The effects of temperament type on infusion extravasation in newborns.

Infusion extravasation has an increased incidence in newborns, which can result in various adverse outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different types of temperament on infusion extravasation in newborns. A total of 209 newborns aged 4-7 days who were treated with infusion therapy were assessed for temperament type using the neonatal behavioral assessment scale score (NBAS). The 2009 Infusion Nurses Society clinical grading criteria for extravasation were used, and the clinical data of the newborns, such as gestational age and body weight, were collected. Out of 209 newborns assessed, 107 developed infusion extravasations, with an incidence rate of 51.2%. Newborns with intermediate temperament type were more prone to develop infusion extravasation. Newborns with low body weight, amniotic fluid aspiration syndrome, or meconium aspiration syndrome were prone to develop infusion extravasation. Body weight, temperament type of consolability, temperament type of peak of excitement, diseases, general temperament type, and NBAS total scores of the neonates were independent risk factors for infusion extravasation. Thus, different types of temperament can have an impact on neonatal extravasation.

Using machine learning algorithms and techniques for defining the impact of affective temperament types, content search and activities on the internet on the development of problematic internet use in adolescents' population.

Background: By using algorithms and Machine Learning - ML techniques, the aim of this research was to determine the impact of the following factors on the development of Problematic Internet Use (PIU): sociodemographic factors, the intensity of using the Internet, different contents accessed on the Internet by adolescents, adolescents' online activities, life habits and different affective temperament types. Methods: Sample included 2,113 adolescents. The following instruments were used: questionnaire about: socio-demographic characteristics, intensity of the Internet use, content categories and online activities on the Internet; Facebook (FB) usage and life habits; The Internet Use Disorder Scale (IUDS). Based on their scores on the scale, subjects were divided into two groups - with or without PIU; Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego scale for adolescents (A-TEMPS-A). Results: Various ML classification models on our data set were trained. Binary classification models were created (class-label attribute was PIU value). Models hyperparameters were optimized using grid search method and models were validated using k-fold cross-validation technique. Random forest was the model with the best overall results and the time spent on FB and the cyclothymic temperament were variables of highest importance for these model. We also applied the ML techniques Lasso and ElasticNet. The three most important variables for the development of PIU with both techniques were: cyclothymic temperament, the longer use of the Internet and the desire to use the Internet more than at present time. Group of variables having a protective effect (regarding the prevention of the development of PIU) was found with both techniques. The three most important were: achievement, search for contents related to art and culture and hyperthymic temperament. Next, 34 important variables that explain 0.76% of variance were detected using the genetic algorithms. Finally, the binary classification model (with or without PIU) with the best characteristics was trained using artificial neural network. Conclusion: Variables related to the temporal determinants of Internet usage, cyclothymic temperament, the desire for increased Internet usage, anxious and irritable temperament, on line gaming, pornography, and some variables related to FB usage consistently appear as important variables for the development of PIU.

Mother-infant interaction characteristics associate with infant falling reactivity and child peer problems at pre-school age.

This longitudinal study investigated the associations between mother-infant interaction characteristics at 9 months of age, maternal mental health, infant temperament in the first year postpartum, and child behaviour at 3 years of age. The infants (N = 54, 22 females) mainly had White British ethnic backgrounds (85.7%). Results showed that i) mother-infant dyadic affective mutuality positively correlated with infant falling reactivity, suggesting that better infant regulatory skills are associated with the dyad's ability to share and understand each other's emotions; and ii) maternal respect for infant autonomy predicted fewer child peer problems at 3 years of age, suggesting that maternal respect for the validity of the infant's individuality promotes better social and emotional development in early childhood.

From temperament to YouTube: exploring the link between childhood temperament, YouTube usage patterns, and emotional/behavioral problems among children.

BACKGROUND: YouTube is a widely used video sharing and social networking platform among children and adolescents. However, research on YouTube usage among this population remains scarce. Specifically, studies on factors that influence children and adolescents' usage are clinically significant but largely lacking. Additionally, few studies have examined the association between usage and emotional/behavioral problems, which is fundamental to smartphone research. Therefore, this study explored the relationship between early childhood temperament, subsequent YouTube usage patterns, and emotional/behavioral problems. METHODS: The Kids Cohort for Understanding Internet Addiction Risk Factors in Early Childhood (K-CURE) is the first long-term prospective cohort study in Korea aimed at understanding the long-term effects of media exposure on young children. The study included 195 children aged 8-11 years enrolled in the K-CURE study. Caregivers, predominantly mothers, who voluntarily participated during their visits to community centers for children's mental health in Korea's major cities, completed a detailed self-administered survey. Childhood temperament was measured in 2018 when the children were 5-8 years old. Subsequent YouTube usage patterns and emotional/behavioral problems were assessed in 2021. Data were analyzed using frequency analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The study found that 21.0% of children started using YouTube before age 4, with the most common onset age being 8-9 years (30.3%). These children used YouTube on average 4.8 days per week for 68.5 min per day. Early childhood persistence was negatively associated with the subsequent YouTube usage duration, and the age at first YouTube use was negatively correlated with subsequent usage frequency. Furthermore, a younger age at first YouTube use and higher usage frequency were significantly associated with increased emotional/behavioral problems. CONCLUSIONS: In the YouTube environment, where content is automatically recommended based on user preferences, traits related to usage patterns may be associated with persistence, which is linked to self-regulation. Considering the current trend where children use smartphones, contents frequently for very short durations, our findings highlight the importance of self-regulation in the media usage of children who are still developing. Additionally, our results provide fundamental information for future YouTube studies and illustrate similarities and differences between smartphone and YouTube research.

Bridging temperament and the Big Five in children: A genetically informative study.

Early temperament precedes children's emerging Big Five personality, but shared models of temperament and personality are scarce. We wanted to estimate the genetic factor structure underlying both temperament and the Big Five in children, employing a genetically informed study. Within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, we selected 26,354 twins, siblings, and cousins. Mothers rated their children's temperament three times between the ages of 1.5 and 5 years, and the children's Big Five personality at the age of 8. We analyzed the data using biometric modeling. The mean heritability of single-time temperamental traits and Big Five personality traits was .48 and .45, respectively. The mean genetic correlations of temperament across time were .80. The genetic correlations of temperament at 5 years and the Big Five at 8 years revealed two factors, the first comprising reversed Big Five Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and reversed EAS Emotionality, the second comprising Big Five Extraversion, Openness to Experience, EAS Activity, Sociability, and reversed Shyness. A confirmatory factor analysis estimated the two factors showing heritabilities of .96 and .72, respectively. The two factors mirrored the metatraits Stability and Plasticity by John M. Digman. Temperament and personality in childhood can be meaningfully bridged using just two metafactors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Child Temperament and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review to assess current evidence for the association between child temperament and early childhood caries (ECC). Methods: A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE® through PubMed®, EMBASE®, Scopus®, LILACS, Web of Science™, and EBSCO up to January 2023. Studies measuring ECC and child temperament for children younger than or equal to six years of age using questionnaires, interviews, and surveys through case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies were included. Literature reviews were excluded. Medical subject heading (MeSH) terms like "temperament" and "dental caries" were used by two authors who independently extracted the data, and a third author resolved disagreements. Risk of bias assessment was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa assessment scale for case-control and cohort studies and the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS). The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations approach (GRADE approach). A chi-square test and I-square index were used to evaluate heterogeneity. Results: A total of 5,072 records were screened, resulting in 15 included studies that yielded data for 6,667 participants; sevenstudies were high, and eight were of moderate quality. Seven studies qualified for meta-analysis, which revealed that persistence did not affectthe presence or absence of ECC. However, there was a strong association between difficult temperament and ECC (odds ratio equals 2.63). Conclusion: A positive association between a child's temperament and early childhood caries exists that is supported by quantitative findings, indicating a connection with very low certainty.

Early Life Surgency, but not Effortful Control or Negative Affectivity, Is a Mediating Variable Between Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Childhood Obesity Risk.

Maternal gestational obesity is related to risk of obesity in the child. This risk may be in part mediated by altered child temperament, which can affect mother-child interactions, including feeding and soothing behaviors that affect obesity risk. Our objective was to examine the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and child zBMI and determine if child temperament, specifically positive Affectivity/Surgency, mediates this association. Using conditional process modeling, we analyzed data from 408 mother-child dyads enrolled in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study. Child temperament was assessed at 3 years of age via a parent report measure, the Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and child zBMI was calculated from in-person measurements of child height and weight at 4-5 years of age. Bivariate correlations showed that there was a significant positive correlation between zBMI and Surgency (r = 0.11, p = 0.03), and zBMI was also correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (r = 0.12, p = 0.02). Multivariable regression revealed that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (adjusted ß = 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.00-0.05, p = 0.02) and Surgency scores (adjusted ß = 0.14, 95% CI; 0.02-0.28, p = 0.03) were associated with higher child zBMI at 4-5 years of age. Mediation analysis showed that Surgency mediated the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and child zBMI. Our models controlled for maternal gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, socioeconomic status, maternal anxiety and depression, and gestational age at birth. Overall, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with child zBMI, and this association was mediated by higher child Surgency scores.

Maternal depressive symptom trajectories and associations with child feeding.

BACKGROUND: Responsive feeding, when caregivers attend to children's signals of hunger and satiation and respond in an emotionally supportive and developmentally appropriate way, is associated with the development of healthy eating behaviors, improved diet quality, and healthy weight status for children. However, gaps in the literature remain on how factors, such as maternal depressive symptoms and child temperament, influence feeding interactions. METHODS: This longitudinal secondary data analysis explored the association between maternal depressive symptom trajectory and child temperament with maternal feeding practices in women with obesity who participated in a prenatal lifestyle intervention trial. Mothers self-reported depressive symptoms at baseline, 35 weeks gestation, and 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum. At 18- and 24-months postpartum, mothers completed self-reported assessments of feeding practices and child temperament and completed in-home video-recorded meals with their child, coded using the Responsiveness to Child Feeding Cues Scale. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms and generalized regressions to assess the association between symptom trajectory group and feeding. We also explored interactions between depressive symptoms and child temperament. RESULTS: Three distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: No-Minimal and Decreasing, Mild-Moderate and Stable, and Moderate-Severe and Stable. At 18-months, when compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Moderate-Severe and Stable group was associated with higher observed responsiveness to child satiation cues ([Formula: see text] =2.3, 95%CI = 0.2, 4.4) and lower self-reported pressure to eat ([Formula: see text]=-0.4, 95%CI= -0.7, 0.0). When compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Mild-Moderate and Stable group was associated with higher self-reported restriction ([Formula: see text] =0.4, 95%CI = 0.0,0.7). The associations between trajectory group membership and feeding practices did not reach statistical significance at 24 months. Associations between depressive symptoms and restriction were moderated by child effortful control at 18 months [Formula: see text]) and surgency at 24 months [Formula: see text]). CONCLUSION: A Moderate-Severe and Stable depressive symptom trajectory was associated with more responsive feeding practices and a Mild-Moderate and Stable trajectory was associated with higher restrictive feeding. Preliminary evidence suggests that depressive symptoms impact mothers' ability to match their use of restriction to the temperamental needs of their child.

Maternal lifetime stress and psychological functioning in pregnancy is associated with preschoolers' temperament: Exploring effect modification by race and ethnicity.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial stress and psychopathology frequently co-occur, with patterns differing by race and ethnicity. We used statistical mixtures methodology to examine associations between prenatal stress and child temperament in N = 382 racially and ethnically diverse maternal-child dyads to disentangle associations among maternal stressful life events, maternal psychological functioning in pregnancy, childhood neurobehavior, and maternal race and ethnicity. METHODS: This study utilized data from a longitudinal pregnancy cohort, PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM). Mothers completed the Lifetime Stressor Checklist-Revised, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale during pregnancy. When their children were 3-5 years of age, they completed the Children's Behavior Questionnaire, which yields three temperament dimensions: Negative Affectivity (NA), Effortful Control (EC), and Surgency (S). We used weighted quantile sum regression to derive a weighted maternal stress index encompassing lifetime stress and depression and anxiety symptoms and examined associations between the resulting stress index and child temperament. Differential contributions of individual stress domains by race and ethnicity also were examined. RESULTS: Mothers self-identified as Black/Black Hispanic (46.1 %), non-Black Hispanic (31.9 %), or non-Hispanic White (22 %). A higher maternal stress index was significantly associated with increased child NA (ß = 0.72 95 % CI = 0.35, 1.10). Lifetime stress was the strongest contributor among Hispanic (36.7 %) and White (17.8 %) mothers, whereas depressive symptoms in pregnancy was the strongest contributor among Black (16.7 %) mothers. CONCLUSION: Prenatal stress was most strongly associated with negative affectivity in early childhood. Consideration of multiple stress measures as a mixture accounted for differential contributions of individual stress domains by maternal race and ethnicity. These findings may help elucidate the etiology of racial/ethnic disparities in childhood neurobehavior.

Effects of flavoring additives on feed intake, growth performance, temperament, and markers of immune function for newly received feedlot cattle.

Ninety Angus × Hereford steers (259.9 ±â€…36.18 kg body weight [BW]) were used in a 56-d experiment to assess the effects of flavoring additives on feed intake, and stress and immune response of newly received feedlot cattle. Steers were homogenously distributed by BW into six pens equipped with an individual feed intake monitoring system, and pen was randomly assigned to one of three treatments (15 heads per pen; 30 heads per treatment): a standard feedlot receiving diet (CT), or the same diet with a flavoring additive comprised of either sweeteners (Luctarom Feedlot, SW) or a mix of basic tastes (Luctarom Feedlot Mix, MX) at 1 kg/mT. Pens were equipped with a feed intake monitoring system, while BW, chute behavior, flight speed, blood and saliva samples were collected bi-weekly, and hair samples were collected at 4-wk intervals during the study. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model for a pen study using individual animal records with repeated measures. There was a treatment × week interaction (P < 0.01) where meal duration was greater in SW steers than MX and CT on week 3, and then CT on weeks 7 and 8. A trend for treatment × week interaction (P = 0.06) showed that the number of visits per day tended to be greater in SW than MX steers on weeks 4 and 5, and it tended to be greater in SW than MX and CT on week 5. The concentration of IL-6 was greater (P < 0.01) on days 1 and 28 than on day 14. The IgM concentration was greater (P < 0.01) on day 1 compared to days 14, 28, and 56. The concentration of haptoglobin was greater (P < 0.01) on 14 than days 28, 42, and 56, and it was greater (P < 0.01) on day 1 than days 42 and 56. The concentration of serum amyloid A was greater (P < 0.01) on day 1 compared to the rest of sampling days. Fibrinogen concentration was greater (P < 0.01) on day 1 compared to days 14 and 42. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was greater (P < 0.01) on days 42 and 56 compared to days 1 and 28, and greater (P < 0.01) on day 14 compared to day 28. Hair and saliva cortisol concentrations were lower (P < 0.01) on day 56 compared to days 1 and 28, respectively. The use of flavoring additives, particularly when based on sweeteners (SW), caused some changes in the feeding pattern of newly received steers. These changes, however, were not consistent over the 56-d feeding period and were not accompanied by a change in growth performance, temperament, biomarkers of stress, inflammation, or immune function.

Feedlot-receiving calves are typically exposed to a series of stressful events, such as weaning, transportation, commingling, a change of environment, and illness, that have a negative impact on feed intake. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of feed flavors on feed intake, indicators of stress, and markers of the immune response for newly received feedlot cattle. Under the conditions of this study, the addition of flavoring agents showed some effects on the feeding pattern of newly arrived feedlot cattle, compatible with a positive hedonic response to the treatments. These effects, however, were limited to specific periods of time during the experiment and were not present when considering their performance over the whole 56-d feeding period. Furthermore, the addition of flavoring agents did not have a consistent effect on the concentration of inflammatory mediators, biomarkers of stress, or immune function. Future research should explore whether these or other flavoring agents, at different doses or used at different times, could cause biologically relevant effects to improve the resilience of calves during the feedlot receiving period.

The role of temperament and character in the anxiety-depression spectrum among Korean adults.

BACKGROUND: Temperament and character are useful in risk assessment and therapy of individuals in the anxiety-depression spectrum but understudied in South Korea. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to identify the temperament and character features associated with anxiety and/or depression in individuals with clinical disorders and in the general population. METHODS: A representative sample of 1384 Korean adults over 18 years old (58 % female) were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Multivariate analyses, including structural equation modeling and complex systems analysis, evaluated how personality influenced risk and resilience for anxiety and/or depression. RESULTS: The three groups with anxiety and/or depression were strongly distinguished by temperament and character: (i) In AD (n = 58), Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence were higher than in DD, and Self-directedness was higher than in AD+DD; (ii) In DD (n = 90), Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness were higher than in AD+DD; and (iii) In AD+DD (n = 101), Harm Avoidance was highest and Persistence and Self-directedness were lowest (i.e., they were lowest in Resilience). Structural equation models confirmed these risk relations with strong character development reducing the adverse effects of emotional hyperreactivity from extreme temperaments. LIMITATIONS: Self-reports were measured only at one point in time, requiring collateral experimental data to support causal interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: Interactions of temperament and character are strongly predictive of risk and resilience to anxiety and/or depression by regulating both positive and negative affect. Character mediates the adverse effects of extreme temperaments on affect.

A systematic review of the concept of self-regulation in infants between 0 and 36 months in Latin America.

This paper aims to identify how cognitive and emotional self-regulation (SR) processes in infants from 0 to 36 months are defined within the Latin American academic context. A systematic review based on the PRISMA methodology was implemented to review the conceptual and operational definition of SR, the type of study, the country of origin of the authors, and the reference to the adequacy of the research to the specific cultural context of Latin America. Twenty-two papers that met the selection criteria were selected. The study identified four types of conceptual definitions for SR, each associated with different constructs or sets of constructs: executive functions, temperament, the integration of executive functions and temperament, and physiological homeostasis. These definitions were based on mainstream approaches to SR rather than being specific to the Latin American region. The study also found compatibility between the sample and some observed trends. On one hand, there was an underrepresentation of the Latin American population in high-impact publications on the subject. However, from 2010 to the present, there is evidence of growth in publications on SR in the analyzed sample. On the other hand, the sample also indicates a disparate representation of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in existing publications. Finally, concerning the adaptation to the cultural context of the research, a small number of studies addressed this variable in a specific and significant way. However, even in these cases, the approach is based on models and hypotheses that are limited to understanding the Latin American region's cultural, socioeconomic, and demographic diversity.

Neural and psychological correlates of post-traumatic stress symptoms in a community adult sample.

A multitude of factors are associated with the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. However, establishing which predictors are most strongly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms is complicated because few studies are able to consider multiple factors simultaneously across the biopsychosocial domains that are implicated by existing theoretical models. Further, post-traumatic stress disorder is heterogeneous, and studies using case-control designs may obscure which factors relate uniquely to symptom dimensions. Here we used Bayesian variable selection to identify the most important predictors for overall post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and individual symptom dimensions in a community sample of 569 adults (18 to 85 yr of age). Candidate predictors were selected from previously established risk factors relevant for post-traumatic stress disorder and included psychological measures, behavioral measures, and resting state functional connectivity among brain regions. In a follow-up analysis, we compared results controlling for current depression symptoms in order to examine specificity. Poor sleep quality and dimensions of temperament and impulsivity were consistently associated with greater post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity. In addition to self-report measures, brain functional connectivity among regions commonly ascribed to the default mode network, central executive network, and salience network explained the unique variability of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. This study demonstrates the unique contributions of psychological measures and neural substrates to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Adherence to dietary recommendations mediates the effect of affective temperaments on infertility treatment outcomes.

Affective temperaments have been shown to robustly affect infertility treatment success. However, identification of possible mediating factors through which they exert their influence is still lacking. A growing number of results suggest that adherence to recommended treatments may be such a mediator, on the one hand, because affective temperaments are known to influence adherence and, on the other hand, because non-adherence negatively influences the treatment outcome. Recommended treatment of infertility involves, beyond medications, dietary and lifestyle changes. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate whether adherence to physician-prescribed diet and physical activity recommendations mediates the effect of affective temperaments on infertility treatment outcomes. Among 308 women who underwent infertility treatment in an Assisted Reproduction Center, affective temperaments, adherence to diet, adherence to physical exercise, and infertility treatment success (clinical pregnancy) were assessed besides detailed medical history and demographic parameters. Associations between affective temperaments, adherence to diet and recommended physical activity, and assisted reproduction outcomes were analyzed using generalized linear models and causal mediation analysis. Adherence to physical activity didn't have an effect, but diet adherence increased the odds of infertility treatment success by 130% suggesting its role as a potential mediator. Based on causal mediation analysis, higher depressive and anxious temperament scores were directly associated with 63% and 45% lower odds of achieving clinical pregnancy, respectively, with effects not mediated by diet adherence. Higher irritable temperament scores indirectly decreased the odds of achieving clinical pregnancy by 14%, mediated by diet adherence; while higher cyclothymic temperament scores decreased the odds of achieving clinical pregnancy both directly by 51% and indirectly, mediated by diet adherence by 11%. Our results suggest that diet adherence mediates the mechanism by which irritable and cyclothymic affective temperaments influence IVF treatment success. Since adherence is a modifiable risk factor of infertility treatment success, screening for affective temperaments may help to identify potentially high-risk non-adherent patient groups and offer patient-tailored treatment, which may help increase the chances of a successful pregnancy and live birth in women undergoing IVF treatment.

Profiles and the impact of affective temperaments on alcohol use disorder: a cross-sectional study.

AIMS: This study aimed to explore the profiles and impact of affective temperaments, together with social and clinical backgrounds, including affective symptoms, in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS: This study included 314 low-risk drinkers and 257 patients with AUD. To assess affective temperament, we used the short version of the temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego. To evaluate depressive and mixed symptoms, the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology self-report Japanese version and 12-item questionnaire for the quantitative assessment of the depressive mixed state were used. We compared the profiles of affective temperaments as well as social and clinical backgrounds, including affective symptoms, between the two groups and further performed logistic regression analyses to explore the factors contributing to AUD. RESULTS: Our analysis showed higher cyclothymic, hyperthymic, and irritable temperament scores and lower depressive temperament scores in patients with AUD than that in nonclinical drinkers. Regarding other social and clinical backgrounds, patients with AUD were less educated and employed and more experienced depressive and mixed symptoms. Logistic regression analysis identified hyperthymic temperament as a positive contributor and depressive temperament as a negative contributor to AUD. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated potential bipolarity in patients with AUD, as manifested by a more hyperthymic temperament in contrast to less depressive temperament. Despite their self-perceived adaptive temperament profiles, patients showed poorer social outcomes and more affective symptoms. This gap may be partly explained by a lack of insight unique to AUD psychology, which potentially disturbs problem recognition.

Stool-toileting refusal in preschool age children: A follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Stool-toileting refusal in preschool-aged children is a significant issue that strongly impacts both the child and the family, signaling a challenging period. We investigated the relationships between temperament, traumatic life events, parental sociodemographic characteristics, and psychological burdens and these behaviors. Our goal was to identify factors that may contribute to the chronicity of this stool-toileting refusal behavior. METHODS: Conducted as a single-center, prospective, controlled design, the research involved children exhibiting stool-toileting refusal for at least one month, alongside healthy individuals of similar age and sex. Evaluation covered sociodemographic characteristics, parental psychopathologies, children's temperament features, and life events. Follow-up questionnaires, administered one year later, assessed stool-toileting refusal behavior. FINDINGS: An evaluation at the end of one year revealed that stool-toileting refusal behavior persisted in 11 of the 31 children. A family history of constipation, comorbid enuresis in the child, maternal psychiatric disorders, and rhythmic temperament features were significantly higher than in the healthy group. Children with persistent stool-toileting refusal behavior exhibited notably lower activity levels. DISCUSSION: The study's results indicated associations between the TSC rhythmicity score, comorbid constipation and enuresis, and maternal psychiatric illness in preschool-aged children with stool-toileting refusal behavior. A notable association was identified between the continuation of stool-toileting refusal behavior and a low TSC activity score. Advanced statistical methods did not reveal significant differences, highlighting the need for larger sample studies. IMPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE: Applying the study's findings to clinical practice involves considering factors such as a family history of constipation, comorbid enuresis in the child, maternal psychiatric disorders, and rhythmic temperament features as potential indicators of persistent stool-toileting refusal in preschool-aged children, guiding healthcare professionals in tailored assessments and interventions.

Central sensitivity in fibromyalgia: testing a model to explain the role of psychological factors on functioning and quality of life.

OBJECTIVES: Central sensitivity (CS) is defined as an increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system to normal or subthreshold inputs. CS has recently been linked to the psychological burden associated with chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia (FM). The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of specific psychological constructs on CS in patients with FM. In Study 1, we explore the influence of temperament, personality, childhood trauma, defence mechanisms, and mental pain on CS. In Study 2, our goal is to test the role of the best predictors of CS in influencing quality of life (QoL) and FM functioning through a path analysis model. METHODS: A total of 510 women with FM participated online, completing a self-administered protocol. Data collection took place between April and June of 2023. RESULTS: In Study 1, higher levels of low sensory threshold (ß=0.210), traumatic experiences of physical threat (ß=0.141), neurotic defences (ß=0.124), and mental pain (ß=0.241) emerged as the strongest predictors of increased CS. In Study 2, the presented model demonstrated a satisfactory fit (chi2=27.200; df=10; p=0.002; GFI=0.984; NFI=0.949; CFI=0.967; RMSEA=0.061 [95% CI 0.034-0.090]) with large and medium effect sizes on physical (-0.576) and psychological (-0.190) QoL. CONCLUSIONS: The study underscores the pivotal role of psychological dimensions in influencing CS levels and their relationships with QoL in patients with FM.

Behavioural and physiological responses to stressors in sheep with temperament classified by genotype or phenotype.

The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs107856856, located in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene, is associated with the behavioural phenotype for sheep temperament measured at weaning. Here, we tested the association between that SNP and physiological and behavioural responses to stressors in adult sheep. Two groups of adult sheep, one with genotype A/A (calm genotype) and the other with G/G (nervous genotype) in rs107856856, were selected from 160 sheep and were exposed, twice, to an open-field arena and an isolation box test (IBT). During each repeat, the behaviour and physiological responses (cortisol, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], brain derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], characteristics of the response of body temperature, and oxidative stress) were measured. The behavioural and physiological responses of the sheep were compared between genotypes and also between groups classified on their phenotype as assessed by their initial isolation box score ("low responders" and "high responders"). The SNP rs107856856 had some effects on the behavioural phenotype (IBT score) but no effects on the physiological response to stress (cortisol, prolactin, DHEA, BDNF, oxidative stress or changes in body temperature) in the adult sheep, probably because the sheep were exposed, and therefore had adapted, to human contact during their life.

The Global Temperament Project: Parent-reported temperament in infants, toddlers, and children from 59 nations.

Data from 83,423 parent reports of temperament (surgency, negative affectivity, and regulatory capacity) in infants, toddlers, and children from 341 samples gathered in 59 countries were used to investigate the relations among culture, gender, and temperament. Between-nation differences in temperament were larger than those obtained in similar studies of adult personality, and most pronounced for negative affectivity. Nation-level patterns of negative affectivity were consistent across infancy, toddlerhood, and childhood, and patterns of regulatory capacity were consistent between infancy and toddlerhood. Nations that previously reported high extraversion, high conscientiousness, and low neuroticism in adults were found to demonstrate high surgency in infants and children, and countries reporting low adult openness and high adult neuroticism reported high temperamental negative affectivity. Negative affectivity was high in Southern Asia, Western Asia, and South America and low in Northern and Western Europe. Countries in which children were rated as high in negative affectivity had cultural orientations reflecting collectivism, high power distance, and short-term orientation. Surgency was high in Southeastern and Southern Asia and Southern Europe and low in Eastern Asian countries characterized by philosophies of long-term orientation. Low personal income was associated with high negative affectivity. Gender differences in temperament were largely consistent in direction with prior studies, revealing higher regulatory capacity in females than males and higher surgency in males than females, with these differences becoming more pronounced at later ages. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Effect of Temperament on Outcomes of Opioid and Non-Opioid Pediatric Dental Sedation.

Purpose: To assess oral sedation success using midazolam and hydroxyzine with and without meperidine, and to assess the relationship between child temperament and sedation outcomes. Methods: This study recruited children between the ages of 36 and 95 months who were randomly assigned to receive dental treatment with an oral sedation regimen of midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and hydroxyzine (1.0 mg/kg) with or without meperidine (1.5 mg/kg). Data were collected from the treatment log and electronic health records. Parents completed the Child Behavior Questionnaire Short Form (CBQ-SF) to assess temperament. Results: The study included 37 participants. The overall treatment success rate was 54 percent. There were no significant differences in sedation outcome with age, sex, insurance status, sedation regimen, isolation method or duration of procedure. Children with high pre-operative Frankl behavioral ratings were more likely to have a successful sedation outcome (P <0.01). Children who displayed high soothability experienced higher rates of success (P =0.04), which was more pronounced in the non-opioid group (P <0.01). Conclusion: The study showed low rates of success for a relatively small sample size. There was no difference in sedation success between the opioid group and non-opioid group. However, pre-procedure behavior and temperament characteristic of sooth- ability may warrant more exploration as predictors of sedation success.