Rare case of multiple self-inflicted gunshot wounds to the chest in Poland.

Multiple gunshot suicides are relatively rare and present significant challenges for investigators and forensic pathologists. In such cases, assessing the possibility of more than one shot being fired can be crucial in distinguishing homicide from suicide. We present a rare case of multiple self-inflicted gunshot wounds to the chest with severe injury to the heart and left lung. Both the sudden, unexpected death of the man, the unknown source of the firearm, and the number and nature of the injuries sustained seemed quite unusual. The investigation revealed that the wounds were self-inflicted at close range, and the interval between successive shots (estimated by witnesses at up to 2 min) suggests that even multiple gunshot wounds perforating the heart and lungs may not necessarily cause immediate incapacitation. Forensic investigations in such cases should be multi-faceted and include full autopsy and ballistics expertise, as well as witness testimony and medical history.

Impact of flail chest injury on morbidity and outcome: ten years' experience at a tertiary care hospital in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: One of the worst types of severe chest injuries seen by clinicians is flail chest. This study aims to measure the overall mortality rate among flail chest patients and then to correlate mortality with several demographic, pathologic, and management factors. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective observational study tracked a total of 376 flail chest patients admitted to the emergency intensive care unit (EICU) and surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at Zagazig University over 120 months. The main outcome measurement was overall mortality. The secondary outcomes were the association of age and sex, concomitant head injury, lung and cardiac contusions, the onset of mechanical ventilation (MV) and chest tubes insertion, the length of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay in days, injury severity score (ISS), associated surgeries, pneumonia, sepsis, the implication of standard fluid therapy and steroid therapy, and the systemic and regional analgesia, with the overall mortality rates. RESULTS: The mortality rate was 19.9% overall. The shorter onset of MV and chest tube insertion, and the longer ICU, and hospital length of stay were noted in the mortality group compared with the survived group (P-value less than 0.05). Concomitant head injuries, associated surgeries, pneumonia, pneumothorax, sepsis, lung and myocardial contusion, standard fluid therapy, and steroid therapy were significantly correlated with mortality (P-value less than 0.05). MV had no statistically significant effect on mortality. Regional analgesia (58.8%) had a significantly higher survival rate than intravenous fentanyl infusion (41.2%). In multivariate analysis, sepsis, concomitant head injury, and high ISS were independent predictors for mortality [OR (95% CI) = 568.98 (19.49-16613.52), 6.86 (2.86-16.49), and 1.19 (1.09-1.30), respectively]. CONCLUSION: The current report recorded mortality of 19.9% between flail chest injury patients. Sepsis, concomitant head injury, and higher ISS are the independent risk factors for mortality when associated with flail chest injury. Considering restricted fluid management strategy and regional analgesia may help better outcome for flail chest injury patients.

Thoracic trauma promotes alpha-Synuclein oligomerization in murine Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Systemic and neuroinflammatory processes play key roles in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Physical trauma which induces considerable systemic inflammatory responses, represents an evident environmental factor in aging. However, little is known about the impact of physical trauma, on the immuno-pathophysiology of PD. Especially blunt chest trauma which is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate in the elderly population, can induce a strong pulmonary and systemic inflammatory reaction. Hence, we sought out to combine a well-established thoracic trauma mouse model with a well-established PD mouse model to characterize the influence of physical trauma to neurodegenerative processes in PD. METHODS: To study the influence of peripheral trauma in a PD mouse model we performed a highly standardized blunt thorax trauma in a well-established PD mouse model and determined the subsequent local and systemic response. RESULTS: We could show that blunt chest trauma leads to a systemic inflammatory response which is quantifiable with increased inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar fluids (BALF) and plasma regardless of the presence of a PD phenotype. A difference of the local inflammatory response in the brain between the PD group and non-PD group could be detected, as well as an increase in the formation of oligomeric pathological alpha-Synuclein (asyn) suggesting an interplay between peripheral thoracic trauma and asyn pathology in PD. CONCLUSION: Taken together this study provides evidence that physical trauma is associated with increased asyn oligomerization in a PD mouse model underlining the relevance of PD pathogenesis under traumatic settings.

Clinical Features, Management, and Outcomes of Chest Trauma at a Tertiary-Care Centre in India: A Retrospective Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: Chest is one of the main sites of injuries in trauma being a part of the torso. Many important organs lie in rib cage. However, data on chest injuries are scarce. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out for chest trauma patients including polytrauma (n = 184) from hospital records for five years (2016-2020). Various parameters including demographic profile, mode of injury, management, and outcomes were studied. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 37 ± 16 years with a male to female ratio of 2.4 : 1. Road traffic injuries remained the most common cause of trauma followed by assaults. Most of the patients were managed conservatively (55.43%). Mortality was seen in only 1.63% patients. CONCLUSION: Young male patients are usually affected by trauma. Road traffic injuries are the commonest cause. However, most patients can be managed by conservative treatment and mortality is seen only in polytrauma patients in the present study.

Casper's sign in the elderly.

Casper's sign refers to the absence of external signs of trauma despite severe and often lethal internal injuries. It occurs because the elasticity and resilience of the skin results in it deforming and moving rather than sustaining injuries from being tethered and relatively immobile. Given the known increase in skin and soft-tissue fragility in the elderly with a greater vulnerability for bruising and skin tears, a study was undertaken to determine whether Casper's sign may be present or not in older populations. A review of autopsy files at Forensic Science SA over a 20-year period from January 2000 to December 2019 was performed in individuals ≥80 years of age where death involved blunt chest trauma, blunt abdominal trauma or multiple blunt-force injuries. Four cases were identified. All of the decedents were males aged 82-89 years (Mage=86 years) with deaths associated with a fall (n=1) and vehicle impacts (n=3). Despite significant and often lethal internal chest/abdominal injuries, none of the cases had external injuries to their torsos. Thus, as Casper's sign may be present at all ages, the absence of external injury in the elderly may be no reflection of the force of the impact or the degree of resultant skeletal and/or internal organ disruption. This may be pertinent in cases of elder abuse.

CT and MRI of a transcardiac gunshot wound with an annular distribution of bullet fragments surrounding an exit-re-entrance wound after the bullet burst from a floor tile upon exiting the lying body.

This case report describes medicolegal examinations of a decedent with a fatal gunshot wound. The decedent lied on the floor as a bullet was fired into his chest. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed as part of the judicial investigation. The MRI examination was valuable for delineating the wound channel through the left ventricle, which was deemed the main cause for internal bleeding and fatal blood loss. The diagnostic value of CT for the detection of injuries was low in this case. However, CT allowed for the virtual investigation of bullet fragments. According to CT-based dual-energy index calculations, it could be inferred that the fragments were most likely made of lead matching .357 Magnum R-P cartridges that were found at the scene. The bullet fragments were located underneath the skin at the suspected exit wound. The exit wound was actually an exit-re-entrance wound, as it can be assumed that the fragments re-entered the body after the bullet burst from hard ground upon exiting the body of the decedent, who was lying on the floor. CT visualized an uncommon annular distribution pattern for the bullet fragments surrounding the exit-re-entrance wound. The formation of such an annular distribution pattern of bullet fragments and the relevant conclusions that may be drawn from such a distribution pattern are discussed in this article.

Gunshot suicides caused by cane-gun and alarm garden gun cannon: Two cases report."

Obtaining a firearm is not always easy, which is why some firearms that are antique or whose use is not intended to kiss are modified for suicide purposes. The two cases report a suicide with an original historical firearm as the canegun, a walking stick which conceals a firearm and a suicide with a modified alarm cannon, which is a small cannon, which fires blanks to scare away garden animals. The aims of the study were to describe the scene, the corpse external examination and the autopsy to understand the death mechanism. We wish to highlight the importance of the forensic pathologist's fieldwork, especially in complex or atypical suicides.

Correlation Between Traumatic Skin and Subcutaneous Injuries and the Severity of Polytrauma Injury.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between superficial lesions (such as bruises, hematomas, deep abrasions, and soft tissue emphysema) and internal post-traumatic injuries, assessed using whole-body computed tomography (WBCT), and to determine if these are valid markers for internal injuries. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 250 patients who underwent WBCT emergency scans for suspected polytrauma were retrospectively analyzed after institutional review board approval of the study. The scans were carried out on patients who met the criteria for standard operating procedures for WBCT emergency scans. WBCT covering the entire head, neck, chest, and abdomen (including pelvis and proximal lower extremities) and at least one phase with intravenous contrast agent were included in the study. Initial analyses of immediate WBCT scans was carried out by a consultant radiologist and a radiological resident. The first reading focused on internal damage that needed immediate therapy. The second reading focused on a detailed analysis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and their relation to internal injuries without the time pressure of an emergency setting, carried out by another experienced radiologist. All skin lesions and the degree of penetration and a comparison between the two readings were reported in tables. RESULTS: Superficial lesion of the chest was detected in 19 patients, 17 of them had an internal injury of the thorax while only two patients, with hematoma of the chest wall, had no internal injuries. Skin and subcutaneous lesions of the chest had the strongest association with an internal injury. Skin lesions of the abdominal wall were observed in 30 patients. In only 11 cases, these lesions were correlated with internal injuries, such as fractures or active bleeding. 52 skin and subgaleal lesions of the scalp were observed. In 20 of these patients, an intracranial or internal injury was detected. In 3 patients, skin abrasions of the neck were present and in only one of them, this finding was associated with an internal injury. CONCLUSION: Trauma patients whose history and clinical presentation meet the standard operating procedures for WBCT emergency scans and who present with a cutaneous lesion, especially at the neurocranium or chest wall, should be observed for internal injuries by WBCT. KEY POINTS: · Presence or lack of a superficial injury of the abdominal wall is not a reliable predictive indication of any internal abdominal injury.. · Superficial lesions of the chest and the neurocranium require a CT scan.. · Superficial injuries of the chest wall had the strongest association with internal injuries.. CITATION FORMAT: · Klempka A, Fischer C, Kauczor H et al. Correlation Between Traumatic Skin and Subcutaneous Injuries and the Severity of Trauma. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 177 - 185.

Blunt-chest-trauma-induced acute myocardial infarction

Blunt chest trauma (BCT) is one of the rarest causes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This paper reports the case of a young married man who suffered from AMI due to BCT sustained in a fight with his wife. The histopathology examination revealed a rupture of atherosclerotic plaque with superimposed thrombus in the proximal left anterior descending artery. This report also reviews previously reported BCT-induced AMI cases in the literature.

Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint dislocations indicate severe concomitant thoracic and upper extremity injuries in severely injured patients.

Preliminary studies show that clavicle fractures (CF) are known as an indicator in the severely injured for overall injury severity that are associated with relevant concomitant injuries in the thorax and upper extremity. In this regard, little data is available for the rarer injuries of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints (SCJ and ACJ, respectively). Our study will answer whether clavicular joint injuries (CJI), by analogy, have a similar relevance for the severely injured. We performed an analysis from the TraumaRegister DGU (TR-DGU). The inclusion criterion was an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of at least 16. In the TR-DGU, the CJI were registered as one entity. The CJI group was compared with the CF and control groups (those without any clavicular injuries). Concomitant injuries were distinguished using the Abbreviated Injury Scale according to their severity. The inclusion criteria were met by n = 114,595 patients. In the case of CJI, n = 1228 patients (1.1%) were found to be less severely injured than the controls in terms of overall injury severity. Compared to the CF group (n = 12,030; 10.5%) with higher ISS than the controls, CJI cannot be assumed as an indicator for a more severe trauma; however, CF can. Concomitant injuries were more common for severe thoracic and moderate upper extremity injuries than other body parts for CJI. This finding confirms our hypothesis that CJI could be an indicator of further specific severe concomitant injuries. Despite the rather lower relevance of the CJI in the cohort of severely injured with regard to the overall injury severity, these injuries have their importance in relation to the indicator effect for thoracic concomitant injuries and concomitant injuries of the upper extremity. A limitation is the collective registration of SCJ and ACJ injuries as one entity in the TR-DGU. A distorted picture of the CJI in favor of ACJ injuries could arise from the significantly higher incidence of the ACJ dislocation compared to the SCJ. Therefore, these two injury entities should be recorded separately in the future, and prospective studies should be carried out in order to derive a standardized treatment strategy for the care of severely injured with the respective CJI.

Influence of obesity on remodeling of lung tissue and organization of extracellular matrix after blunt thorax trauma.

BACKGROUND: Previously, it has been shown that obesity is a risk factor for recovery, regeneration, and tissue repair after blunt trauma and can affect the rate of muscle recovery and collagen deposition after trauma. To date, lung tissue regeneration and extracellular matrix regulation in obese mice after injury has not been investigated in detail yet. METHODS: This study uses an established blunt thorax trauma model to analyze morphological changes and alterations on gene and protein level in lean or obese (diet-induced obesity for 16 ± 1 week) male C57BL/6 J mice at various time-points after trauma induction (1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 72 h and 192 h). RESULTS: Morphological analysis after injury showed lung parenchyma damage at early time-points in both lean and obese mice. At later time-points a better regenerative capacity of lean mice was observed, since obese animals still exhibited alveoli collapse, wall thickness as well as remaining filled alveoli structures. Although lean mice showed significantly increased collagen and fibronectin gene levels, analysis of collagen deposition showed no difference based on colorimetric quantification of collagen and visual assessment of Sirius red staining. When investigating the organization of the ECM on gene level, a decreased response of obese mice after trauma regarding extracellular matrix composition and organization was detectable. Differences in the lung tissue between the diets regarding early responding MMPs (MMP8/9) and late responding MMPs (MMP2) could be observed on gene and protein level. Obese mice show differences in regulation of extracellular matrix components compared to normal weight mice, which results in a decreased total MMP activity in obese animals during the whole regeneration phase. Starting at 6 h post traumatic injury, lean mice show a 50% increase in total MMP activity compared to control animals, while MMP activity in obese mice drops to 50%. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, abnormal regulation of the levels of extracellular matrix genes in the lung may contribute to an aberrant regeneration after trauma induction with a delay of repair and pathological changes of the lung tissue in obese mice.

The Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine on Oxidative Injuries and Histological Changes Following Blunt Chest Trauma.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this research was to evaluate the oxidative and histopathological effects of dexmedetomidine and ketamine on the pulmonary contusion model resulting from blunt chest trauma. METHODS: Rats were randomly assigned to 5 equal groups (n=6): control group (Group C), pulmonary contusion group (Group PC), PC-dexmedetomidine group (Group PC-D), PC-ketamine group (Group PC-K), and PC-dexmedetomidine + ketamine (Group PC-D+K). The PC was performed by dropping a weight of 500 g (2.45 Joules) from a height of 50 cm. In Group PC-D, after chest trauma, dexmedetomidine (100 µg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. In Group PC-K, after chest trauma, ketamine (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. In Group PC-D+K, dexmedetomidine and ketamine were administered together. At the end of the 6th hour, rats were sacrificed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities, neutrophil infiltration/aggregation, and thickness of the alveolar wall were evaluated. RESULTS: MDA levels were significantly higher in Group PC than Groups C, PC-D, and PC-D+K. SOD enzyme activity was significantly higher in Group PC than Groups C, PC-D, and PC-D+K. In addition, neutrophil infiltration/aggregation and total pulmonary injury scores were significantly higher in Group PC than in other groups, and the thickness of the alveolar wall was significantly higher in Group PC compared to Groups C, PC-D, and PC-D+K. MDA level, SOD enzyme activities, neutrophil infiltration/aggregation, and thickness of alveolar wall were similar in PC-D and PC-D+K groups. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine+ketamine have protective effects on blunt chest trauma but no protective effect was observed when ketamine was administered alone. We concluded that the administration of dexmedetomidine and ketamine after contusion is beneficial against pulmonary injury in rats.

Severe, transient pulmonary ventilation-perfusion mismatch in the lung after porcine high velocity projectile behind armor blunt trauma.

BACKGROUND: Behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) is a non-penetrating injury caused by the rapid deformation of body armor, by a projectile, which may in extreme circumstances cause death. Although there is not a high incidence of high energy BABT, the understanding of the mechanisms is still low, in relation to what is needed for safety threshold levels. BABT is also useful as a model for blunt thoracic trauma, with a compressive speed between traffic accidents and blast caused by explosives. High velocity projectile BABT causes severe hypoxia. The mechanisms are not fully known. We investigated the acute pulmonary consequences in the individual lungs, and the effects of alveolar recruitment. METHODS: 12 swine (mean weight 62.5 kg) were randomized to groups BABT by 7.62 × 51 mm NATO-type bullets (mean velocity 803 m/s) to a military grade ceramic plate armor (n = 7) or control (n = 5). Modified double lumen tracheal tubes provided respiratory dynamics in the lungs separately/intermittently for two hours, with alveolar recruitment after one hour. RESULTS: Venous admixture increased 5 min after BABT (p < .05) and correlated with increased cardiac output. Static compliance decreased 5 minutes after BABT (p < .05) and further by recruitment (p < .005). Physiological dead space decreased 5 minutes after BABT (p < .01) and further by recruitment (p < .01), while not in the contralateral lung. V'A/Q' decreased 5 minutes after BABT (p < .05), also shown in phase III volumetric capnography (p < .05). Most effects regressed after one hour. CONCLUSIONS: High velocity projectile BABT caused hypoxia by a severe and transient decrease in V'A/Q' to <1 and increased venous admixture in the exposed lung. Alveolar recruitment was hemodynamically and respiratory tolerable and increased V'A/Q'. Body armor development should aim at ameliorating severe pulmonary consequences from high projectile velocities which also needs to include further understanding of how primary and secondary effects are distributed between the lungs.

Myocardial tissue embolism in lung due to gunshot wound to the chest.

Myocardial tissue embolism due to gunshot wound is a very rare event, as only a few cases of myocardial tissue embolization, occurring after cardiac surgery or myocardial infarction, have been reported. According to this study's referenced report from forensic autopsy, one case of myocardial tissue emboli to the lung has been found, in an Asian male, 22 years old, who died from a gunshot to the chest by a handgun. From the examination, myocardial tissue embolism was considered important forensic evidence, showing that the gunshot occurred while the victim was still alive, and that he also survived for some period of time after being shot.

Suicidal tandem bullets to the heart with subsequent embolization - a case report.

A tandem bullet phenomenon is a rare situation in which two bullets travel nose-to-base towards the target. In terminal ballistics, a classic feature of the tandem bullet phenomenon is the presence of a single entrance wound with two or more bullets inside the body. During the autopsy, the phenomenon may result in confusion, especially related to the dynamics of the shooting. The present study reports a case of suicide by tandem bullets to the heart with subsequent bullet embolization into the aorta. A 40-year-old Caucasian woman, with a previous history of suicide, shot herself in the chest with a 0.32 revolver. During the autopsy, a single entrance wound (one centimeter in diameter) was observed in the sternal region. The injury was a close-range shot. Internally, a single wound was detected in the right atrium of the heart. Two 0.32 S&WL lead bullets were found inside the descending abdominal aorta. The bullets fitted each other perfectly in a nose-to-base position. Both bullets were tracked back to a single firearm that belonged to the victim's father using forensic ballistics. The forensic report suggested a suicide. A multidisciplinary approach involving crime scene investigation, forensic pathology and forensic ballistics is necessary to investigate tandem bullet cases. Forensic experts must be aware of this phenomenon and, more importantly, they must be aware of its unusual manifestations, such as embolization, in order to come to optimal conclusions.

Detection of posttraumatic pneumothorax using electrical impedance tomography-An observer-blinded study in pigs with blunt chest trauma.

INTRODUCTION: Posttraumatic pneumothorax (PTX) is often overseen in anteroposterior chest X-ray. Chest sonography and Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) can both be used at the bedside and may provide complementary information. We evaluated the performance of EIT for diagnosing posttraumatic PTX in a pig model. METHODS: This study used images from an existing database of images acquired from 17 mechanically ventilated pigs, which had sustained standardized blunt chest trauma and had undergone repeated thoracic CT and EIT. 100 corresponding EIT/CT datasets were randomly chosen from the database and anonymized. Two independent and blinded observers analyzed the EIT data for presence and location of PTX. Analysis of the corresponding CTs by a radiologist served as reference. RESULTS: 87/100 cases had at least one PTX detected by CT. Fourty-two cases showed a PTX > 20% of the sternovertebral diameter (PTXtrans20), whereas 52/100 PTX showed a PTX>3 cm in the craniocaudal diameter (PTXcc3), with 20 cases showing both a PTXtranscc and a PTXcc3. We found a very low agreement between both EIT observers considering the classification overall PTX/noPTX (κ = 0.09, p = 0.183). For PTXtrans20, sensitivity was 59% for observer 1 and 17% for observer 2, with a specificity of 48% and 50%, respectively. For PTXcc3, observer 1 showed a sensitivity of 60% with a specificity of 51% while the sensitivity of observer 2 was 17%, with a specificity of 89%. By programming a semi-automatized detection algorithm, we significantly improved the detection rate of PTXcc3, with a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 70%. However, detection of PTXtranscc was not improved. CONCLUSION: In our analysis, visual interpretation of EIT without specific image processing or comparison with baseline data did not allow clinically useful diagnosis of posttraumatic PTX. Multimodal imaging approaches, technical improvements and image postprocessing algorithms might improve the performance of EIT for diagnosing PTX in the future.

Intact Glucocorticoid Receptor Dimerization Is Deleterious in Trauma-Induced Impaired Fracture Healing.

Following severe trauma, fracture healing is impaired because of overwhelming systemic and local inflammation. Glucocorticoids (GCs), acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), influence fracture healing by modulating the trauma-induced immune response. GR dimerization-dependent gene regulation is essential for the anti-inflammatory effects of GCs. Therefore, we investigated in a murine trauma model of combined femur fracture and thoracic trauma, whether effective GR dimerization influences the pathomechanisms of trauma-induced compromised fracture healing. To this end, we used mice with decreased GR dimerization ability (GRdim). The healing process was analyzed by cytokine/chemokine multiplex analysis, flow cytometry, gene-expression analysis, histomorphometry, micro-computed tomography, and biomechanical testing. GRdim mice did not display a systemic or local hyper-inflammation upon combined fracture and thorax trauma. Strikingly, we discovered that GRdim mice were protected from fracture healing impairment induced by the additional thorax trauma. Collectively and in contrast to previous studies describing the beneficial effects of intact GR dimerization in inflammatory models, we report here an adverse role of intact GR dimerization in trauma-induced compromised fracture healing.

Contributing factors in the development of acute lung injury in a murine double hit model.

OBJECTIVES: Blunt chest (thoracic) trauma (TxT) is known to contribute to the development of secondary pulmonary complications. Of these, acute lung injury (ALI) is common especially in multiply injured patients and might not only be due to the direct trauma itself, but seems to be caused by ongoing and multifactorial inflammatory changes. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms and contributing factors of the development of ALI following blunt chest trauma are still elusive. METHODS: 60 CL57BL/6N mice sustained either blunt chest trauma combined with laparotomy without further interventions or a double hit (DH) including TxT and cecal ligation puncture (CLP) after 24 h to induce ALI. Animals were killed either 6 or 24 h after the second procedure. Pulmonary expression of inflammatory mediators cxcl1, cxcl5, IL-1ß and IL-6, neutrophil infiltration and lung tissue damage using the Lung Injury Score (LIS) were determined. RESULTS: Next to a moderate increase in other inflammatory mediators, a significant increase in CXCL1, neutrophil infiltration and lung injury was observed early after TxT, which returned to baseline levels after 24 h. DH induced significantly increased gene expression of cxcl1, cxcl5, IL-1ß and IL-6 after 6 h, which was followed by the postponed significant increase in the protein expression after 24 h compared to controls. Neutrophil infiltration was significantly enhanced 24 h after DH compared to all other groups, and exerted a slight decline after 24 h. LIS has shown a significant increase after both 6 and 24 h compared to both control groups as well the late TxT group. CONCLUSION: Early observed lung injury with moderate inflammatory changes after blunt chest trauma recovered quickly, and therefore, may be caused by mechanical lung injury. In contrast, lung injury in the ALI group did not undergo recovery and is closely associated with significant changes of inflammatory mediators. This model may be used for further examinations of contributing factors and therapeutic strategies to prevent ALI.

Fatal and Nonfatal Rip Saw Injuries.

This paper deals with a fatal stab wound suffered by a 29-year-old man and nonfatal injuries of 35-year-old and 67-year-old saw operators. Rip saw is a machine that is specially designed for making a rip cut, a cut made parallel to the direction of the wood grain. Rip-saw-related injuries mostly occur when a person is struck by the cutting material, which usually involves splinters of irregular shape and diameter. When the splinter strikes the body diagonally, the injuries may include abrasions, lacerations, and cut wounds; in situations where the victim is struck directly, the most common injuries are oval- or star-shaped stab wounds with a varying width of abrasions around the wounds. Therefore, such injuries may come across as injuries produced by a knife-like instrument, which is an added difficulty in the interpretation of such injuries.