Subdural Extra-arachnoid Hygroma Because of Occult Distal Durotomy After Minimally Invasive Decompression: A Case Report.

CASE: We present the case of a 59-year-old man who had MIS L4-5 decompression. He presented the next day with intractable back and leg pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed ventral displacement of the cauda equina and a subdural collection on the right L3/L4 nerve roots. Revision decompression revealed occult durotomy caudal and contralateral to the index decompression. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive spine (MIS) surgery leverages shorter operative time and reduced postoperative pain. Yet, decreased exposure can make identification and management complications challenging. This report highlights occult durotomy and spinal subdural extra-arachnoid hygroma in patients with postoperative nerve compression after seemingly uncomplicated MISS.

Postoperative Spinal Subdural Extra-arachnoid Hygroma Because of Trauma: Resolution with Lumbar Puncture: A Case Report.

CASE: A 73-year-old woman, after spinal surgery, presented with symptomatic spinal subdural extra-arachnoid hygroma (SSEH) because of a fall on the third postoperative day. The hygroma was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Lumbar puncture was performed under local anesthesia, after which the leg pain disappeared immediately. MRI obtained immediately after puncture and 1 week later confirmed disappearance of the hygroma. CONCLUSION: Although dural transection is mentioned in most of the reports on treatment of symptomatic postoperative SSEH, we were able to treat this entity by epidural puncture. In the absence of paraplegia or cystorectal disturbance, puncture can be an effective and minimally invasive treatment option.

Subdural Hygroma After Management of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: Incidence, Associated Factors, Clinical Course, and Management Options.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, associated factors, clinical course, and management options of subdural hygroma in patients treated for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). METHODS: From January 2013 until June 2022, 336 consecutive patients with aSAH underwent treatment in our center. No one patient was excluded from the study cohort. Computed tomography (CT) examinations were performed at admission, immediately after surgery and on the first postoperative day, and subsequently in case of any neurologic deterioration or, at least, once per week until discharge from the hospital. Thereafter, CT examinations were at the discretion of specialists in the rehabilitation facility, referring physicians, or neurosurgeons at the outpatient clinic. RESULTS: The length of radiologic follow-up starting from CT at admission ranged from 1 to 3286 days (mean, 673 ± 895 days; median, 150 days). Subdural hygromas developed in 84 patients (25%). An average interval until this imaging finding from the initial CT examination was 25 ± 55 days (median, 8 days; range, 0-362 days). Evaluation in the multivariate model showed that patient age ≥72 years (P < 0.0001), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting (P < 0.0001), and microsurgical clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysm (RIA; P < 0.0001) are independently associated with the development of subdural hygroma. In 54 of 84 cases (64%), subdural hygromas required observation only. Increase of the lesion size with (5 cases) or without (10 cases) appearance of midline shift was associated with patient age <72 years (P = 0.0398), decompressive craniotomy (P = 0.0192), and CSF shunting (P = 0.0009), whereas evaluation of these factors in the multivariate model confirmed independent association of only CSF shunting (P = 0.0003). Active management of subdural hygromas included adjustment of the shunt programmable valve opening pressure, cranioplasty, external subdural drainage, or their combination. Overall, during follow-up (mean, 531 ± 824 days; median, 119 days; range, 2-3285 days) after the start of observation or applied treatment, subdural hygromas showed either decrease (50 cases) or stabilization (34 cases) of their sizes, and no one lesion showed progression again. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical course of subdural hygromas in patients treated for aSAH is generally favorable, but occasionally these lesions show progressive enlargement with or without the appearance of midline shift, which requires active management.

Subdural hygroma as a rare complication after revision spine surgery.

Spinal fusion surgery is the most commonly performed orthopaedic surgical procedure. However, subdural hygroma occurrence is a very rare complication after revision spinal fusion surgery. Here, we report a case of revision lumbar fusion surgery at the L3-4 level. The patient developed acute conus medullaris syndrome at 10 days postoperatively. MRI showed a subdural, extra-arachnoid area fluid collection following the T12-L2, cephalad to the area of revision spinal fusion. When patients have a decreased motor grade, difficulty in voiding urine and neurological abnormalities after lumbar spine surgery, conus medullaris syndrome with a possible occurrence of subdural hygroma should be considered. In this situation, immediate imaging investigations and emergency surgery might be necessary to reduce the pressure on the spinal cord.

Traumatic subdural hygroma and chronic subdural hematoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Recently, a relationship between traumatic subdural hygroma (SDG) and chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) has been proposed. However, the role of traumatic SDG in development of CSDH has not been well characterized. This systematic review aimed to estimate the rate of evolution of traumatic SDG to CSDH, and to identify risk factors associated with traumatic SDG evolution to CSDH. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to May 26, 2021, using the combination of the terms "subdural hygroma" and "chronic subdural hematoma." Using a random-effects model, we calculated a pooled estimate of rate of evolution of traumatic SDG to CSDH. In addition, we conducted a systematic review of studies of risk factors for traumatic SDG evolution to CSDH. Nineteen studies with 1,335 patients met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of evolution rate was 25.0 % (95 % CI, 19.3 %-30.7 %; I2 = 85.6 %), with significant heterogeneity among studies (P < 0.01). Age ≥ 60 years was associated independently with traumatic SDG evolution to CSDH, after adjustment for study design using multivariate meta-regression. Risk factors associated with evolution of traumatic SDG to CSDH were radiological characteristics such as thicker SDG and higher SDG CT value. The rate of traumatic SDGs evolution to CSDH is approximately 25 %. Patients aged 60 or older with traumatic SDGs are at increased risk of CSDH development. Thicker SDG and higher SDG CT value, are commonly reported risk factors for traumatic SDG evolution to CSDH. However, higher quality studies are needed.

Ruptured middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts after minor trauma in adolescent boys presenting with subdural hygroma: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial arachnoid cysts are common, cerebrospinal fluid-filled, innocent lesions that are usually detected incidentally on brain imaging. They may rupture and complicate due to subdural hematoma or hygroma after minor trauma. Authors present two cases of ruptured middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts in adolescent (12-year-old and 15-year-old) Afghan boys presenting with subdural hygroma after minor trauma. CONCLUSION: Imaging work-up is necessary for symptomatic patients following minor head trauma as incidentally detected ruptured intracranial arachnoid cysts can be responsible for the symptoms.

Subdural Hygroma: A Rare Complication of a Common Brain Malformation.

INTRODUCTION: Arachnoid cysts are a common incidental finding on head imaging. While the natural history of these cysts in poorly described, hemorrhage with subdural hygroma formation is rare. We review the clinical course of a patient who developed a subdural hygroma following trauma. CASE: The patient was a previously healthy 14-month-old male who presented to the Emergency Department with vomiting after a fall and was found to have esotropia without other focal neurological deficits and a CT scan consistent with a subdural cerebrospinal fluid collection with midline shift. The patient was treated conservatively and his symptoms resolved. DISCUSSION: Arachnoid cyst rupture is a rare complication which can lead to increased intracranial pressure with devastating consequences. Clinical manifestation can be similar to that of other intracranial pathologies. Prompt diagnosis is required to avoid life-threatening symptoms. CONCLUSION: Arachnoid cyst rupture should be considered when evaluating patients with non-specific neurological symptoms following trauma.

Pathogenesis of Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Cohort Evidencing De Novo and Transformational Origins.

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common neurosurgical pathology, yet conflicting opinions exist concerning the pathophysiological processes involved. Many consider CSDH a product of an aged acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) secondary to trauma. Serial imaging, however, has demonstrated CSDH formation in patients without any initial ASDH. To understand the relevance of acute hemorrhage in a cohort of patients with CSDH, transformation from an ASDH were categorized as CSDH-acute transformed (CSDH-AT) and those without any acute hemorrhage at the outset as CSDH-de-novo (CSDH-DN). A cohort of 41 eligible patients with CSDH were included, with baseline imaging after trauma (or spontaneous ASDH) available for assessment of acute hemorrhage. Volumetric analysis of all subdural collections and measurements of baseline atrophy were performed. In 37% of cases, there was an ASDH present on baseline imaging (CSDH-AT), whereas 63% had no acute hemorrhage at baseline (CSDH-DN). The CSDH-ATs developed more rapidly (mean 16 days from baseline to diagnosis) and were smaller in volume than the CSDH-DNs, which developed at a mean delay of 57 days. In 54% of the CSDH-DNs, a subdural hygroma was present on baseline imaging, and there was a wide range of baseline cerebral atrophy. This study provides radiological evidence for two distinct pathways in the formation of CSDH, with CSDH-DN occurring more commonly and often involving subdural hygroma. Further work is needed to understand whether the pathological origin has implications for patient outcome.

Scenario for the use of effusion-peritoneal shunt necessary against subdural effusion secondary to decompressive craniectomy.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to summarize the surgical strategies for subdural effusion secondary to decompressive craniectomy (SESDC) and discuss the applicable scenarios of effusion-peritoneal shunt (EP shunt). METHODS: A total of 53 consecutive patients with SESDC were screened out of 7569 cases. The SESDC was divided into five types, and the treatment methods of each type were analyzed and compared. According to the implementation strategy of cranioplasty (CP), patients were divided into CP-first and delayed-CP groups. The differences in surgical methods were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: All patients with SESDC in this cohort had undergone cranioplasty. Subcutaneous puncture and aspiration (SPAA) proved ineffective. Only 2/30 patients in the CP-first group used EP shunt, while 6/19 patients in the delayed-CP group used EP shunt; the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.03). A significant difference was found in the use of EP shunt among type 1, type 2, and type 5 SESDC (χ2 = 6.778, P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: CP combined with other treatments could cure most SESDC. EP shunt should be used preferentially in some specific scenarios in which CP cannot be performed first, rather than as a backup measure that can only be used when other preceding treatments fail.

Delayed diagnosis of bilateral subdural effusions complicating intracranial hypotension in a patient presenting with post lumbar puncture headache.

A 34-year-old woman presented with an unrelenting headache which had been ongoing since discharge from hospital 4 days before. She initially presented 2 weeks earlier with a 7 days history of severe headache, for which she had a CT scan, lumbar puncture and treatment for possible viral meningitis. The headache got worse 4 days after the lumbar puncture. Despite analgesics and bed rest, the headache persisted. A subsequent magnetic imaging scan demonstrated bilateral subdural effusions. She was given supportive treatment, which included advice concerning strict bed rest and analgesia. The headache took several months to abate. A third of patients suffer from post lumbar puncture headaches and this should be explained during informed consenting and post procedure. Not all post lumbar puncture headaches are simple headaches. A post lumbar puncture headache continuing for more than 7-14 days after the procedure requires further investigation to exclude life-threatening intracranial complications.

Spinal subdural hygroma.

A spinal subdural hygroma is a rare entity. In this review, we try to contribute to the pooling of current knowledge about spinal subdural hygroma, from embryology and physiology until radiological detection and treatment. The relevant articles in the literature regarding spinal subdural hygroma were reviewed, using a sensitive search strategy on Internet databases. A spinal subdural hygroma is associated with trauma, iatrogenic causes, spontaneous intracranial hypotension headache, and probably meningitis. MR imaging is the golden standard for diagnosis. Treatment of the hygroma is almost always conservative and surgery is seldom necessary, however treating the underlying cause is important. The physiology, in spite of numerous suggestions and hypotheses in literature, remains unclear. The prevalence of spinal subdural hygroma is also still unknown. Only a few articles deal with spinal subdural hygroma, because it is an uncommon entity, without specific symptoms. Probably it is often not diagnosed because of the frequent association with other cranial or spinal pathologies and the need for high-resolution imaging. More research is required to examine the prevalence, importance, and pathophysiology of spinal subdural hygroma.

Cranioplasty as the treatment for contralateral subdural effusion secondary to decompressive craniectomy: a case report and review of the relevant literature.

Subdural effusion (SDE) is a common complication secondary to decompressive craniectomy (DC). This current case report describes a patient with contralateral SDE with a typical clinical course. Initially, he made a good recovery following a head trauma that caused a loss of consciousness and was treated with decompressive craniectomy. However, he only achieved temporary relief after each percutaneous fluid aspiration from an Ommaya reservoir implanted into the cavity of the SDE. He was eventually transferred to the authors' hospital where he underwent cranioplasty, which finally lead to the reduction and disappearance of his contralateral SDE. Unexpectedly, his clinical condition deteriorated again 2 weeks after the cranioplasty with symptoms of an uncontrolled bladder. A subsequent CT scan found the apparent expansion of the whole cerebral ventricular system, indicating symptomatic communicating hydrocephalus. He then underwent a ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedure, which resulted in a favourable outcome and he was discharged 2 weeks later. A review of the current literature identified only 14 cases of contralateral SDE that were cured by cranioplasty alone. The mechanism of contralateral SDE has been widely discussed. Although the exact mechanism of contralateral SDE and why cranioplasty is effective remain unclear, cranioplasty could be an alternative treatment option for contralateral SDE.

Symptomatic Postoperative Spinal Subdural Extra-Arachnoid Hygromas: Resolution with Conservative Management: A Report of 2 Cases.

CASE: Two cases of postoperative spinal subdural extra-arachnoid hygromas were successfully treated with bed rest after patients developed symptoms 4 to 5 days following decompressive lumbar surgery. The development of the hygromas as well as the radiological findings are discussed. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, these comprise the first postoperative cases successfully treated without surgical re-exploration. This demonstrates conservative management may be a safe and effective management choice.

Factors involved in the development of subdural hygroma after decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Subdural hygroma (SDG) represents a common complication following decompressive craniectomy (DC). To our knowledge we present the first meta-analysis investigating the role of clinical and technical factors in the development of SDG after DC for traumatic brain injury. We further investigated the impact of SDG on the final prognosis of patients. The systematic review of the literature was done according to the PRISMA guidelines. Two different online medical databases (PubMed/Medline and Scopus) were screened. Four articles were included in this meta-analysis. Data regarding age, sex, trauma dynamic, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), pupil reactivity and CT scan findings on admission were collected for meta-analysis in order to evaluate the possible role in the SDG formation. Moreover we studied the possible impact of SDG on the outcome by evaluating the rate of patients dead at final follow-up and the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at final follow-up. Among the factors available for meta-analysis only the basal cistern involvement on CT scan was associated with the development of a SDG after DC (p < 0.001). Moreover, patients without SDG had a statistically significant better outcome compared with patients who developed SDG after DC in terms of GOS (p < 0.001). The rate of patients dead at follow-up was lower in the group of patients without SDH (8.25%) compared with patients who developed SDG (11.51%). SDG after DC is a serious complication affecting the prognosis of patients. Further studies are needed to define the role of some adjustable technical aspect of DC in preventing such a complication.

Ruptured intracranial arachnoid cysts in the subdural space: evaluation of subduro-peritoneal shunts in a pediatric population.

PURPOSE: Rupture of arachnoid cysts (AC) in the subdural space after trauma may cause a subacute/chronic subdural hematoma or a hygroma. Treatment of this complication still remains controversial, and no consensual strategy is to date clearly proposed. In this study, the authors evaluated the clinical and radiological evolution of patients treated by a subduro-peritoneal shunt for symptomatic subdural collections complicating ruptured AC. METHODS: Medical records of the 10 patients treated at our institution between January 2005 and December 2018 for a subdural collection associated with an intracranial AC were reviewed. Subduro-peritoneal shunts consisted of low-pressure valves from 2005 to 2012 (6 cases) and medium-pressure valves after 2012 (4 cases). RESULTS: A benign head trauma was retrospectively found in the history of 8 patients. The mean time to diagnosis ranged from 15 days to 5 months. Symptoms resulted mainly from intracranial hypertension. Six patients had an ipsilateral hygroma to the AC, 2 patients had a bilateral hygroma predominantly to the AC side, and 2 patients presented an ipsilateral chronic subdural hematoma. Arachnoid cysts were classified as Galassi I in 5 cases and Galassi II in 5 cases. Patients with chronic subdural hematoma were given a medium-pressure valve. Patients with subdural hygroma received a low-pressure valve in 6 cases and a medium-pressure valve in 2 cases. There were no complications during surgical procedures. All patients were rapidly free of symptoms after surgery and were discharged from hospital 1 to 4 days postoperatively. The subdural collection completely disappeared in all cases. In the long term, only 2 patients with low-pressure valves underwent shunt removal without any consequences, while a second surgical procedure was necessary to treat recurrence of intracranial hypertension in the 4 remaining cases. All the medium-pressure valves were removed without problems. The size of the AC was reduced in 3 cases, remained stable in 4 cases, and increased in 3 cases. No patients experienced recurrence of subdural collection during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Medium-pressure subduro-peritoneal shunts should be considered as part of the arsenal of surgical strategy in symptomatic ruptured AC in the subdural space. The procedure is simple with a very low morbidity, and it allows rapid improvement of symptoms. Although the shunt is located in the subdural space, we strongly recommend avoiding devices which may create an overdrainage and expose the patient to shunt dependency such as low-pressure shunts.

Spectrum of Complications in a Case of Intramedullary Dermoid.

BACKGROUND: Intramedullary spinal cord dermoid tumors are rare. Early diagnosis with appropriate imaging is of utmost importance for a good outcome. Gross total resection is the treatment of choice for optimal results. Neurosurgical intervention for any intramedullary lesion is fraught with problems because of the nature of the lesion and handling of the spinal cord, which is already compromised because of the intramedullary lesion. Recurrence of the intramedullary dermoid tumor is frequent because of incomplete resection of the tumor. Most commonly, patients present with worsening of neurologic deficits. Inadequate resection because of the fear of worsening the neurologic deficits is associated with significant complications. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a case of an intramedullary dermoid tumor in a child that was associated with myriad of complications owing to incomplete resection of the tumor. The patient underwent multiple interventions at various centers which resulted in serious multiple complications before presenting at our center for further management. CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the spectrum of complications that can develop in a patient varying from worsening of the deficits to meningitis and subsequent development of hydrocephalus.

Relationships between Head Circumference Percentile, Lumbar Puncture Pressure, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Space in Young Children: Increased Cerebrospinal Space and Pressure May Result in Compensatory Enlargement of Head Circumference Only in the Infant Period.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate and analyze the relationships between head circumference percentile (HCP), lumbar puncture pressure (LPP), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space. METHODS: The 88 patients were divided into 3 age groups (group 1, up to 12 months; group 2, 12-36 months; group 3, 36-72 months). RESULTS: In group 1 (n = 40), there was a significant positive correlation of the HCP with the LPP (r =0.414, p =0.008), Evans ratio (r =0.365, p =0.021), and thickness of subdural hygroma (SDHG; r =0.403, p =0.010). Group 2 (n = 29) revealed a significant positive correlation between the LPP and the thickness of SDHG (r =0.459, p =0.012). Group 3 (n = 19) showed no significant correlation among these factors. Overall, age was related with SDHG thickness both in infants and toddlers, while HCP was related with LPP, Evans ratio, and SDHG thickness only in infants, and LPP was related with SDHG thickness only in toddlers. CONCLUSION: We suggest that increased cerebrospinal space and pressure may result in compensatory enlargement of head circumference only in the infant period, and the SDHG thickness decreases with age during the infant and toddler phases.