensity score-matched pairs, patients who received pasireotide did not have significantly different rates of pancreatic fistula, and the rates of severe (MAGS grades 3 to 6) pancreatic fistula were identical between the 2 groups (7.1% vs 7.1%, p = 1.00). Matched patients who received pasireotide had significantly decreased postoperative bleeding/anemia (9.8% vs 19.6%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Pasireotide did not reduce the incidence or severity of pancreatic fistulas after pancreaticoduodenectomy, but was associated with a decrease in postoperative bleeding/anemia. A multicenter randomized trial is needed to accurately define the role of pasireotide in the postoperative management of pancreaticoduodenectomy patients.

Panicolytic-like effects caused by substantia nigra pars reticulata pretreatment with low doses of endomorphin-1 and high doses of CTOP or the NOP receptors antagonist JTC-801 in male Rattus norvegicus.

RATIONALE: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) are connected to the deep layers of the superior colliculus (dlSC). The dlSC, in turn, connect with the SNpr through opioid projections. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (N/OFQ) is a natural ligand of a Gi protein-coupled nociceptin receptor (ORL1; NOP) that is also found in the SNpr. Our hypothesis is that tectonigral opioid pathways and intranigral orphanin-mediated mechanisms modulate GABAergic nigrotectal connections. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the role of opioid and NOP receptors in the SNpr during the modulation of defence reactions organised by the dlSC. METHODS: The SNpr was pretreated with either opioid or NOP receptor agonists and antagonists, followed by dlSC treatment with bicuculline. RESULTS: Blockade of GABAA receptors in the dlSC elicited fear-related defensive behaviour. Pretreatment of the SNpr with naloxone benzoylhydrazone (NalBzoH), a µ-, δ-, and κ1-opioid receptor antagonist as well as a NOP receptor antagonist, decreased the aversive effect of bicuculline treatment on the dlSC. Either µ-opioid receptor activation or blockade by SNpr microinjection of endomorphin-1 (EM-1) and CTOP promoted pro-aversive and anti-aversive actions, respectively, that modulated the defensive responses elicited by bicuculline injection into the dlSC. Pretreatment of the SNpr with the selective NOP receptor antagonist JTC801 decreased the aversive effect of bicuculline, and microinjections of the selective NOP receptor agonist NNC 63-0532 promoted the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that opioid pathways and orphanin-mediated mechanisms have a critical role in modulating the activity of nigrotectal GABAergic pathways during the organisation of defensive behaviours.

Uso del análogo de somatostatina 99m TC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida 20 µg en gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos / Use of the somatostatin 99m TC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotide analogue 20 µg in somatostatin receptor scans for the detection of neuroendocrine tumors

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de tecnología del uso del análogo de somatostatina 99m TC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida (99mTc-HYNIC-TOC) em gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos.Aspectos Generales: Los tumores neuroendocrinos (TNE) surgen a partir de células neurales, las cuales pueden diferenciarse de cualquier otro tipo de célula, llegando así a distribuirse en todo el cuerpo. Este tipo de neoplasias es poco común ya que constituyen menos del 5% de todos los carcinomas de sitio primario desconocido. Este grupo de neoplasias es considerablemente heterogéneo, ya que incluye varios sub-tipos, los cuales difieren en sintomatologia, apariencia histológica y respuesta a tratamiento. Los subtipos incluyen, por ejemplo, los TNE bien diferenciados del tracto gastrointestinal, pancreáticos, tumores medulares de la tiroides y cáncer de pulmón de células pequeñas. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: El Tecnecio-99m es un isótopo radioactivo que posee menor energia de radiación que In-11, el cual al unirse con un análogo de somatostaina (i.e.: Octreotida) constituye un radiofármaco que es adminitrado vía intravenosa para la realización de pruebas por imágenes diagnósticas tales como PET, SPECT, RMN entre otras. METODOLOGÍA: Estratégia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una estratégia de búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia científica con respecto al uso del análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida (99mTC-HYNIC-TOC) en gammagrafías de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos. Para la búsqueda primaria se revisó la información disponible por entes reguladoras y normativas como la Food and Drug Administration (FDA), y la Dirección General de Medicamentos y Drogas (DIGEMID). Posteriormente se buscaron Guías de Práctica Clínica a través de los metabuscadores: Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE)< National Library of Medicine (Pubmed-Medline), The National Guideline of Clearinghouse, y Helath Systems Evidence. Finalmente, se realizo una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales como The Cochrane Library, The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies en Health (CADTH), The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), que a su vez fue complementada con una búsqueda em www.clinicaltrials.gov, para indentificar estudios primarios en elaboración o que no hayan sido publicados aún. Se realizó además una búsqueda manual con una estrategia de "bola de nieve" mediante revisión de listas de referencias de las guías, evaluaciones de tecnologías, estudios primarios y revisiones narrativas seleccionados. RESULTADOS: Tras la búsqueda se encontró evidencia científica acerca del uso del análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TOC en gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos. Sinopsis de la Evidencis: A continuación, se detalla la evidencia científica encontrada acerca del uso del análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TOC en gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos. No se encontraron Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC), Evaluaciones de Tecnología Sanitarias (ETS), Revisiones Sistemáticas que respondan a la pregunta PICO de interés. CONCLUSIONES: La presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria presenta la evidencia científica encontrada acerca del uso de análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida (99mTC-HYNIC-TOC) en gammagrafías de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos (TNE). El 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida es la única alternativa disponible en el mercado peruano para la realización de gammagrafías de tumores neuroendocrinos. A diferencia de otro tipo de células oncológicas, las neuroendocrinas, carecen de alta actividad metabólica y expresan en su lugar, receptores de somatostaina, siendo necesario el uso de radiofármacos análogos de somatostatina com el 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida para la oportuna detección de TNE. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, aprueba el uso del análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida en gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos. El presente Dictamen Preliminar tiene una vigencia de dos años a partir de la fecha de publicación.

Análisis de impacto presupuestal de octreótide, lanreotide para pacientes con acromegalia en Colombia / Budget impact analysis of octreotide, lanreotide for patients with acromegaly in Colombia

Tecnologías evaluadas: Octreótide, lanreótide. Población: Pacientes con acromegalia. Perspectiva: Tercer pagador que corresponde al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud. Horizonte temporal: El horizonte temporal de este AIP en el caso base corresponde a un año. Adicionalmente se reportan las estimaciones del impacto presupuestal para los años 2 y 3, bajo el supuesto de la inclusión en el POS en el año 1. Costos incluidos: Se incluyen los costos de los tratamiento por año de las tecnologías evaluadas. Fuente de costos: SISMED. Escenarios: Se construye un primer escenario en donde se otorga a octreótide 60% y a lanreótide 40%. Un segundo escenario en donde se propone una distribución del 50% para cada uno, estas\r\ndistribuciones se mantienen en los tres años. Para cabergolina se realiza un análisis complementario en dónde se estima la población particular que usaría esta tecnología para esta indicación. Resultados: Para la financiación de octreótide y lanreótide para acromegalia se estima la necesidad de incorporar en el resupuesto un valor de 26,3 mil millones en el escenario 1 y 25,9 mil millones en el escenario 2, en el primer año. Para la población específica que usaría cabergolina se estima un presupuesto adicional de 44 millones.(AU)

Pasireotide: a novel treatment for patients with acromegaly.

Morbidity and mortality rates in patients with active acromegaly are higher than the general population. Adequate biochemical control restores mortality to normal rates. Now, medical therapy has an increasingly important role in the treatment of patients with acromegaly. Somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) are considered the standard medical therapy, either after surgery or as a first-line therapy when surgery is deemed ineffective or is contraindicated. Overall, octreotide and lanreotide are first-generation SRLs and are effective in ~20%-70% of patients. Pegvisomant, a growth hormone receptor antagonist, controls insulin-like growth factor 1 in 65%-90% of cases. Consequently, a subset of patients (nonresponders) requires other treatment options. Drug combination therapy offers the potential for more efficacious disease control. However, the development of new medical therapies remains essential. Here, emphasis is placed on new medical therapies to control acromegaly. There is a focus on pasireotide long-acting release (LAR) (Signifor LAR®), which was approved in 2014 by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency for the treatment of acromegaly. Pasireotide LAR is a long-acting somatostatin multireceptor ligand. In a Phase III clinical trial in patients with acromegaly (naïve to medical therapy or uncontrolled on a maximum dose of first-generation SRLs), 40 and 60 mg of intramuscular pasireotide LAR achieved better biochemical disease control than octreotide LAR, and tumor shrinkage was noted in both pasireotide groups. Pasireotide LAR tolerability was similar to other SRLs, except for a greater frequency and degree of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. Baseline glucose may predict hyperglycemia occurrence after treatment, and careful monitoring of glycemic status and appropriate treatment is required. A precise definition of patients with acromegaly who will derive the greatest therapeutic benefit from pasireotide LAR remains to be established. Lastly, novel therapies and new potential delivery modalities (oral octreotide) are summarized.

Neuropeptides in the posterodorsal medial amygdala modulate central cardiovascular reflex responses in awake male rats

The rat posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) links emotionally charged sensory stimuli to social behavior, and is part of the supramedullary control of the cardiovascular system. We studied the effects of microinjections of neuroactive peptides markedly found in the MePD, namely oxytocin (OT, 10 ng and 25 pg; n=6/group), somatostatin (SST, 1 and 0.05 μM; n=8 and 5, respectively), and angiotensin II (Ang II, 50 pmol and 50 fmol; n=7/group), on basal cardiovascular activity and on baroreflex- and chemoreflex-mediated responses in awake adult male rats. Power spectral and symbolic analyses were applied to pulse interval and systolic arterial pressure series to identify centrally mediated sympathetic/parasympathetic components in the heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial pressure variability (APV). No microinjected substance affected basal parameters. On the other hand, compared with the control data (saline, 0.3 µL; n=7), OT (10 ng) decreased mean AP (MAP50) after baroreflex stimulation and increased both the mean AP response after chemoreflex activation and the high-frequency component of the HRV. OT (25 pg) increased overall HRV but did not affect any parameter of the symbolic analysis. SST (1 μM) decreased MAP50, and SST (0.05 μM) enhanced the sympathovagal cardiac index. Both doses of SST increased HRV and its low-frequency component. Ang II (50 pmol) increased HRV and reduced the two unlike variations pattern of the symbolic analysis (P<0.05 in all cases). These results demonstrate neuropeptidergic actions in the MePD for both the increase in the range of the cardiovascular reflex responses and the involvement of the central sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on HRV and APV.

Neuropeptides in the posterodorsal medial amygdala modulate central cardiovascular reflex responses in awake male rats.

The rat posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) links emotionally charged sensory stimuli to social behavior, and is part of the supramedullary control of the cardiovascular system. We studied the effects of microinjections of neuroactive peptides markedly found in the MePD, namely oxytocin (OT, 10 ng and 25 pg; n=6/group), somatostatin (SST, 1 and 0.05 µM; n=8 and 5, respectively), and angiotensin II (Ang II, 50 pmol and 50 fmol; n=7/group), on basal cardiovascular activity and on baroreflex- and chemoreflex-mediated responses in awake adult male rats. Power spectral and symbolic analyses were applied to pulse interval and systolic arterial pressure series to identify centrally mediated sympathetic/parasympathetic components in the heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial pressure variability (APV). No microinjected substance affected basal parameters. On the other hand, compared with the control data (saline, 0.3 µL; n=7), OT (10 ng) decreased mean AP (MAP50) after baroreflex stimulation and increased both the mean AP response after chemoreflex activation and the high-frequency component of the HRV. OT (25 pg) increased overall HRV but did not affect any parameter of the symbolic analysis. SST (1 µM) decreased MAP50, and SST (0.05 µM) enhanced the sympathovagal cardiac index. Both doses of SST increased HRV and its low-frequency component. Ang II (50 pmol) increased HRV and reduced the two unlike variations pattern of the symbolic analysis (P<0.05 in all cases). These results demonstrate neuropeptidergic actions in the MePD for both the increase in the range of the cardiovascular reflex responses and the involvement of the central sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on HRV and APV.

Efectividad y seguridad de everolimus en terapia combinada con análogos de la somatostatina en pacientes con tumores metastásicos bien diferenciados de bajo grado o grado intermedio de origen neuroendocrino / Effectiveness and safety of everolimus in combination therapy with somatostatin analogs in patients with well differentiated low grade or intermediate degree metastatic tumors of neuroendocrine origin

Objetivo: examinar los beneficios y riesgos del uso de everolimus para el tratamiento de pacientes con tumor de origen neuroendocrino metastásico bien diferenciado de grado bajo o grado intermedio (gastrointestinal, pulmonar, pancreático), como uno de los criterios para informar la toma de decisiones relacionada con la posible inclusión de tecnologías en el Plan Obligatorio de Salud, en el marco de su actualización ordinaria para el año 2015. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda de evidencia publicada en los últimos 5 años en las bases de datos: MEDLINE, EMBASE, la Librería Cochrane y LILACS, así como consulta a expertos temáticos, productores y comercializadores de la tecnología de interés para la evaluación. Dos evaluadores de manera independiente, tamizaron las referencias obtenidas, resolviendo las discrepancias por consenso.\r\nResultados: se identificaron 89 publicaciones en las bases de datos consultadas, Fueron incluidas 3 publicaciones: un ensayo una revisión sistemática de la literatura (RSL), un estudio de comparación indirecta ajustada y pareada y un ensayo clínico aleatorizado (ECA). Hasta el momento de la elaboración de este informe, con las estrategias diseñadas para la búsqueda de evidencia, hay un ECA fase 3 que evalúa la intervención de interés para esta evaluación. Conclusiones: Los nuevos agentes de terapia dirigida se han desarrollado e investigado en estudios recientes, pero la mayoría de estos, en estudios no aleatorizados. De acuerdo con los dos ECA identificados por la RSL incluida en este informe, las tecnologías de interés para esta evaluación son opciones válidas y aplicables en la práctica diaria para pacientes con tumores neuroendocrinos pancreáticos avanzados. Sin embargo, hay todavía varios aspectos no explorados tales como el posicionamiento óptimo de estas drogas entre sí y con respecto a la quimioterapia, a los radiofármacos o análogos de la somatostatina. Con los hallazgos aquí presentados no es posible obtener conclusiones sobre la eficacia comparativa para el tratamiento de pacientes con tumores metastásicos bien diferenciados de bajo grado o grado intermedio de origen neuroendocrino. Los resultados de seguridad muestran que los eventos adversos serios son más frecuentes en el grupo asignado a everolimus más octreotide APR que en el grupo asignado a placebo más octreotide APR. Los eventos adversos más frecuentes y conducentes al abandono del tratamiento con everolimus más octerotide APR son: fatiga, diarrea, deterioro general del estado físico, enfermedad pulmonar intersticial. Los eventos adversos grado 3 a 4 fue similar para las diferentes clases de agentes. Los agentes de quimioterapia tienen altos niveles de mielosupresión reversible, emesis (especialmente antes del uso de los antieméticos modernos) y toxicidad agente específica. Las terapias dirigidas (sunitib y everolimus tuvieron menos toxicidad grado 3 a 4 comparados con los agentes quimioterapéuticos.(AU)

Interaction between µ-opioid and 5-HT1A receptors in the regulation of panic-related defensive responses in the rat dorsal periaqueductal grey.

A wealth of evidence indicates that the activation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter (dPAG) inhibits escape, a panic-related defensive behaviour. Results that were previously obtained with the elevated T-maze test of anxiety/panic suggest that 5-HT1A and µ-opioid receptors in this midbrain area work together to regulate this response. To investigate the generality of this finding, we assessed whether the same cooperative mechanism is engaged when escape is evoked by a different aversive stimulus electrical stimulation of the dPAG. Administration of the µ-receptor blocker CTOP into the dPAG did not change the escape threshold, but microinjection of the µ-receptor agonist DAMGO (0.3 and 0.5 nmol) or the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OHDPAT (1.6 nmol) increased this index, indicating a panicolytic-like effect. Pretreatment with CTOP antagonised the anti-escape effect of 8-OHDPAT. Additionally, combined administration of subeffective doses of DAMGO and 8-OHDPAT increased the escape threshold, indicating drug synergism. Therefore, regardless of the aversive nature of the stimulus, µ-opioid and 5-HT1A receptors cooperatively act to regulate escape behaviour. A better comprehension of this mechanism might allow for new therapeutic strategies for panic disorder.

Prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - updated June 2014.

This Guideline is an official statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE). It addresses the prophylaxis of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (post-ERCP) pancreatitis. Main recommendations 1 ESGE recommends routine rectal administration of 100 mg of diclofenac or indomethacin immediately before or after ERCP in all patients without contraindication. In addition to this, in the case of high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), the placement of a 5-Fr prophylactic pancreatic stent should be strongly considered. Sublingually administered glyceryl trinitrate or 250 µg somatostatin given in bolus injection might be considered as an option in high risk cases if nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are contraindicated and if prophylactic pancreatic stenting is not possible or successful. 2 ESGE recommends keeping the number of cannulation attempts as low as possible. 3 ESGE suggests restricting the use of a pancreatic guidewire as a backup technique for biliary cannulation to cases with repeated inadvertent cannulation of the pancreatic duct; if this method is used, deep biliary cannulation should be attempted using a guidewire rather than the contrast-assisted method and a prophylactic pancreatic stent should be placed. 4 ESGE suggests that needle-knife fistulotomy should be the preferred precut technique in patients with a bile duct dilated down to the papilla. Conventional precut and transpancreatic sphincterotomy present similar success and complication rates; if conventional precut is selected and pancreatic cannulation is easily obtained, ESGE suggests attempting to place a small-diameter (3-Fr or 5-Fr) pancreatic stent to guide the cut and leaving the pancreatic stent in place at the end of ERCP for a minimum of 12 - 24 hours. 4 ESGE does not recommend endoscopic papillary balloon dilation as an alternative to sphincterotomy in routine ERCP, but it may be advantageous in selected patients; if this technique is used, the duration of dilation should be longer than 1 minute.

Efectividad y seguridad de somatostatina comparada con octreotida y terlipresina para el control de la hemorragia de vías digestivas altas en adultos con várices esofágicas / Effectiveness and safety of somatostatin compared to octreotide and terlipressin for the control of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in adults with esophageal varices

Antecedentes: Descripción de la condición de salud de interés: La hipertensión portal, es comúnmente causada por la cirrosis hepática, resulta en varios flujos venosos colaterales por los cuales la sangre del sistema porta alcanza la circulación sistémica. De éstos flujos colaterales los que son clínicamente significativos son aquellos que circundan el cardias, donde la vena gástrica izquierda, la vena gástrica posterior y las venas gástricas cortas eventualmente se anastomosan con la vena ácigos menor y con la vena intercostal del sistema venoso sistémico. Esto lleva a la formación de alteraciones en la capa submucosa del tercio inferior del esófago y del fondo del estómago, y se denominan comúnmente várices. La importancia clínica radica en que la ruptura de estas várices resulta en una hemorragia gastroesofágica que es la complicación letal más frecuente de la cirrosis. Descripción de la tecnología: La somatostatina es una hormona del grupo de las hormonas hipofisiarias. La siguiente es la descripción del grupo H "Hormonas sistémicas excluyendo las hormonas sexuales y las insulinas" al cual pertenece. Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad: Pregunta de investigación: La pregunta de investigación fue validada teniendo en cuenta las siguientes fuentes de información: registro sanitario INVIMA, Acuerdo 029 de 2011, guías de práctica clínica, reportes de evaluación de tecnologías, revisiones sistemáticas y narrativas de la literatura, estudios de prevalencia/incidencia y carga de enfermedad, consulta con expertos temáticos, y otros actores clave. \r\nNo se identificaron otros comparadores relevantes para la evaluación. Población: Adultos con hemorragia de vías digestivas altas secundaria a várices esofágicas. Metodología: Búsqueda de literatura, Búsque\r\nda en bases de datos electrónicas. Conclusiones: -Efectividad: somatostatina, octreotide y terlipresina\r\nson efectivas para el tratamiento de pacientes adultos con hemorragia de vías digestivas altas secundaria a várices esofágicas. No hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellas al evaluar mortalidad, control \r\ndel sangrado y resangrado; -Seguridad: En el estudio incluido no se encontraron datos acerca de la ocurrencia de eventos adversos entre somatostatina y sus comparadores.

Opioid µ-receptors in the rostral medullary raphe modulate hypoxia-induced hyperpnea in unanesthetized rats.

AIM: It has been suggested that the medullary raphe (MR) plays a key role in the physiological responses to hypoxia. As opioid µ-receptors have been found in the MR, we studied the putative role of opioid µ-receptors in the rostral MR (rMR) region on ventilation in normal and 7% hypoxic conditions. METHODS: We measured pulmonary ventilation (VE) and the body temperatures (Tb) of male Wistar rats before and after the selective opioid µ-receptor antagonist CTAP (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2, cyclic, 0.1 µg per 0.1 µL) was microinjected into the rMR during normoxia or after 60 min of hypoxia. RESULTS: The animals treated with intra-rMR CTAP exhibited an attenuation of the ventilatory response to hypoxia (430 ± 86 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) compared with the control group (790 ± 82 mL kg(-1) min(-1) ) (P < 0.05). No differences in the Tb were observed between groups during hypoxia. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that opioids acting on µ-receptors in the rMR exert an excitatory modulation of hyperventilation induced by hypoxia.

Acetato de lanreotida tratamento da acromegalia / Lanreotide acetate acromegaly treatment

CONTEXTO: A acromegalia é uma doença rara, debilitante e desfigurante, decorrente do excesso de produção do hormônio do crescimento (GH) e, consequentemente, do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina (insulin-like growth factor I - IGF-I), que leva a um crescimento excessivo do esqueleto e dos tecidos moles. Está associada com um aumento da mortalidade e redução da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A acromegalia está associada com um aumento da mortalidade e redução da qualidade de vida. A morbidade e mortalidade da doença estão correlacionadas com os níveis de GH e, desta forma, a utilização de terapias eficientes é importante. O tratamento pode ser feito por meio de cirurgia, radioterapia ou uso de medicamentos. É chamado de tratamento primário aquele usado como primeiro tratamento (em geral com o intuito de controlar a doença em longo prazo). O tratamento secundário tem como objetivo o controle da doença naqueles pacientes não compensados após realização de tratamento primário. A TECNOLOGIA: Tipo: medicamento. Nome do princípio ativo: Acetato de Lanreotida. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Além da análise dos estudos apresentados pelo demandante, a Secretaria-Executiva da CONITEC realizou busca na literatura por artigos científicos, com o objetivo de encontrar Revisões Sistemáticas e Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados (ECR), considerados a melhor evidência para avaliar a eficácia de uma tecnologia usada para tratamento. As bases pesquisadas foram Medline® (via PubMed), The Cochrane Library (via Bireme) e CRD (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination). Os termos utilizados na busca foram "lanreotida ND acromegaly" oram considerados os estudos ublicados até o dia 26/06/2012, nos idiomas inglês, português ou espanhol. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Foram enviadas 08 contribuições à consulta pública realizada no período de 13/08/2018 a 22/08/2012: 06 provenientes de empresas, 02 de instituição de saúde/hospital e 01, de instituição de ensino. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na 8ª reunião do plenário do dia 06/09/2012, por unanimidade, ratificaram a decisão de recomendar a incorporação no Sistema Único de Saúde da lanreotida autogel para o tratamento da acromegalia, conforme Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) do Ministério da Saúde. DECISÃO: PORTARIA SCTIE-MS N.º 45, de 23 de outubro de 2012 - Torna pública a decisão de incorporar o medicamento acetato de lanreotida para o tratamento da acromegalia no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

Terapêutica medicamentosa na isquemia e reperfusão mesentérica: revisão da literatura / Medicamentous therapeutical in the ischemia and mesenteric reperfusion: review of literature

Até pouco tempo atrás se acreditava que na isquemia mesentérica todas as alterações orgânicas desta afecção eram devidas à obstrução total ou parcial do fluxo arterial intestinal. Recentes descobertas quanto à fisiopatologia do processo de isquemia e reperfusão mesentérica demonstraram que os radicais livres, principalmente, atuam durante a reperfusão, levando à lesão tecidual muito mais importante do que as lesões que ocorrem na fase de isquemia isoladamente. Assim, surge uma nova possibilidade terapêutica além do tratamento cirúrgico, em que uma determinada substância poderia atuar de modo a inibir ou minimizar a cascata de alterações no nível celular que culminam na lesão e morte celular. Realizamos uma ampla revisão da literatura médica atual pelos bancos de dados LILACS e MEDLINE, visando verificar quais os fármacos estudados para este fim e os resultados obtidos nas pesquisas. Constatamos que inúmeras substâncias têm sido avaliadas em estudos experimentais, em sua maioria utilizando ratos e a maioria não apresentou resultados satisfatórios a ponto de permitirem seu emprego na prática clínica; algumas, entretanto, apresentaram resultados promissores, necessitando ainda de novos estudos a fim de se descobrir uma substância que possa ser empregada em seres humanos em situações de isquemia e reperfusão mesentérica, a fim de se evitar tratamentos intervencionistas com altos índices de morbi-mortalidade.