Relation of fibrocartilaginous embolism and acute and non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion with imaging tests: case report / Relação de embolia fibrocartilaginosa e extrusão aguda e não-compressiva do núcleo pulposus com testes de imagem: relato de caso

Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCEM) and acute, non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE) are non-compressive myelopathies that are difficult to differentiate. The definitive diagnosis is obtained only with histology, but the presumptive diagnosis is made through clinical signs and imaging tests. The aim of this study is to report the imaging tests performed for the diagnosis of a neurological clinical case and discuss the best diagnostic method. After attending the patient, complementary tests were requested. Radiography results showed no change. The computed tomography diagnostic impression indicated distal protrusion between C6-C7, T11-T12, T13-L1 followed by mild spinal cord compression defined by the presence of a ventral hyperattenuating region. Magnetic resonance (RMI), showed a slight T2W hypersignal, well delimited in the gray matter, lateralized to the right, over the cranial third of C7. Concluding that the magnetic resonance is the method that brought more information for the diagnosis, in which the others were not described medullary alterations pertinent to FCEM and ANNPE. With their fair prognosis, the absence of histological diagnosis of these diseases may be a limiting factor in this study and, in relation to the RMI alterations being very similar between FCEM and ANNPE it is not possible to diagnose fully accurately.

A embolia fibrocartilaginosa (EFC) e a extrusão aguda não compressiva do núcleo pulposo (EANCNP) são mielopatias não compressivas de difícil diferenciação. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido apenas com a histologia, mas o diagnóstico presuntivo é feito por meio de sinais clínicos e exames de imagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar os exames de imagem realizados para o diagnóstico de um caso clínico neurológico e discutir o melhor método diagnóstico. Após o atendimento do paciente, foram solicitados exames complementares. Os resultados da radiografia não mostraram nenhuma alteração. A impressão diagnóstica da tomografia computadorizada indicou protrusão distal entre C6-C7, T11-T12, T13-L1, seguida de leve compressão medular definida pela presença de região hiperatenuante ventral. À ressonância magnética (RM), apresentava discreto hipersinal em T2W, bem delimitado na substância cinzenta, lateralizado à direita, sobre o terço cranial de C7. Concluiu-se que a ressonância magnética é o método que mais trouxe informações para o diagnóstico, os demais métodos não foram descritos alterações medulares pertinentes à EFC e à EANCNP. Com seu prognóstico favorável, a ausência de diagnóstico histológico dessas doenças pode ser um fator limitante neste estudo. Em relação às alterações do RM serem muito semelhantes entre EFC e EANCNP, não é possível diagnosticar com total precisão.

Motor and somatosensory degenerative myelopathy responsive to pantothenic acid in piglets.

This report describes 2 events of degenerative myelopathy in 4- to 27-day-old piglets, with mortality rates reaching 40%. Sows were fed rations containing low levels of pantothenic acid. Piglets presented with severe depression, weakness, ataxia, and paresis, which were more pronounced in the pelvic limbs. No significant gross lesions were observed. Histologically, there were degeneration and necrosis of neurons in the spinal cord, primarily in the thoracic nucleus in the thoracic and lumbar segments, and motor neurons in nucleus IX of the ventral horn in the cervical and lumbar intumescence. Minimal-to-moderate axonal and myelin degeneration was observed in the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord and in the dorsal and ventral nerve roots. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated depletion of acetylcholine neurotransmitters in motor neurons and accumulation of neurofilaments in the perikaryon of neurons in the thoracic nucleus and motor neurons. Ultrastructurally, the thoracic nucleus neurons and motor neurons showed dissolution of Nissl granulation. The topographical distribution of the lesions indicates damage to the second-order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract, first-order axon cuneocerebellar tract, and dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway as the cause of the conscious and unconscious proprioceptive deficit, and damage to the alpha motor neuron as the cause of the motor deficit. Clinical signs reversed and no new cases occurred after pantothenic acid levels were corrected in the ration, and piglets received parenteral administration of pantothenic acid. This study highlights the important and practical use of detailed neuropathological analysis to refine differential diagnosis.

Non-invasive monitoring of intracranial pressure waveforms using Braincare® BCMM 2000 monitor in dogs with myelopathies undergoing myelography / Monitoramento não invasivo do formato das ondas de pressão intracraniana usando o monitor Braincare® BCMM 2000 em cães com mielopatias submetidos à mielografia

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is considered the gold standard for optimizing the treatment of humans in intensive care units. However, this procedure is not commonly performed in veterinary medicine because of the limitations and complications of the method. There are some new promising non-invasive techniques for monitoring ICP, but they have not been validated in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to correlate the non-invasive intracranial pressure (NI-ICP) waveforms obtained with the BCMM-2000 Brain4care monitor during myelography in dogs with myelopathies undergoing this exam for diagnostic purposes with the waveforms obtained through invasive monitoring of the subarachnoid pressure (SP). The NI-ICP waveform was monitored in six dogs with myelopathies before (M1), during (M2), and after (M3) contrast medium injection into the subarachnoid space. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected before contrast injection. The SP waveform was simultaneously monitored in three of the six dogs. Correlations between the two methods were performed using Pearson's coefficient. The analysis of the morphology and amplitude of the waves at each moment was performed, and at M2, an increase in the P2:P1 ratio (p<0.05) was observed in both monitoring methods. In M3, the values were similar to those of M1, demonstrating the return of cerebral compliance. The comparison of the NI-ICP and SP had a positive correlation in those moments (Pearson's coefficient r=0.76; p=0.027). The speed of contrast administration, degree of spinal cord compression, and volume of CSF previously collected may affect P2:P1 and ICP dynamics. The BCMM-2000 Brain4care monitor was effective in detecting changes in ICP dynamics and abnormal pulse waveforms in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin, vertebral neoplasm and intervertebral disc disease with and without hemorrhagic myelomalacia, suggesting increased ICP induced by myelography.

A monitorização da pressão intracraniana (PIC) é considerada o padrão ouro para otimizar o tratamento de humanos em unidades de terapia intensiva, entretanto, esse procedimento não é comumente realizado na medicina veterinária devido às limitações e complicações do método. Existem algumas técnicas não invasivas promissoras de monitoramento da PIC, mas elas não foram validadas na medicina veterinária. Este estudo teve como objetivo correlacionar os formatos das ondas não invasivas da PIC (NI-PIC), obtidas com o monitor BCMM-2000 Brain4care, antes e após a injeção de meio de contraste no espaço subaracnóideo de cães com mielopatias submetidos à mielografia para fins diagnósticos, com as formas de onda obtidas por meio de monitoração invasiva da pressão subaracnóidea (PS). O formato das ondas NI-PIC foram monitoradas em seis cães com mielopatias antes (M1), durante (M2) e após (M3) injeção de meio de contraste no espaço subaracnóideo. O líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) foi coletado antes da injeção de contraste. A forma da onda da PS foi monitorada simultaneamente em três dos seis cães. As correlações entre os dois métodos foram feitas usando o coeficiente de Pearson. Foi realizada a análise da morfologia e amplitude das ondas em cada momento, e em M2 observou-se aumento da relação P2:P1 (p<0,05) em ambos os métodos de monitoramento. Em M3, os valores foram semelhantes aos de M1, demonstrando o retorno da complacência cerebral. A comparação do NI-PIC e PS apresentou correlação positiva nesses momentos (coeficiente de Pearson r=0,76; p=0,027). A velocidade de administração do contraste, o grau de compressão da medula espinhal e o volume de LCR coletado anteriormente podem afetar a dinâmica P2:P1 e PIC. O monitor BCMM-2000 Brain4care foi eficaz na detecção de alterações na dinâmica da PIC e dos formatos das ondas de pulso anormais em cães com meningoencefalite de origem desconhecida, neoplasia vertebral e doença do disco intervertebral com e sem mielomalácia hemorrágica, sugerindo aumento da PIC induzida pela mielografia.

Gurltia paralysans infection in a domestic cat in the São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil

Gurltia paralysans is a nematode first described in 1933 in Chile, causing a syndrome called feline crural parasitic paraplegia. Insects, mollusks, frogs, lizards, and rodents are paratenic hosts of this nematode, and cats probably become infected by ingesting them. This report aims to discuss the main anatomopathological findings of gurltiosis in a cat submitted to necropsy in a laboratory in Ribeirão Preto city, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, being the first case reported in this state. The main necroscopic findings were extramedullary reddened areas below the leptomeninges in the cervical and lumbar segments of the spinal cord. The histopathological examination showed marked thickening of the leptomeninges in the lumbar segment of the spinal cord, with marked neovascularization and fibrosis associated with eosinophilic and mononuclear inflammatory infiltration, as well as the presence of intravascular nematodes. The diagnosis of this lesion was chronic segmental meningomyelitis associated with intralesional parasites. Although uncommon, feline gurltiosis is a neglected parasitic disease that should be included as a differential diagnosis of paraparesis in domestic cats.(AU)

Clinical and Histopathological Findings of Hemorrhagic Progressive Myelomalacia after Lumbar Tap in 2 Dogs: Case Report.

Bichon frise (1) and Boxer (2), both with epileptic seizures, underwent lumbar taps for cerebrospinal fluid collection. After the procedure, the first dog became paraplegic, and the second dog did not recover from anesthesia and remained in a coma. Both dogs were euthanatized 12 h after the examination. The dogs were diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy and fibrillar astrocytoma, respectively, after postmortem examination. They were also diagnosed with progressive myelomalacia, involving C1-C5 until the L4-S3 spinal segments. Since it was not possible to attribute the development of myelomalacia to the primary diseases observed, the lumbar tap likely caused this severe spinal cord injury. These reports highlight myelomalacia as a possible complication of lumbar taps.

Lumbar Myelopathy Caused by Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses in a Dog.

A 6-months-old male mixed-breed dog was admitted to the veterinary hospital with lameness in the right pelvic limb, proprioceptive ataxia, and suspected spinal cord injury in the lumbosacral segment. Upon palpation, firm nodules were noted on the bony surface of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, ribs, vertebrae, and tail. The radiographic study showed nodules of low radiopacity with well-defined limits and smooth contours, one of which was overlapping the fifth lumbar vertebra. Given the clinical presentation indicative of spinal cord injury, the animal was subjected to hemilaminectomy for nodular resection. Histopathological examination of the biopsy enabled the diagnosis of osteochondroma. The clinical follow up after surgery showed improvement in walking, despite persistent monoparesis in the right pelvic limb. The radiographic study in association with clinical and histopathological exams allowed the diagnosis and monitoring of the lesions.

Molecular screening for the mutation associated with canine degenerative myelopathy (SOD1:c.118G > A) in German Shepherd dogs in Brazil.

Canine Degenerative Myelopathy is a late onset recessive autosomal disease characterized by a progressive ascending degeneration of the spinal cord. Two causal mutations are associated with this disease: a transition (c.118G>A) in exon 2 of the SOD1 that was described in several breeds and a transversion (c.52A>T) in exon 1 of the same gene described in Bernese Mountain dogs. The aim of this study was to understand the impact of the SOD1:c.118G > A mutation by genotyping a population of German Shepherd dogs in Brazil. A PCR-RFLP approach was used to genotype 97 healthy individuals belonging from the Northeast (Bahia and Pernambuco states) and South (Santa Catarina state) regions of Brazil. A total of 95 individuals were successfully genotyped resulting in an observed genotype frequency (with 95% confidence interval) of: 0.758 (0.672-0.844), 0.242 (0.156-0.328) and 0.000 (0.000-0.000) for "GG", "AG" and "AA" genotypes, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to describe the presence of the "A" allele associated with CDM (SOD1:c.118G > A) in German Shepherd dogs in Brazil and, as such, these results contribute toward important epidemiological data in this country and to the knowledge of the distribution of the aforementioned mutation worldwide.

Achados clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares da mielopatia degenerativa canina: relato de caso / Clinical, histopathological and molecular findings of canine degenerative myelopathy: case report

Objetivou-se descrever os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares associados à MDC em um cão da raça Pastor-Suiço. O cão possuía uma paraparesia progressiva em membros pélvicos e foi submetido a avaliações clínicas, pelas quais se obteve, entre outros diferenciais, o diagnóstico presuntivo de MDC. Com a evolução dos sinais, o tutor optou pela eutanásia. Os achados histopatológicos da medula espinhal foram compatíveis com uma degeneração segmentar axonal e mielínica. O diagnóstico molecular foi realizado por meio da extração do DNA obtido por swab oral. Uma PCR foi otimizada utilizando-se primers descritos em literatura para amplificar a região do gene SOD1. A amostra foi, então, submetida a sequenciamento unidirecional, que revelou que o animal em questão era homozigoto para o alelo A para a mutação c.118G>A no éxon 2 do gene SOD1. O diagnóstico clínico presuntivo da MDC no presente caso foi esclarecido por meio dos achados histopatológicos, associados aos achados clínicos, e da sua caracterização molecular. Ressalta-se a contribuição deste relato, que traz aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares associados à MDC na raça Pastor-Suíço, para a qual, até o presente momento, na literatura consultada, não há relato dessa enfermidade.(AU)

The objective of this study was to describe the clinical, histopathological and molecular findings associated with MDC in a Swiss Shepherd dog. The dog had a progressive paraparesis in pelvic limbs and was submitted to clinical evaluations where, among other differentials, the presumptive diagnosis of MDC was obtained. With the progression of the nervous deficits tutor opted for euthanasia. The histopathological findings of the spinal cord were compatible with axonal and myelinic segmental degeneration. Molecular diagnosis was performed by extracting the DNA obtained by oral swab. PCR was optimized using primers described in the literature to amplify the SOD1 gene region. The sample was then subjected to one-way sequencing which revealed that the animal in question was homozygous for the A allele for the c.118G>A mutation in exon 2 of the SOD1 gene. The presumptive diagnosis of MDC in the present case was clarified by histopathological findings, as well as by its molecular characterization. The contribution of this report brings clinical, histopathological and molecular aspects associated with canine degenerative myelopathy in the Swiss Shepherd breed, that until this moment, in the literature consulted, there is no report of this disease in the breed mentioned.(AU)

Achados clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares da mielopatia degenerativa canina: relato de caso / Clinical, histopathological and molecular findings of canine degenerative myelopathy: case report

Objetivou-se descrever os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares associados à MDC em um cão da raça Pastor-Suiço. O cão possuía uma paraparesia progressiva em membros pélvicos e foi submetido a avaliações clínicas, pelas quais se obteve, entre outros diferenciais, o diagnóstico presuntivo de MDC. Com a evolução dos sinais, o tutor optou pela eutanásia. Os achados histopatológicos da medula espinhal foram compatíveis com uma degeneração segmentar axonal e mielínica. O diagnóstico molecular foi realizado por meio da extração do DNA obtido por swab oral. Uma PCR foi otimizada utilizando-se primers descritos em literatura para amplificar a região do gene SOD1. A amostra foi, então, submetida a sequenciamento unidirecional, que revelou que o animal em questão era homozigoto para o alelo A para a mutação c.118G>A no éxon 2 do gene SOD1. O diagnóstico clínico presuntivo da MDC no presente caso foi esclarecido por meio dos achados histopatológicos, associados aos achados clínicos, e da sua caracterização molecular. Ressalta-se a contribuição deste relato, que traz aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares associados à MDC na raça Pastor-Suíço, para a qual, até o presente momento, na literatura consultada, não há relato dessa enfermidade.(AU)

The objective of this study was to describe the clinical, histopathological and molecular findings associated with MDC in a Swiss Shepherd dog. The dog had a progressive paraparesis in pelvic limbs and was submitted to clinical evaluations where, among other differentials, the presumptive diagnosis of MDC was obtained. With the progression of the nervous deficits tutor opted for euthanasia. The histopathological findings of the spinal cord were compatible with axonal and myelinic segmental degeneration. Molecular diagnosis was performed by extracting the DNA obtained by oral swab. PCR was optimized using primers described in the literature to amplify the SOD1 gene region. The sample was then subjected to one-way sequencing which revealed that the animal in question was homozygous for the A allele for the c.118G>A mutation in exon 2 of the SOD1 gene. The presumptive diagnosis of MDC in the present case was clarified by histopathological findings, as well as by its molecular characterization. The contribution of this report brings clinical, histopathological and molecular aspects associated with canine degenerative myelopathy in the Swiss Shepherd breed, that until this moment, in the literature consulted, there is no report of this disease in the breed mentioned.(AU)

Canine breeds predisposed to develop diskospondylitis: a retrospective study of 181 cases (2009-2018) / Predisposição racial canina para o desenvolvimento de discoespondilite: estudo retrospectivo de 181 casos (2009-2018)

A study to determine the prevalence and predisposition of dog breeds to develop diskospondylitis (DS) was carried out on a population of 5,497 animals submitted to computed tomography or digital radiography of the spine between 2009 and 2018. Variables such as breed, gender, age, vertebral segment and total number of vertebrae affected were collected and submitted to the prevalence tests, chi-square and odds ratio. A total of 181 dogs presented DS, a prevalence of 3.4%. Of these, 65% were males with a probability 1.6x greater than females (CI 1.17-2.17). Dogs more than 10 years old have a 1.5x higher probability (CI 1.10-2.05), while those between 2-5 years the probability decreases 51% (CI 0.34-0.77). Large dogs (>30 kg; 45%) showed a 3.8x greater chance to develop DS (CI 2.56-5.33) than small dogs (<15 kg; 28%), although the small dogs showed a 34% lower probability (CI 0.24-0.47). The Labrador Retriever breed was 3.7x more likely to develop DS than all the other breeds studied (CI 2.56-5.33) and the French Bulldog, among the small breeds, was 2.8x more susceptible (CI 1.51-5.06). In conclusion older dogs, large dogs, especially Labrador Retrievers, are more likely to develop DS. The French bulldog should be studied further.

Para determinar a prevalência e predisposição racial da discoespondilite (DS) em cães realizou-se uma pesquisa numa população de 5497 animais submetidos a exame de tomografia computadorizada ou radiografia digital da coluna entre 2009 e 2018. Variáveis como raça, sexo, idade, segmento vertebral e total de vértebras acometidas foram coletadas e submetidas aos testes de prevalência, Qui-quadrado e odds ratio. Foram identificados 181 cães com DS, prevalência de 3,4%. Destes, 65% eram machos, probabilidade 1,6x maior que fêmeas (CI 1.17-2.17). Cães maiores que 10 anos tem probabilidade 1,5x maior (CI 1.10-2.05), enquanto em cães entre 2-5 anos a probabilidade diminui 51% (CI 0.34-0.77). Observou-se o predomínio de cães de grande porte (>30 kg; 45%), com 3,8x mais chances de DS (CI 2.56-5.33); seguido de 28% de cães de pequeno porte, ainda que demonstrada uma probabilidade 34% menor (CI 0.24-0.47). O labrador apresenta 3,7x mais chances que todas as raças estudadas (CI 2.56-5.33) e o buldogue francês, entre as raças de pequeno porte, 2,8x mais susceptibilidade (CI 1.51-5.06). Conclui-se que fatores como idade avançada, grande porte e, especialmente labradores, apresentam maior probabilidade a serem portadores de DS. O buldogue francês deve ser mais estudado quanto a sua discrepância em comparação a raças de mesmo porte.

Canine breeds predisposed to develop diskospondylitis: a retrospective study of 181 cases (2009-2018) / Predisposição racial canina para o desenvolvimento de discoespondilite: estudo retrospectivo de 181 casos (2009-2018)

A study to determine the prevalence and predisposition of dog breeds to develop diskospondylitis (DS) was carried out on a population of 5,497 animals submitted to computed tomography or digital radiography of the spine between 2009 and 2018. Variables such as breed, gender, age, vertebral segment and total number of vertebrae affected were collected and submitted to the prevalence tests, chi-square and odds ratio. A total of 181 dogs presented DS, a prevalence of 3.4%. Of these, 65% were males with a probability 1.6x greater than females (CI 1.17-2.17). Dogs more than 10 years old have a 1.5x higher probability (CI 1.10-2.05), while those between 2-5 years the probability decreases 51% (CI 0.34-0.77). Large dogs (>30 kg; 45%) showed a 3.8x greater chance to develop DS (CI 2.56-5.33) than small dogs (<15 kg; 28%), although the small dogs showed a 34% lower probability (CI 0.24-0.47). The Labrador Retriever breed was 3.7x more likely to develop DS than all the other breeds studied (CI 2.56-5.33) and the French Bulldog, among the small breeds, was 2.8x more susceptible (CI 1.51-5.06). In conclusion older dogs, large dogs, especially Labrador Retrievers, are more likely to develop DS. The French bulldog should be studied further.(AU)

Para determinar a prevalência e predisposição racial da discoespondilite (DS) em cães realizou-se uma pesquisa numa população de 5497 animais submetidos a exame de tomografia computadorizada ou radiografia digital da coluna entre 2009 e 2018. Variáveis como raça, sexo, idade, segmento vertebral e total de vértebras acometidas foram coletadas e submetidas aos testes de prevalência, Qui-quadrado e odds ratio. Foram identificados 181 cães com DS, prevalência de 3,4%. Destes, 65% eram machos, probabilidade 1,6x maior que fêmeas (CI 1.17-2.17). Cães maiores que 10 anos tem probabilidade 1,5x maior (CI 1.10-2.05), enquanto em cães entre 2-5 anos a probabilidade diminui 51% (CI 0.34-0.77). Observou-se o predomínio de cães de grande porte (>30 kg; 45%), com 3,8x mais chances de DS (CI 2.56-5.33); seguido de 28% de cães de pequeno porte, ainda que demonstrada uma probabilidade 34% menor (CI 0.24-0.47). O labrador apresenta 3,7x mais chances que todas as raças estudadas (CI 2.56-5.33) e o buldogue francês, entre as raças de pequeno porte, 2,8x mais susceptibilidade (CI 1.51-5.06). Conclui-se que fatores como idade avançada, grande porte e, especialmente labradores, apresentam maior probabilidade a serem portadores de DS. O buldogue francês deve ser mais estudado quanto a sua discrepância em comparação a raças de mesmo porte.(AU)

An outbreak of compressive myelopathy due to pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine - case report / Surto de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação piogranulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra Febre Aftosa em Minas Gerais - relato de caso

Cases of compressive myelopathy syndrome associated with post vaccinal pyogranulomas were diagnosed post mortem in three cows from a farm in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. These cows presented ataxia and bilateral paresis of the pelvic limbs, which evolved to paralysis, and sternal recumbence. On necropsy, locally extensive areas of the longissimus dorsi muscle were replaced by pyogranulomas supported by moderate amounts of fibrous connective tissue. On the cut surface, some nodules contained yellowish and viscous fluid (purulent exudate) or whitish fluid (interpreted as the oily adjuvant of a vaccine). In the spinal canal of the subjacent vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord, were pyogranulomas identical to those described in the skeletal muscle. Histologically, the pyogranulomas were composed of a central clear vacuole (consistent with the space left by the oil adjuvant droplets), surrounded by neutrophils and, more externally, by large numbers of epithelioid macrophages and fewer multinucleated giant cells. In the white matter of the spinal cord were numerous well-defined, clear vacuoles (Wallerian degeneration). The association of the clinical history and pathological findings allowed the diagnosis of compressive myelopathy associated with pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, in this case, due to its inadequate application.(AU)

São descritos casos de síndrome de compressão medular, associada a granulomas pós-vacinais, em bovinos Nelore, provenientes de uma propriedade em Minas Gerais. Esses bovinos apresentavam ataxia e paresia bilateral dos membros pélvicos, que evoluiu para paralisia e decúbito esternal. Na necropsia, áreas focalmente extensas da musculatura na região torácica dorsal (músculo longissimus dorsi) eram substituídas por numerosos piogranulomas, separados por tecido brancacento e firme (tecido conjuntivo fibroso). Ao corte, alguns nódulos continham material amarelado e viscoso (exsudato purulento) ou material esbranquiçado e fluido (sugestivo de adjuvante de vacina). No canal medular das vértebras subjacentes, havia granulomas idênticos aos observados no tecido muscular. Histologicamente, os piogranulomas continham, no centro, vacúolo, bem delimitado e arredondado (consistente com o espaço deixado pela gotícula de lipídio do adjuvante), circundado por variável quantidade de neutrófilos degenerados e íntegros e, mais externamente, por numerosos macrófagos epitelioides e algumas células gigantes multinucleadas. Nas áreas da medula espinhal, circundadas pelos granulomas, numerosos vacúolos, bem definidos, eram observados na substância branca (degeneração walleriana). A associação do histórico clínico e de achados patológicos permitiu o diagnóstico de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação granulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra febre aftosa, no caso, induzida pela aplicação inadequada da vacina.(AU)

An outbreak of compressive myelopathy due to pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine - case report / Surto de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação piogranulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra Febre Aftosa em Minas Gerais - relato de caso

Cases of compressive myelopathy syndrome associated with post vaccinal pyogranulomas were diagnosed post mortem in three cows from a farm in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. These cows presented ataxia and bilateral paresis of the pelvic limbs, which evolved to paralysis, and sternal recumbence. On necropsy, locally extensive areas of the longissimus dorsi muscle were replaced by pyogranulomas supported by moderate amounts of fibrous connective tissue. On the cut surface, some nodules contained yellowish and viscous fluid (purulent exudate) or whitish fluid (interpreted as the oily adjuvant of a vaccine). In the spinal canal of the subjacent vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord, were pyogranulomas identical to those described in the skeletal muscle. Histologically, the pyogranulomas were composed of a central clear vacuole (consistent with the space left by the oil adjuvant droplets), surrounded by neutrophils and, more externally, by large numbers of epithelioid macrophages and fewer multinucleated giant cells. In the white matter of the spinal cord were numerous well-defined, clear vacuoles (Wallerian degeneration). The association of the clinical history and pathological findings allowed the diagnosis of compressive myelopathy associated with pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, in this case, due to its inadequate application.(AU)

São descritos casos de síndrome de compressão medular, associada a granulomas pós-vacinais, em bovinos Nelore, provenientes de uma propriedade em Minas Gerais. Esses bovinos apresentavam ataxia e paresia bilateral dos membros pélvicos, que evoluiu para paralisia e decúbito esternal. Na necropsia, áreas focalmente extensas da musculatura na região torácica dorsal (músculo longissimus dorsi) eram substituídas por numerosos piogranulomas, separados por tecido brancacento e firme (tecido conjuntivo fibroso). Ao corte, alguns nódulos continham material amarelado e viscoso (exsudato purulento) ou material esbranquiçado e fluido (sugestivo de adjuvante de vacina). No canal medular das vértebras subjacentes, havia granulomas idênticos aos observados no tecido muscular. Histologicamente, os piogranulomas continham, no centro, vacúolo, bem delimitado e arredondado (consistente com o espaço deixado pela gotícula de lipídio do adjuvante), circundado por variável quantidade de neutrófilos degenerados e íntegros e, mais externamente, por numerosos macrófagos epitelioides e algumas células gigantes multinucleadas. Nas áreas da medula espinhal, circundadas pelos granulomas, numerosos vacúolos, bem definidos, eram observados na substância branca (degeneração walleriana). A associação do histórico clínico e de achados patológicos permitiu o diagnóstico de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação granulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra febre aftosa, no caso, induzida pela aplicação inadequada da vacina.(AU)

Artrodese cervical para o tratamento de mielopatia vertebral cervical estenótica (MVCE) em dois potros campolina com uso de placa bloqueada (LCP) sucesso e insucesso: relato de caso / Cervical arthrodesis for the treatment of cervical stenotic myelopathy in two campolina foals using a locking plate (LCP) success and failure: case report / Artrodesis cervical para el tratamiento de la mielopatía vertebral cervical estenotica en dos potros Campolina con uso de placa bloqueada (LCP) - êxito e fracaso: relato de caso

A mielopatia vertebral cervical estenótica (MVCE) é uma enfermidade que acomete geralmente equinos jovens e adultos, resultando em sinais clínicos de ataxia espinhal proprioceptiva geralmente simétrica e tetraparesia de neurônio motor superior. Dois estudos prévios relataram a aplicabilidade de placas bloqueadas (LCP) em um potro com MVCE e em um experimento ex vivo. Contudo nenhum relato foi publicado sobre o uso de LCP em potros acima de um ano de idade. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o tratamento cirúrgico da mielopatia vertebral cervical estenótica com o uso de placa bloqueada em dois potros da raça Campolina. Após a cirurgia um indivíduo apresentou melhora gradativa da ataxia até atingir a normalidade após o período de um ano. O outro indivíduo, embora tivesse apresentado melhora após o tratamento, aos 30 dias houve um agravamento dos sinais clínicos e o animal foi submetido à eutanásia. Nesse caso, houve falha da placa implantada em C4-C5.(AU)

Vertebral cervical stenotic myelopathy (VCSM) is a disease that affects young and adult horses, resulting in clinic signs of proprioceptive spinal ataxia, usually symmetric, and upper motor neuron tetraparesis. Two previous studies have shown the applicability of locked plates (LCP) in a foal with VCSM and an ex vivo experiment. However, no report was published of LCP use in foals above one year old. The aim of this study is to report the surgical treatment of VCSM using LCP to treat two large Campolina foals. After surgery, one individual gradually shown improvement of the ataxia, reaching normality one year later. The other one, although it showed improvement, after 30 days suffered worsening of the clinical features, leading to its euthanasia. In this case a failure occurred in the C4-C5 plate.(AU)

La mielopatía vertebral cervical estenótica (MVCE) es una enfermedad que afecta generalmente a los equinos jóvenes y adultos, resultando en signos clínicos de ataxia espinal proprioceptiva generalmente simétrica y tetraparesia de neurona motor superior. Dos estudios previos relataron la aplicabilidad de placas bloqueadas (LCP) en un potro con MVCE y en un experimento ex vivo. Sin embargo, no se ha publicado ningún relato sobre el uso de LCP in potros por encima de un ano de edad. El objetivo de este trabajo es relatar el tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielopatía vertebral cervical estenótica con el uso de placa bloqueada en dos potros de la raza Campolina. Después de la cirugía un individuo presentó una mejora gradual de la ataxia hasta alcanzar la normalidad después del período de un ano. El otro individuo, aunque presentó una mejora después del tratamiento, a los 30 días hubo un agravamiento de los signos clínicos y el animal fue sometido a eutanasia. En este caso, se produjo un fallo en la placa implantada en C4-C5.(AU)

Artrodese cervical para o tratamento de mielopatia vertebral cervical estenótica (MVCE) em dois potros campolina com uso de placa bloqueada (LCP) sucesso e insucesso: relato de caso / Cervical arthrodesis for the treatment of cervical stenotic myelopathy in two campolina foals using a locking plate (LCP) success and failure: case report / Artrodesis cervical para el tratamiento de la mielopatía vertebral cervical estenotica en dos potros Campolina con uso de placa bloqueada (LCP) - êxito e fracaso: relato de caso

A mielopatia vertebral cervical estenótica (MVCE) é uma enfermidade que acomete geralmente equinos jovens e adultos, resultando em sinais clínicos de ataxia espinhal proprioceptiva geralmente simétrica e tetraparesia de neurônio motor superior. Dois estudos prévios relataram a aplicabilidade de placas bloqueadas (LCP) em um potro com MVCE e em um experimento ex vivo. Contudo nenhum relato foi publicado sobre o uso de LCP em potros acima de um ano de idade. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o tratamento cirúrgico da mielopatia vertebral cervical estenótica com o uso de placa bloqueada em dois potros da raça Campolina. Após a cirurgia um indivíduo apresentou melhora gradativa da ataxia até atingir a normalidade após o período de um ano. O outro indivíduo, embora tivesse apresentado melhora após o tratamento, aos 30 dias houve um agravamento dos sinais clínicos e o animal foi submetido à eutanásia. Nesse caso, houve falha da placa implantada em C4-C5.

Vertebral cervical stenotic myelopathy (VCSM) is a disease that affects young and adult horses, resulting in clinic signs of proprioceptive spinal ataxia, usually symmetric, and upper motor neuron tetraparesis. Two previous studies have shown the applicability of locked plates (LCP) in a foal with VCSM and an ex vivo experiment. However, no report was published of LCP use in foals above one year old. The aim of this study is to report the surgical treatment of VCSM using LCP to treat two large Campolina foals. After surgery, one individual gradually shown improvement of the ataxia, reaching normality one year later. The other one, although it showed improvement, after 30 days suffered worsening of the clinical features, leading to its euthanasia. In this case a failure occurred in the C4-C5 plate.

La mielopatía vertebral cervical estenótica (MVCE) es una enfermedad que afecta generalmente a los equinos jóvenes y adultos, resultando en signos clínicos de ataxia espinal proprioceptiva generalmente simétrica y tetraparesia de neurona motor superior. Dos estudios previos relataron la aplicabilidad de placas bloqueadas (LCP) en un potro con MVCE y en un experimento ex vivo. Sin embargo, no se ha publicado ningún relato sobre el uso de LCP in potros por encima de un ano de edad. El objetivo de este trabajo es relatar el tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielopatía vertebral cervical estenótica con el uso de placa bloqueada en dos potros de la raza Campolina. Después de la cirugía un individuo presentó una mejora gradual de la ataxia hasta alcanzar la normalidad después del período de un ano. El otro individuo, aunque presentó una mejora después del tratamiento, a los 30 días hubo un agravamiento de los signos clínicos y el animal fue sometido a eutanasia. En este caso, se produjo un fallo en la placa implantada en C4-C5.

Ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous embolism in a horse / Mielopatia isquêmica associada a embolismo fibrocartilaginoso em um equino

This report described clinical, epidemiological, and pathological aspects of ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) in a 10-year-old, mixed breed gelding. Clinically, the horse presented acute hind limbs paralysis, with a clinical course of approximately 24 hours. At necropsy, no gross lesions were observed. Cross-sections of the spinal cord revealed focally extensive areas of malacia from the T10 to L4 segments. Focally extensive areas of liquefactive necrosis involving the gray matter and adjacent white matter were observed on histologic sections. The lumen of multiple blood vessels in the periphery of the necrotic areas was occluded by fibrocartilaginous emboli that strongly stained with alcian blue. Clinical signs, gross necropsy, and histological findings observed in this case were identical to those described in the literature for ischemic myelopathy caused by FCE in the horse and other species.(AU)

Este relato descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de um caso de mielopatia isquêmica por embolismo fibrocartilaginoso (FCE) em um equino, macho castrado, sem raça definida, com 10 anos de idade. Clinicamente, o equino apresentou paralisia aguda dos membros pélvicos com evolução de aproximadamente 24 horas. Na necropsia não foram observadas alterações. Após serem realizados vários cortes transversais na medula espinhal, observou-se área focalmente extensa de malacia entre o segmento T10 até L4. Histologicamente haviam áreas focalmente extensas de necrose de liquefação envolvendo a substância cinzenta e a substância branca adjacente. Múltiplos vasos sanguíneos da periferia das áreas de necrose estavam ocluídos por êmbolos fibrocartilaginosos, que reagiram fortemente pela técnica de azul alciano. Os sinais clínicos, as lesões macroscópicas e os achados histológicos observados neste caso, são idênticos aos descritos na literatura para FCE em equinos e nas demais espécies.(AU)

Hérnia de disco tipo III em um cão / Type III disc herniation in a dog

Background: Acute and non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion, also called type III disc herniation, usually results from extreme exercises or traumatic episodes and is characterized by an acute extrusion without a compression of the spinal cord. Extrusion reaches the spinal cord at high speed, causing bruising in its parenchyma, and dissipates through the epidural space without causing compression. This report aims to describe the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of a canine patient possibly affected by acute non-compressive extrusion of the intervertebral disc, as well as the evolution of the case with the proposed therapy.Case: A 7-year-old male Dachshund, weighing 9.4 kg, was presented with an acute loss of hind limb locomotion. At the neurological examination, paraplegia of acute onset with absence of deep pain, increased muscle tone, and increased patellar and withdrawal reflexes in hind limbs was found, as well as pain on epaxial palpation of the thoracolumbar spine. The perineal reflex was preserved, and the cutaneous trunci reflex was absent until the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an uncompressed heterogeneous hyper intense area in the thoracolumbar spinal cord on the intervertebral disc (IVD) between T13-L1. Based on the imaging findings, a presumptive diagnosis of an acute non-compressive disc extrusion was assumed, thus discarding the need for surgical decompression. The patient was hospitalized, initially being treated with dexamethasone, tramadol and dipyrone. After 24 hours of hospitalization, the dog recovered deep pain in the pelvic limbs and control over urination. The dog was then discharged from hospital and was prescribed prednisolone and absolute rest. After 25 days of clinical onset, there was a significant improvement in the patient neurological status, presenting only an ataxia of the pelvic limbs.[...]

Hérnia de disco tipo III em um cão / Type III disc herniation in a dog

Background: Acute and non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion, also called type III disc herniation, usually results from extreme exercises or traumatic episodes and is characterized by an acute extrusion without a compression of the spinal cord. Extrusion reaches the spinal cord at high speed, causing bruising in its parenchyma, and dissipates through the epidural space without causing compression. This report aims to describe the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of a canine patient possibly affected by acute non-compressive extrusion of the intervertebral disc, as well as the evolution of the case with the proposed therapy.Case: A 7-year-old male Dachshund, weighing 9.4 kg, was presented with an acute loss of hind limb locomotion. At the neurological examination, paraplegia of acute onset with absence of deep pain, increased muscle tone, and increased patellar and withdrawal reflexes in hind limbs was found, as well as pain on epaxial palpation of the thoracolumbar spine. The perineal reflex was preserved, and the cutaneous trunci reflex was absent until the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an uncompressed heterogeneous hyper intense area in the thoracolumbar spinal cord on the intervertebral disc (IVD) between T13-L1. Based on the imaging findings, a presumptive diagnosis of an acute non-compressive disc extrusion was assumed, thus discarding the need for surgical decompression. The patient was hospitalized, initially being treated with dexamethasone, tramadol and dipyrone. After 24 hours of hospitalization, the dog recovered deep pain in the pelvic limbs and control over urination. The dog was then discharged from hospital and was prescribed prednisolone and absolute rest. After 25 days of clinical onset, there was a significant improvement in the patient neurological status, presenting only an ataxia of the pelvic limbs.[...](AU)

Modelos de elementos finitos para o estudo da espondilomielopatia cervical - revisão de literatura / A literature review on finite element models for the study of cervical spondylomyelopathy / Modelos de elementos finitos para el estudio de la espondilomielopatía cervical - revisión de literatura

A espondilomielopatia cervical (EMC), ou síndrome de Wobbler, afeta principalmente a coluna vertebral cervical de cães de raças grandes e gigantes, gerando uma compressão da medula espinhal e/ou de raízes nervosas. Considera-se que exista uma participação de componentes dinâmicos, mas a fisiopatogenia ainda não foi elucidada. A análise com elementos finitos consiste na criação de um modelo computadorizado capaz de simular a biomecânica das estruturas. O presente objetivo é esclarecer aspectos relacionados à construção de modelos de elementos finitos (MEFs) e EMC por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica desses dois temas, ressaltando os benefícios e dificuldades do uso de MEFs para o estudo da fisiopatogenia e o tratamento da EMC. Apesar das dificuldades existentes em gerar MEFs representativos da coluna cervical de um cão, a criação desses modelos e maiores estudos biomecânicos devem contribuir para o maior entendimento da EMC.

Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM), or wobbler syndrome, affects mainly the cervical region of the vertebral column of large- and giant-breed dogs, causing compression of the spinal cord and/or nerve roots. Dynamic components are considered to play a role in the condition, but its pathophysiology has not been fully explained. Finite element analysis consists in creating a computer model capable of simulating the biomechanics of the structures of interest. The present work aims to clarify aspects related with construction of finite element models and CSM through a review of literature on both topics, stressing the benefits of using finite element models to study the pathophysiology and treatment of CSM. Despite existing difficulties in generating a finite element model that represents the cervical spine of the dog, development of such a model and further biomechanical studies should contribute for a greater understanding of CSM.

La espondilomielopatía cervical (EMC), o síndrome de Wobbler, afecta principalmente la columna vertebral cervical de perros de razas gigantes y grandes, provocando una compresión de la médula espinal y o de las raíces nerviosas. Se ha sugerido la participación de componentes dinámicos, pero aún se desconoce la fisiopatología de esta enfermedad. el análisis por media de elementos finitos permite la creación de un modelo computacional capaz de simular la biomecánica de las estructuras involucradas. el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en aclarar ciertos aspectos relacionados con la construcción de modelos de elementos finitos (MEFs) y la EMC, a través de una revisión de la literatura sobre estos dos temas, resaltando los beneficios y las dificultades en el uso de los MEFs para el estudio de la fisiopatología y tratamiento de la EMC. A pesar de las dificultades que existen para crear un MEFs de la columna cervical de un perro, la creación de estos modelos y otros estudios biomecánicos deben ayudar a una mejor comprensión de la EMC.

Modelos de elementos finitos para o estudo da espondilomielopatia cervical - revisão de literatura / A literature review on finite element models for the study of cervical spondylomyelopathy / Modelos de elementos finitos para el estudio de la espondilomielopatía cervical - revisión de literatura

A espondilomielopatia cervical (EMC), ou síndrome de Wobbler, afeta principalmente a coluna vertebral cervical de cães de raças grandes e gigantes, gerando uma compressão da medula espinhal e/ou de raízes nervosas. Considera-se que exista uma participação de componentes dinâmicos, mas a fisiopatogenia ainda não foi elucidada. A análise com elementos finitos consiste na criação de um modelo computadorizado capaz de simular a biomecânica das estruturas. O presente objetivo é esclarecer aspectos relacionados à construção de modelos de elementos finitos (MEFs) e EMC por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica desses dois temas, ressaltando os benefícios e dificuldades do uso de MEFs para o estudo da fisiopatogenia e o tratamento da EMC. Apesar das dificuldades existentes em gerar MEFs representativos da coluna cervical de um cão, a criação desses modelos e maiores estudos biomecânicos devem contribuir para o maior entendimento da EMC.(AU)

Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM), or wobbler syndrome, affects mainly the cervical region of the vertebral column of large- and giant-breed dogs, causing compression of the spinal cord and/or nerve roots. Dynamic components are considered to play a role in the condition, but its pathophysiology has not been fully explained. Finite element analysis consists in creating a computer model capable of simulating the biomechanics of the structures of interest. The present work aims to clarify aspects related with construction of finite element models and CSM through a review of literature on both topics, stressing the benefits of using finite element models to study the pathophysiology and treatment of CSM. Despite existing difficulties in generating a finite element model that represents the cervical spine of the dog, development of such a model and further biomechanical studies should contribute for a greater understanding of CSM.(AU)

La espondilomielopatía cervical (EMC), o síndrome de Wobbler, afecta principalmente la columna vertebral cervical de perros de razas gigantes y grandes, provocando una compresión de la médula espinal y o de las raíces nerviosas. Se ha sugerido la participación de componentes dinámicos, pero aún se desconoce la fisiopatología de esta enfermedad. el análisis por media de elementos finitos permite la creación de un modelo computacional capaz de simular la biomecánica de las estructuras involucradas. el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en aclarar ciertos aspectos relacionados con la construcción de modelos de elementos finitos (MEFs) y la EMC, a través de una revisión de la literatura sobre estos dos temas, resaltando los beneficios y las dificultades en el uso de los MEFs para el estudio de la fisiopatología y tratamiento de la EMC. A pesar de las dificultades que existen para crear un MEFs de la columna cervical de un perro, la creación de estos modelos y otros estudios biomecánicos deben ayudar a una mejor comprensión de la EMC.(AU)